A papal coronation is the formal ceremony of the placing of the papal tiara on a newly elected pope. The first recorded papal coronation was of Pope Nicholas I in 858.[1] The most recent was the 1963 coronation of Paul VI, who soon afterwards abandoned the practice of wearing the tiara. To date, none of his successors have used the tiara, and their papal inauguration celebrations have included no coronation ceremony, although any future pope may elect to restore the use of the tiara at any point during his pontificate.
The papal inauguration celebration, with or without a coronation, has only symbolic significance, as a pope assumes office immediately on giving his consent to a valid election.
In Spanish, the term Spanish; Castilian: La Coronación Pontificia (English: "Pontifical Coronation") is sometimes used for the canonical coronation of religious images through a formal, expressed Pontifical decree by a reigning pope.
When a conclave elects a new pope, he assumes all of the rights and authority of the papacy immediately upon his acceptance of election; however, popes traditionally numbered their regnal years from the date of their coronation. If a newly elected pope is not a bishop, he is consecrated at once. In accordance with tradition, the right of consecration belongs to the dean of the College of Cardinals, in his absence to the subdean, and in the absence of both of these to the senior cardinal bishop.[2] If the new pope is already a bishop, as is normally the case, his election is announced immediately to the people gathered in Saint Peter's Square and he gives them his blessing.
The episcopal enthronement of the pope takes place in his cathedral, the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran. This ceremony was once combined with the coronation. During the Avignon papacy, the pope, being in France, could not be enthroned in his cathedral in Rome. The coronations continued, while enthronements had to await a return to Rome. When Gregory XI did return to Rome, the Lateran Palace was badly in need of repair, so the popes made the Vatican their residence and transferred coronations to Saint Peter's Basilica. The Lateran Basilica remains the cathedral of Rome, and the enthronement occurs there.[3] During the "prisoner in the Vatican" period, the enthronement did not take place.
The coronation took place on the first Sunday or Holy Day following the election. It began with a solemn Papal Mass. During the chanting of Terce, he sat on a throne and all of the cardinals made what was called their "first obeisance" to him, approaching one by one and kissing his hand. Then the archbishops and bishops approached and kissed his feet.
Following this, at least from the beginning of the 16th century, the newly elected pope was carried in state through St. Peter's Basilica on the sedia gestatoria under a white canopy, with the papal flabella (ceremonial fans) to either side. Instead of the papal tiara, he wore a jewelled mitre (the episcopal mitra pretiosa). Three times, the procession was stopped, and a bundle of flax lashed to a gilded staff was burnt before the newly elected pontiff, while a master of ceremonies said: Pater Sancte, sic transit gloria mundi (Holy Father, thus passes the glory of the world) as a symbolic reminder to set aside materialism and vanity. Once at the high altar, he would begin to celebrate Solemn High Mass with full papal ceremonial.
After the Confiteor, the pope was seated on the sedia gestatoria, which was resting on the ground, and the three senior cardinal bishops approached him wearing mitres. Each in turn placed his hands above him and said the prayer, Super electum Pontificem (over the elected pope). First the Cardinal Bishop of Albano said:
God, who are present without distinction whenever the devout mind invokes you, be present, we ask you, we and this your servant, __, who to the summit of the apostolic community has been chosen as the judge of your people, infuse with the highest blessings that he experience your gift who has reached this point.[4]
Then the Cardinal Bishop of Porto said:
We supplicate you, Almighty God, effect your customary devotion and pour out on this your servant, __, the grace of the Holy Spirit that he who is constituted at the head of our church as the servant of the mystery, you would strengthen with the fullness of virtue.[5]
Finally the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia said:
God, who willed your Apostle Peter to hold first place in the inner fellowship of the apostles, that universal Christianity overcome evil, look propitiously we ask on this your servant, __, who from a humble position has suddenly been enthroned with the apostles on this same principal sublimity, that just as he has been raised to this exalted dignity, so may he likewise merit to accumulate virtue; in bearing the burden of the universal church, help him, make him worthy and for thee who are blessed may merits replace vices.[6]
Then, the senior cardinal deacon placed the pallium on his shoulders saying:
Accept the pallium, representing the plenitude of the Pontifical office, to the honour of Almighty God, and the most glorious Virgin Mary, his Mother, and the Blessed Apostles Peter and Paul, and the Holy Roman Church.[7] [8]
In the 11th and 12th centuries, the immantatio, or bestowal of the mantum (a papal vestment consisting of a very long red cope fastened with an elaborate morse) on the newly elected pope was regarded as especially symbolic of investiture with papal authority, and was conferred with the words: "I invest thee with the Roman papacy, that thou rule over the city and the world."
After the investiture with the pallium, the pope incensed the high altar and then went to the throne, placed on the choir side, between the Altar of the Confession and the Altar of the Chair, and there, during the singing of the Kyrie, he received again the obeisance of the cardinals, archbishops and bishops. Then the Mass continued. After the Gloria in excelsis and the Pax vobis, the pope said the Collect for the day and then secretly a prayer for himself.[9] After the pope had returned again to his seat the Papal Laudes were chanted:
| Cantors: | Response: | |
|---|---|---|
| Hear, O Christ[10] | Life to our lord, __, decreed by God as Supreme Pontiff and Universal Father[11] | |
| Savior of the world[12] | Grant him aid.[13] | |
| Savior of the world | Grant him aid. | |
| Savior of the world | Grant him aid. | |
| Saint Mary[14] | Grant him aid. | |
| Saint Mary | Grant him aid. | |
| Saint Michael[15] | Grant him aid. | |
| Etc. | etc.[16] |
As with all Papal High Masses, the Epistle and the Gospel were read in both Greek[17] and Latin and the pope communicated at his throne.[18]
After the Mass, the new pope was crowned with the papal tiara. This frequently took place on the balcony of St. Peter's Basilica, overlooking the crowds gathered in St. Peter's Square. The pope was seated on a throne with the flabella to either side of him. After the Dean of the College of Cardinals recited a few prayers, including the Lord's Prayer and a collect, the senior cardinal deacon, the protodeacon, removed the pope's mitre and placed the tiara on his head with the words:
Following his coronation, the pope imparted the solemn papal blessing Urbi et Orbi. Following 1929, the new pope would have received a salute by a guard of honour of the Italian Armed Forces and the Swiss Guards together with the Noble Guard, as military bands play the Pontifical Anthem and Il Canto degli Italiani (until 1946 the Marcia Reale and S'hymnu sardu nationale).
The last act of the inauguration of a new pope is still the formal taking possession (possessio) of his cathedra as Bishop of Rome in the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran. This is the final ceremony mentioned in Pope John Paul II's apostolic constitution on the vacancy of the Apostolic See and the election of the Roman pontiff.[19] The pope is enthroned in the same manner as other bishops. He is solemnly conducted to the episcopal throne, and takes possession by seating himself on it. He receives the kiss of peace and listens to the reading of a passage of Holy Scripture, whereupon he pronounces an address that used to be called the sermo inthronisticus.
In ancient times, the letters that the pope sent to the patriarchs in token of being in communion with them in the same faith were called litterae inthronisticae or syllabai enthronistikai.
The earliest papal coronations took place in St. John Lateran, the pope's cathedral. However, for hundreds of years papal coronations have traditionally taken place in the environs of St. Peter's Basilica, though a number of coronations took place in Avignon, during the Avignon papacy. Earlier, Pope Celestine V was twice crowned in L'Aquila. In 1800 Pope Pius VII was crowned in the crowded church of the Benedictine island monastery of San Giorgio, Venice, after his late predecessor, Pope Pius VI, had been forced into temporary exile during Napoleon Bonaparte's capture of Rome. Since the French seized the tiara along with the previous pope, he was crowned with a papier-mâché tiara, for which the ladies of Venice gave up their jewels.
All coronations after 1800 took place in Rome. Leo XIII was crowned in the Sistine Chapel,[20] due to fears that anti-clerical mobs, inspired by Italian unification, might attack the Basilica and disrupt the ceremony. Benedict XV was also crowned in the chapel in 1914. Pius XI was crowned at the dais in front of the High Altar in St. Peter's Basilica. Popes Pius IX, Pius XII, and John XXIII all were crowned in public on the balcony of the basilica, facing crowds assembled below in St. Peter's Square. Paul VI was crowned in front of St Peter's on a special dais with the entire coronation ceremony outdoors, as St Peter's was filled with special seating for the Vatican Council sessions.
Pius XII's 1939 coronation broke new ground by being the first to be filmed and the first to be broadcast live on radio.[21] The ceremony, which lasted for six hours, was attended by leading dignitaries; these included the heir to the Italian throne, the Prince of Piedmont, former kings Ferdinand I of Bulgaria and Alfonso XIII of Spain, the 16th Duke of Norfolk (representing King George VI of the United Kingdom), and the Irish Taoiseach, Éamon de Valera, the last two being in evening dress (white tie and tails).
See main article: Coronation of Pope Paul VI. The last pope to be crowned was Pope Paul VI. He decided to cease wearing a papal tiara and laid his own on the altar of St. Peter's Basilica in a gesture of "humility." His 1975 apostolic constitution, Romano Pontifici Eligendo prescribed that "the new pontiff is to be crowned by the senior cardinal deacon".[22]
His successor, Pope John Paul I, opted not to be crowned and to have instead a less elaborate "solemn Mass to mark the start of his ministry as Supreme Pastor" in September 1978.[23] [24]
See main article: Papal inauguration.
After John Paul I's sudden death following a thirty-three-day reign, the new pope, John Paul II, opted to copy his predecessor's ceremony without coronation. In his homily at his inauguration Mass, he said that Paul VI had "left his successors free to decide" whether to wear the papal tiara.[25] He went on:
John Paul II's 1996 Apostolic Constitution, Universi Dominici gregis, now in force, does not specify the form that the "solemn ceremony of the inauguration of the pontificate"[26] of a new pope should take, whether with or without a coronation.
A number of papal tiaras are available for a future pope to use.[27]
| Date | Location | Pope | Cardinal | Deaconry | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 October 1143 | Rome | Pope Celestine II | Gregorio Tarquini | SS. Sergio e Bacco | On 26 September he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Alberic de Beauvais, bishop of Ostia. | |
| 12 March 1144 | Rome | Pope Lucius II | Gregorio Tarquini | SS. Sergio e Bacco | On the same day he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Alberic de Beauvais, bishop of Ostia. | |
| 14 March 1145 | Abbey of Farfa | Pope Eugenius III | Odone Bonecase | S. Giorgio in Velabro | On 18 February he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Corrado della Suburra, bishop of Sabina and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. | |
| 12 July 1153 | Rome | Pope Anastasius IV | Odone Bonecase | S. Giorgio in Velabro | ||
| 5 December 1154 | Rome | Pope Adrian IV | Probably by Cardinal Rodolfo | S. Lucia in Septisolio | Odone Fattiboni was absent (see papal election, 1154) | |
| 20 September 1159 | Nympha | Pope Alexander III | Odone Bonecase | S. Giorgio in Velabro | On that same day, he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Ubaldo Allucingoli, bishop of Ostia e Velletri. | |
| 4 October 1159 | Abbey of Farfa | Antipope Victor IV (1159-1164) | Cardinal Icmar, bishop of Tusculum and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals | |||
| 22 July 1167 | Rome | Antipope Paschal III | On 22 April 1164 he was consecrated bishop of Rome at Lucca by Henry II of Leez prince-bishop of Liège (not a cardinal). | |||
| 1168 | Rome | Antipope Callistus III | (?)[28] | |||
| 6 September 1181 | Velletri | Pope Lucius III | Teodino de Arrone, bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina.[29] | |||
| 1 December 1185 | Verona | Pope Urban III | (?) (probably by Cardinal Ardicio Rivoltella deacon of S. Teodoro[30]) | |||
| 25 October 1187 | Ferrara | Pope Gregory VIII | Giacinto Bobone Orsini | S. Maria in Cosmedin | On that same day he was consecrated bishop of Rome, probably by Cardinal Thibaud, bishop of Ostia e Velletri (?). | |
| 7 January 1188 | Pisa | Pope Clement III | Giacinto Bobone Orsini | S. Maria in Cosmedin | ||
| 14 April 1191 | Rome | Pope Celestine III | Graziano da Pisa | SS. Cosma e Damiano | On that same day he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Ottaviano di Paoli, bishop of Ostia e Velletri and sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals | |
| 22 February 1198 | Rome | Pope Innocent III | Graziano da Pisa | SS. Cosma e Damiano | On that same day, he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Ottaviano di Paoli, bishop of Ostia e Velletri and sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals | |
| 31 August 1216 | Rome | Pope Honorius III | Guido Pierleone | S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano | On 24 July, he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Ugolino Conti di Segni, bishop of Ostia e Velletri. | |
| 11 April 1227 | Rome | Pope Gregory IX | Ottaviano dei Conti di Segni | SS. Sergio e Bacco | ||
| 28 June 1243 | Anagni | Pope Innocent IV | Rainiero Capocci | S. Maria in Cosmedin | On that same day, he was consectrated bishop of Rome, probably by Cardinal Rinaldo Conti di Segni, bishop of Ostia e Velletri and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals (?). | |
| 20 December 1254 | Naples | Pope Alexander IV | Riccardo Annibaldeschi | S. Angelo in Pescheria | ||
| 4 September 1261 | Viterbo | Pope Urban IV | Riccardo Annibaldeschi | S. Angelo in Pescheria | ||
| 20 September 1265 | Viterbo | Pope Clement IV | Riccardo Annibaldeschi | S. Angelo in Pescheria | ||
| 23 March 1272 | Rome | Pope Gregory X | Giovanni Gaetano Orsini | Deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano | On 19 March he was consecrated bishop of Rome by (?) (possibly by Cardinal Odo of Châteauroux, bishop of Frascati and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals). | |
| 22 February 1276 | Rome | Pope Innocent V | Giovanni Gaetano Orsini | S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano | ||
| 20 September 1276 | Viterbo | Pope John XXI | Giovanni Gaetano Orsini | S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano | ||
| 26 December 1277 | Rome | Pope Nicholas III | Giacomo Savelli | S. Maria in Cosmedin | On 19 December he was consecrated bishop of Rome by (?) (possibly by Cardinal Bertrand de Saint-Martin, bishop of Sabina and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals). | |
| 23 March 1281 | Orvieto | Pope Martin IV | Giacomo Savelli | S. Maria in Cosmedin | On that same day he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Latino Malabranca Orsini, bishop of Ostia e Velletri. | |
| 19 May 1285 | Rome | Pope Honorius IV | Goffredo da Alatri | S. Giorgio in Velabro | On that same day he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Latino Malabranca Orsini, bishop of Ostia e Velletri. | |
| 22 February 1288 | Rome | Pope Nicholas IV | Matteo Orsini Rosso | S. Maria in Portico | ||
| 29 August 1294 | Aquila | Pope Celestine V | Probably by Cardinal Matteo Orsini Rosso | S. Maria in Portico | On that same day he was consecrated bishop of Rome probably by Cardinal Hugh Aycelin, bishop of Ostia e Velletri. He was crowned again a few days later (the only instance of a double papal coronation). | |
| 23 January 1295 | Rome | Pope Boniface VIII | Matteo Orsini Rosso | S. Maria in Portico | On that same day he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Hugh Aycelin, bishop of Ostia e Velletri. | |
| 27 October 1303 | Rome | Pope Benedict XI | Matteo Orsini Rosso | S. Maria in Portico | ||
| 14 November 1305 | Lyon | Pope Clement V | Napoleone Orsini Frangipani | S. Adriano | ||
| 5 September 1316 | Lyon | Pope John XXII | Napoleone Orsini Frangipani | S. Adriano | ||
| 15 May 1328 | Rome | Antipope Nicholas V | Giacomo Alberti | pseudocardinal-bishop of Ostia e Velletri | On 12 May he was consecrated bishop of Rome also by Giacomo Alberti, at that time bishop of Castello. | |
| 8 January 1335 | Avignon | Pope Benedict XII | Napoleone Orsini Frangipani | S. Adriano | ||
| 19 May 1342 | Avignon | Pope Clement VI | Raymond Guillaume des Farges | S. Maria Nuova | ||
| 30 December 1352 | Avignon | Pope Innocent VI | Gaillard de la Mothe | S. Lucia in Septisolio | ||
| 6 November 1362 | Avignon | Pope Urban V | Probably by Cardinal Guillaume de la Jugié | S. Maria in Cosmedin | On that same day he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Andouin Aubert, bishop of Ostia e Velletri. | |
| 3 January 1371 | Avignon | Pope Gregory XI | Cardinal Rinaldo Orsini | S. Adriano | On that same day, he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Guy de Boulogne, bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. | |
| 18 April 1378 | Rome | Pope Urban VI | Giacomo Orsini | S. Giorgio in Velabro | ||
| 31 October 1378 | Fondi | Antipope Clement VII | Count Onorato I Caetani (not a Cardinal) | |||
| 9 November 1389 | Rome | Pope Boniface IX | Tommaso Orsini | S. Maria in Domnica | On that same day he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Francesco Moricotti Prignano, bishop of Palestrina and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. | |
| 11 October 1394 | Avignon | Antipope Benedict XIII | Hugues de Saint-Martial | S. Maria in Portico | On that same day, he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Jean de Neufchâtel, bishop of Ostia e Velletri. | |
| 11 November 1404 | Rome | Pope Innocent VII | Rinaldo Brancaccio | SS. Vito e Modesto | ||
| 19 December 1406 | Rome | Pope Gregory XII | Probably by Cardinal Rinaldo Brancaccio | SS. Vito e Modesto | ||
| 7 July 1409 | Pisa | Antipope Alexander V | Amedeo Saluzzo | S. Maria Nuova | ||
| 25 May 1410 | Bologna | Antipope John XXIII | Rinaldo Brancaccio | SS. Vito e Modesto | On that same day, he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Jean Allarmet de Brogny, bishop of Ostia e Velletri and sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. | |
| 21 November 1417 | Constance | Pope Martin V | Amedeo Saluzzo | S. Maria Nuova | On 14 November he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Jean Allarmet de Brogny, bishop of Ostia e Velletri and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. | |
| 19 May 1426 | Peñíscola | Antipope Clement VIII | crowned by (?) | |||
| 11 March 1431 | Rome | Pope Eugenius IV | Alfonso Carillo de Albornoz | S. Eustachio | ||
| 24 June 1440 | Basel | Antipope Felix V | Cardinal Louis Aleman | S. Cecilia | ||
| 19 March 1447 | Rome | Pope Nicholas V | Prospero Colonna | S. Giorgio in Velabro | ||
| 20 April 1455 | Rome | Pope Callistus III | Prospero Colonna | S. Giorgio in Velabro | ||
| 3 September 1458 | Rome | Pope Pius II | Prospero Colonna | S. Giorgio in Velabro | ||
| 16 September 1464 | Rome | Pope Paul II | Niccolò Fortiguerra | S. Cecilia | ||
| 25 August 1471 | Rome | Pope Sixtus IV | Rodrigo Borgia | S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano | On that same day, he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Guillaume d'Estouteville, bishop of Ostia e Velletri and sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. | |
| 12 September 1484 | Rome | Pope Innocent VIII | Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini | S. Eustachio | ||
| 26 August 1492 | Rome | Pope Alexander VI | Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini | S. Eustachio | ||
| 8 October 1503 | Rome | Pope Pius III | Raffaele Riario | S. Giorgio in Velabro | On 1 October he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere, bishop of Ostia e Velletri and sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. | |
| 26 November 1503 | Rome | Pope Julius II | Raffaele Riario | S. Giorgio in Velabro | ||
| 19 March 1513 | Rome | Pope Leo X | Alessandro Farnese | S. Eustachio | On 17 March he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Raffaele Riario, bishop of Ostia e Velletri and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. | |
| 31 August 1522 | Rome | Pope Adrian VI | Marco Cornaro | Santa Maria in Via Lata | ||
| 26 November 1523 | Rome | Pope Clement VII | Marco Cornaro | S. Maria in Via Lata | ||
| 3 November 1534 | Rome | Pope Paul III | Innocenzo Cibo | S. Maria in Domnica | ||
| 22 February 1550 | Rome | Pope Julius III | Innocenzo Cibo | S. Maria in Domnica | ||
| 10 April 1555 | Rome | Pope Marcellus II | Jean du Bellay, bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina | On that same day he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Gian Pietro Carafa, bishop of Ostia e Velletri and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. | ||
| 26 May 1555 | Rome | Pope Paul IV | Francesco Pisani | S. Marco | ||
| 6 January 1560 | Rome | Pope Pius IV | Alessandro Farnese | S. Lorenzo in Damaso | ||
| 17 January 1566 | Rome | Pope Pius V | Giulio Feltre della Rovere | S. Pietro in Vincoli | ||
| 25 May 1572 | Rome | Pope Gregory XIII | Girolamo Simoncelli | SS. Cosma e Damiano | ||
| 1 May 1585 | Rome | Pope Sixtus V | Ferdinando de' Medici | S. Maria in Domnica | ||
| 8 December 1590 | Rome | Pope Gregory XIV | Andreas von Austria | S. Maria Nuova | ||
| 3 November 1591 | Rome | Pope Innocent IX | Andreas von Austria | S. Maria Nuova | ||
| 9 February 1592 | Rome | Pope Clement VIII | Francesco Sforza di Santa Fiora | S. Maria in Via Lata | On 2 February he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Alfonso Gesualdo, bishop of Ostia e Velletri and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. | |
| 10 April 1605 | Rome | Pope Leo XI | Francesco Sforza di Santa Fiora | S. Maria in Via Lata | ||
| 29 May 1605 | Rome | Pope Paul V | Francesco Sforza di Santa Fiora | S. Maria in Via Lata | ||
| 14 February 1621 | Rome | Pope Gregory XV | Andrea Baroni Peretti Montalto | S. Maria in Via Lata | ||
| 29 September 1623 | Rome | Pope Urban VIII | Alessandro d'Este | S. Maria in Via Lata | ||
| 4 October 1644 | Rome | Pope Innocent X | Carlo de Medici | S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano | ||
| 16 April 1655 | Rome | Pope Alexander VII | Gian Giacomo Teodoro Trivulzio | S. Maria in Via Lata | ||
| 26 June 1667 | Rome | Pope Clement IX | Rinaldo d'Este | S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano | ||
| 11 May 1670 | Rome | Pope Clement X | Francesco Maidalchini | S. Maria in Via Lata | ||
| 4 October 1676 | Rome | Pope Innocent XI | Francesco Maidalchini | S. Maria in Via Lata | ||
| 16 October 1689 | Rome | Pope Alexander VIII | Francesco Maidalchini | S. Maria in Via Lata | ||
| 15 July 1691 | Rome | Pope Innocent XII | Urbano Sacchetti | S. Maria in Via Lata | ||
| 8 December 1700 | Rome | Pope Clement XI | Benedetto Pamphilj | S. Maria in Via Lata | On 30 November he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal de Bouillon, bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. | |
| 18 May 1721 | Rome | Pope Innocent XIII | Benedetto Pamphilj | S. Maria in Via Lata | ||
| 4 June 1724 | Rome | Pope Benedict XIII | Benedetto Pamphilj | S. Maria in Via Lata | ||
| 16 July 1730 | Rome | Pope Clement XII | Lorenzo Altieri | S. Maria in Via Lata | ||
| 21 August 1740 | Rome | Pope Benedict XIV | Carlo Maria Marini | S. Maria in Via Lata | ||
| 16 July 1758 | Rome | Pope Clement XIII | Alessandro Albani | S. Maria in Via Lata | ||
| 4 June 1769 | Rome | Pope Clement XIV | Alessandro Albani | S. Maria in Via Lata | On 28 May he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Federico Marcello Lante, bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina and sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. | |
| 22 February 1775 | Rome | Pope Pius VI | Alessandro Albani | S. Maria in Via Lata | On that same day, he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Giovanni Francesco Albani, bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. | |
| 21 March 1800 | Venice | Pope Pius VII | Antonio Doria Pamphili | S. Maria ad Martyres | ||
| 5 October 1823 | Rome | Pope Leo XII | Fabrizio Ruffo | S. Maria in Via Lata | ||
| 5 April 1829 | Rome | Pope Pius VIII | Giuseppe Albani | S. Maria in Via Lata | ||
| 6 February 1831 | Rome | Pope Gregory XVI | Giuseppe Albani | S. Maria in Via Lata | On that same day he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Bartolomeo Pacca, bishop of Ostia e Velletri and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. | |
| 21 June 1846 | Rome | Pope Pius IX | Tommaso Riario Sforza | S. Maria in Via Lata | ||
| 3 March 1878 | Rome | Pope Leo XIII | Teodolfo Mertel | S. Eustachio | Teodolfo Mertel as the second senior cardinal-deacon, assumed the protodeacon's responsibilities at the coronation due to the illness of Prospero Caterini the incumbent protodeacon[31] [32] | |
| 9 August 1903 | Rome | Pope Pius X | Luigi Macchi | S. Maria in Via Lata | ||
| 6 September 1914 | Rome | Pope Benedict XV | Francesco Salesio Della Volpe | S. Maria in Aquiro | ||
| 12 February 1922 | Rome | Pope Pius XI | Gaetano Bisleti | S. Agata in Suburra | ||
| 12 March 1939 | Rome, Vatican City | Pope Pius XII | Camillo Caccia-Dominioni | S. Maria in Domnica | ||
| 4 November 1958 | Rome, Vatican City | Pope John XXIII | Nicola Canali | S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano | ||
| 30 June 1963 | Rome, Vatican City | Pope Paul VI | Alfredo Ottaviani | S. Maria in Domnica |