Polyurethane dispersion explained

Polyurethane dispersion, or PUD, is understood to be a polyurethane polymer resin dispersed in water, rather than a solvent, although some cosolvent may be used. Its manufacture involves the synthesis of polyurethanes having carboxylic acid functionality or nonionic hydrophiles like PEG (polyethylene glycol) incorporated into, or pendant from, the polymer backbone.[1] Two component polyurethane dispersions are also available.[2]

Background

There has been a general trend towards converting existing resin systems to waterborne resins, for ease of use and environmental considerations.[3] [4] [5] Particularly, their development was driven by increased demand for solventless systems since the manufacture of coatings and adhesives entailed the increasing release of solvents into the atmosphere from numerous sources.[6] Using VOC exempt solvents is not a panacea as they have their own weaknesses.

The problem has always been that polyurethanes in water are not stable, reacting to produce a urea and carbon dioxide. Many papers and patents have been published on the subject.[7] [8] For environmental reasons there is even a push to have PUD available both water-based and bio-based or made from renewable raw materials.[9] [10] [11] PUDs are used because of the general desire to formulate coatings, adhesives, sealants and elastomers based on water rather than solvent, and because of the perceived or assumed benefits to the environment.

Synthesis

The techniques and manufacturing processes have changed over the years from those described in the first papers, journal articles and patents that were published. There are a number of techniques available depending on what type of species is required. An ion may be formed which can be an anion thus forming an anionic PUD or a cation may be formed forming a cationic PUD. Also, it is possible to synthesize a non-ionic PUD.[12] This involves using materials that will produce an ethylene oxide backbone, or similar, or a water-soluble chain pendant from the main polymer backbone.

Anionic PUDs are by far the most common available commercially. To produce these, initially a polyurethane prepolymer is manufactured in the usual way but instead of just using isocyanate and polyol, a modifier is included in the polymer backbone chain or pendant from the main backbone. This modifier is/was mainly dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA).[13] This molecule contains two hydroxy groups and a carboxylic acid group.[14] The OH groups react with the isocyanate groups to produce an NCO terminated prepolymer but with a pendant COOH group. This is now dispersed under shear in water with a suitable neutralizing agent such as triethylamine. This reacts with the carboxylic acid forming a salt which is water soluble. Usually, a diamine chain extender is then added to produce a polyurethane dispersed in water with no free NCO groups but with polyurethane and polyurea segments.[15] Dytek A is commonly used as the chain extender.[16] [17] Various papers and patents show that an amine chain extender with more than two functionalities such as a triamine may be used too.[18] Chain extender studies have been carried out.[19]

There is also a push to have a synthesis strategy that is non-isocyanate based.[20] When blocked isocyanates are used there is no isocyanate (NCO) functionality and hence the water reaction producing carbon dioxide so dispersion is easier.[21] Modifiers other than DMPA have been researched.[22]

It is also possible to introduce hydrophilicity into the polymeric molecule by using a modified chain extender rather than doing so in the polymer backbone or a pendant chain. Lower viscosity materials are often the result, as well as higher solids.[23] A variation on this technique is to incorporate sulfonate groups. PUD/polyacrylate blends can be prepared this way also utilizing internal emulsifiers.[24]

Cationic PUD also introduce hydrophilic components when synthesized. This includes phosphonium entities.[25] Techniques have and are being researched to improve the performance and water resistance properties by various techniques. This includes introducing star-branched polydimethylsiloxane.[26]

Research has been done and published that shows it is not the dispersion speed, mechanical agitation or high shear mixing that has the biggest effect on properties, but rather the chemical makeup. However, particle size distribution can be controlled by this to some extent.[27]

Uses

They find use in coatings, adhesives, sealants and elastomers. Specific uses include industrial coatings,[28] UV coating resins,[29] floor coatings,[30] hygiene coatings,[31] wood coatings,[32] adhesives,[33] concrete coatings,[34] automotive coatings,[35] [36] clear coatings[37] and anticorrosive applications.[38] They are also used in the design and manufacture of medical devices such as the polyurethane dressing, a liquid bandage based on polyurethane dispersion.[39] To improve their functionality in flame retardant applications, products are being developed which have this feature built into the polymer molecule.[40] They have also found use in general textile applications such as coating nonwovens.[41] Leather coatings with antibacterial properties have also been synthesized using PUDs and silver nanoparticles.[42] On a similar theme, recent (post 2020) innovations have included producing a waterborne polyurethane that has embedded silver particles to combat COVID.[43] On a similar theme, PUD with antimicrobial properties have been developed.[44]

Weaknesses and disadvantages

Although they are perceived to have good environmental credentials[45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] waterborne polyurethane dispersions tend to suffer from lower mechanical strength than other resins. The use of polycarbonate based polyols in the synthesis can help overcome this weakness.[57] The wear and corrosion resistance is also not as good and hence they are often hybridized.[58] [59] Other strategies used to overcome some of the weaknesses include molecular design and mixing/compounding with inorganic rather than polymeric materials.[60] The use of an anionic or cationic center or indeed a hydrophilic non-ionic manufacturing technique tends to result in a permanent inbuilt water resistance weakness. Research is being conducted and techniques developed to combat this weakness.[61] Simple blending has also been employed. This has the advantage in that if no new molecule has been formed but merely blending with existing registered raw materials, then that is a way around the work required to get registration of the material under various country regimes such as REACH in Europe and TSCA in the United States. Because of the surface tension of water being so high, pinholes and other problems of air-entrainment tend to be more common and need special additives to combat.[62] They also tend not to be manufactured with biobased polyols because vegetable based polyols don't have performance enhancing functional groups. Modification is possible to achieve this and enable even greener versions.[63]

Drying, curing and cross-linking is also not usually as good and hence research is proceeding in the area of post crosslinking to improve these features.[64] [65] [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75]

Hybrids

The disadvantages of PUDs are being improved by research.[76] [77] [78] [79] Hybridization using other materials and techniques is one such area. PUDs that are waterborne and UV curable are being intensely researched with well over 100 research papers produced in the 2000-2020 time period.[80] [81] [82] [83] [84] [85] Waterborne PUD- Acrylates based on epoxidized soybean oil that is also UV curable have been produced and are feasible.[86] The nature of the acrylate affects the properties.[87] One use of hybrids is in textile finishes.[88]

As ionic centers are introduced with waterborne PUDs, the water resistance and uptake in the final film has been studied extensively. The nature of the polyol and the level of COOH groups and hydrophobic modification with other moieties can improve this property. Polyester polyols give the biggest improvements.[81] [89] Polycarbonate polyols also enhance properties,[90] especially if the polycarbonate is also fluorinated.[91] Reinforcing PUDs with nanomaterials also improves properties,[92] [93] as does silicone modification.[94] [95] [96]

To make PUDs more hydrophobic and water repellent and thus remove a weakness, a number of techniques have been researched. One way is to add hydroxyethyl acrylate to the polyol reacting with isocyanate. Once the PUD is made it will have terminal double bond functionality from the acrylate. This may now be copolymerized with a very hydrophobic acrylate such as stearyl acrylate using free radical techniques. This long alkyl chain introduced confers hydrophobicity.[97]

Another method of hybridization is to make a PUD that is both anionic but with a very substantial nonionic modification utilizing a polyether polyol based on ethylene oxide. In addition, a silicone diol maybe incorporated.[98]

As epoxy resins have some outstanding properties, research using epoxy to modify PUD is taking place.[99]

PUDs that are based on thiol rather than hydroxyl and also modified with both acrylate as well as epoxy functionality have been produced and researched.[100]

As PUDs are resin dispersed in water, when cast as a film and dried they are inherently high gloss. They can be designed to be matte/flat by incorporating siloxane functionality.[101]

Since PUDs are usually considered green and environmentally friendly, techniques being researched also include capturing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to make the raw materials and then further synthesis.[102]

Low carbon economy and green

As the world attempts to move towards a low-carbon economy, the technique of using carbon capture by using carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is gaining attention and research being done. Using carbon dioxide in PUD production is being researched.[103] High bio-based content is similarly prized.[104] Coating materials that are vegetable based, waterborne and UV curable are considered very green and have been studied.[105] [106] [107] [108]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Comprehensive Biomaterials. limited. Ducheyne. Paul. Healy. Kevin. Hutmacher. Dietmar W.. Grainger. David W.. Kirkpatrick. C. James. Elsevier. 2015. 9780080553023. Amsterdam. 447.
  2. Wang . Li . Xu . Fei . Li . Hongxin . Liu . Yangyan . Liu . Yali . 2017-01-01 . Preparation and stability of aqueous acrylic polyol dispersions for two-component waterborne polyurethane . . en . 14 . 1 . 215–223 . 10.1007/s11998-016-9845-x . 1935-3804 . 2023-02-20 . 2023-03-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230314202639/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11998-016-9845-x . live .
  3. Jackson. K.. 1999-07-01. Recent advances in water-borne protective coatings. Surface Coatings International. en. 82. 7. 340–343. 10.1007/BF02720130. 135613088. 1356-0751.
  4. Noreen, Zia & Zuber. 2015. Recent Trends in Environmentally Friendly Water-Borne Polyurethane Coatings. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 33. 1–13.
  5. News: Water Based Polyurethanes Dispersions(PUDs)-An Overview. 2015-01-30. 2018-08-21.
  6. Book: Ionomers: Synthesis, structure, properties and applications. Tant. M. R.. Mauritz. K. A.. Wilkes. G. L.. Blackie Academic Professional. 1997. 9780751403923. London. 447.
  7. 1981-11-13. Aqueous emulsions, dispersions and solutions of polyurethanes; synthesis and properties. Progress in Organic Coatings. 9. 3. 281–340. 10.1016/0033-0655(81)80002-7. 0300-9440. Dieterich. D.
  8. Web site: US Patent US3491050.
  9. 2014-05-01. Air-drying bio-based polyurethane dispersion from cardanol: Synthesis and characterization of coatings. Progress in Organic Coatings. 77. 5. 997–1006. 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2014.02.006. 0300-9440. Patel. Chintankumar J. Mannari . Vijay . 1992POrCo..20....1B.
  10. 2018-04-01. High performance polyurethane dispersion synthesized from plant oil renewable resources: A challenge in the green materials. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 150. 122–132 . 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.02.014. 0141-3910. Gurunathan. T. Arukula. Ravi.
  11. Li. Yingyuan . Noordover . Bart A. J.. van Benthem . Rolf A. T. M.. Koning. Cor E.. 2014-01-02. Reactivity and Regio-Selectivity of Renewable Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Water-Dispersible Polyurethane Prepolymers. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 2. 4. 788–797. 10.1021/sc400459q. 2168-0485.
  12. Web site: NON-Ionic Polyurethane Dispersions having side-chains of polyoxyethylene.
  13. Web site: GEO Specialties Use of DMPA for PUDs.
  14. Web site: Dimethylolpropionic acid. Pubchem. pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 2018-08-21.
  15. Jang. JY. Jhon. YK. Cheong. IW. Kim. JH. 2002-01-01. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects. 196. 135–143.
  16. Howarth . GA . 2003-06-01 . Polyurethanes, polyurethane dispersions and polyureas: Past, present and future . Surface Coatings International Part B: Coatings Transactions . en . 86 . 2 . 111–118 . 10.1007/BF02699621 . 93574741 . 1476-4865.
  17. Madbouly . Samy A. . Otaigbe . Joshua U. . Nanda . Ajaya K. . Wicks . Douglas A. . 2005-05-01 . Rheological Behavior of Aqueous Polyurethane Dispersions: Effects of Solid Content, Degree of Neutralization, Chain Extension, and Temperature . Macromolecules . en . 38 . 9 . 4014–4023 . 10.1021/ma050453u . 2005MaMol..38.4014M . 0024-9297.
  18. Sun. DC. Chen. Q. 2010-12-01. Effect of chain extender and chain extension on properties of high solid content polyurethane dispersion and its film. Gaofenzi Cailiao Kexue Yu Gongcheng/Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering. 26. 69–72.
  19. Jhon . Young-Kuk . Cheong . In-Woo . Kim . Jung-Hyun . 2001-04-01 . Chain extension study of aqueous polyurethane dispersions . Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects . en . 179 . 1 . 71–78 . 10.1016/S0927-7757(00)00714-7 . 0927-7757 . 2023-03-09 . 2015-09-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924181513/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927775700007147 . live .
  20. Ma . S . Chen . C. Sablong. RJ. Koning. CE. Benthem. R. 2018. Non-isocyanate strategy for anionically stabilized water-borne polyurea dispersions and coatings. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry . 56. 10. 1078–1090. 10.1002/pola.28986. 2018JPoSA..56.1078M . 1099-0518.
  21. 2003-11-01. New development of polyurethane dispersion derived from blocked aromatic diisocyanate. Progress in Organic Coatings. en. 48. 1. 71–79. 10.1016/S0300-9440(03)00118-8. 0300-9440. Subramani. S.. Park. Young-Jun. Lee. Young-Soo. Kim. Jung-Hyun.
  22. Athawale . Vilas D. . Kulkarni . Mona A. . 2010-03-01 . Synthesis, characterization, and comparison of polyurethane dispersions based on highly versatile anionomer, ATBS, and conventional DMPA . Journal of Coatings Technology and Research . en . 7 . 2 . 189–199 . 10.1007/s11998-009-9184-2 . 1935-3804 . 2023-03-09 . 2023-03-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230314202641/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11998-009-9184-2 . live .
  23. Zhang . Faxing . Wei . Xiaoli . 2018-01-01 . Study of ionic/nonionic polyurethane dispersions with high solid content and low viscosity using a complex hydrophilic chain-extending agent . Journal of Coatings Technology and Research . en . 15 . 1 . 141–148 . 10.1007/s11998-017-9965-y . 103225551 . 1935-3804.
  24. Wang . Xiaorong . Ma . Guoyan . Zheng . Minyan . 2018-11-01 . Preparation and characterization of waterborne polyurethane/polyacrylate emulsions containing sulfonate groups . Journal of Coatings Technology and Research . en . 15 . 6 . 1217–1227 . 10.1007/s11998-018-0062-7 . 104118859 . 1935-3804.
  25. Zhang . Musan . Hemp . Sean T. . Zhang . Mingqiang . Allen . Michael H. . Carmean . Richard N. . Moore . Robert B. . Long . Timothy E. . 2014 . Water-dispersible cationic polyurethanes containing pendant trialkylphosphoniums . Polym. Chem. . en . 5 . 12 . 3795–3803 . 10.1039/C3PY01779F . 1759-9954. free . 10919/51700 . free .
  26. He . Xiaoling . He . Jingwei . Sun . Yangkun . Zhou . Xiaopei . Zhang . Jingying . Liu . Fang . 2022-07-01 . Preparation and characterization of cationic waterborne polyurethanes containing a star-branched polydimethylsiloxane . Journal of Coatings Technology and Research . en . 19 . 4 . 1055–1066 . 10.1007/s11998-021-00584-9 . 246946432 . 1935-3804.
  27. Phongikaroon . Supathorn . Calabrese . Richard V. . Carpenter . Keith . 2004-10-01 . Elucidation of polyurethane dispersions in a batch rotor-stator mixer . JCT Research . en . 1 . 4 . 329–335 . 10.1007/s11998-004-0034-y . 136692640 . 1935-3804.
  28. Web site: FORMULATING POLYURETHANE DISPERSIONS. Blank. Werner.
  29. Asif. Anila. Huang. Chengyu. Shi. Wenfang. 2003. UV curing behaviors and hydrophilic characteristics of UV curable waterborne hyperbranched aliphatic polyesters. Polymers for Advanced Technologies. en. 14. 9. 609–615. 10.1002/pat.380. 1099-1581.
  30. Web site: Floor Coatings with PUD.
  31. Howarth. G A. Manock. H L. July 1997. Water-borne polyurethane dispersions and their use in functional coatings. Surface Coatings International. 80. 7. 324–328. 10.1007/bf02692680. 137433262. 1356-0751.
  32. Web site: Waterborne Floor Coatings for Wood Floors.
  33. Web site: PUD - Polymers - Adhesive Raw Materials - Adhesives - Markets & Industries - BASF Dispersions & Pigments. www.dispersions-pigments.basf.com. 2019-04-11.
  34. 10.1007/BF02699621. Polyurethanes, polyurethane dispersions and polyureas: Past, present and future. Surface Coatings International Part B: Coatings Transactions. 86. 2. 111–118. 2003. Howarth. GA. 93574741.
  35. Web site: Patent US5071904A.
  36. Web site: Automotive OEM Metal Metal Basecoat. Communications. Covestro AG. www.coatings.covestro.com. en. 2019-04-22.
  37. Web site: URESEAL - Water-Based High-Gloss Polyurethane Coating Polygem Epoxy. www.polygem.com. 2019-04-26.
  38. Christopher. Gnanaprakasam. Anbu Kulandainathan. Manickam. Harichandran. Gurusamy. 2015-07-01. Highly dispersive waterborne polyurethane/ZnO nanocomposites for corrosion protection. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research. en. 12. 4. 657–667. 10.1007/s11998-015-9674-3. 136984192. 1935-3804.
  39. Book: Davim, J. Paulo. The Design and Manufacture of Medical Devices. 2012-10-16. Woodhead Publishing. 9781907568725. Cambridge, UK. 135.
  40. Dave. Dwij. Mestry. Siddhesh. Mhaske. S.T.. July 2021. Development of flame retardant waterborne polyurethane dispersions (WPUDs) from sulfonated phosphorus-based reactive water-dispersible agents. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research. American Coatings Association. 18. 4. 1037–1049. 10.1007/s11998-020-00458-6. 232370572. Springer10.1007/s11998-020-00458-6.
  41. Sikdar . Partha . Islam . Shafiqul . Dhar . Avik . Bhat . Gajanan . Hinchliffe . Doug . Condon . Brian . 2022-07-01 . Barrier and mechanical properties of water-based polyurethane-coated hydroentangled cotton nonwovens . Journal of Coatings Technology and Research . en . 19 . 4 . 1255–1267 . 10.1007/s11998-021-00609-3 . 247942460 . 1935-3804.
  42. Zhang . Xiaohui . Wang . Wei . Yu . Dan . 2018-03-01 . Synthesis of waterborne polyurethane–silver nanoparticle antibacterial coating for synthetic leather . Journal of Coatings Technology and Research . en . 15 . 2 . 415–423 . 10.1007/s11998-017-9997-3 . 102513248 . 1935-3804.
  43. Dall Agnol . Lucas . Ornaghi . Heitor Luiz . Ernzen . Juliano Roberto . Dias . Fernanda Trindade Gonzalez . Bianchi . Otávio . 2023-11-01 . Production of a sprayable waterborne polyurethane coating with silver nanoparticles for combating SARS-CoV-2 . Journal of Coatings Technology and Research . en . 20 . 6 . 1935–1947 . 10.1007/s11998-023-00788-1 . 1935-3804.
  44. Wrigglesworth . Emma G. . Tate . Eldon W . May 2024 . Next-generation Antimicrobial Waterborne Polyurethane . Coatings Tech (Digital) . 21 . 3 . 50–54.
  45. Web site: SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ANIONIC POLYESTER-POLYURETHANE DISPERSION AS ENVIRONMENTALLY-FRIENDLY WATER BASED RESINS. 2024-05-22 . www.sid.ir.
  46. Rengasamy . Senthilkumar . Mannari . Vijay . March 2014 . UV-curable PUDs based on sustainable acrylated polyol: Study of their hydrophobic and oleophobic properties . Progress in Organic Coatings . 77 . 3 . 557–567 . 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2013.11.029 . 0300-9440.
  47. Madbouly . Samy A. . Xia . Ying . Kessler . Michael R. . 2013-06-11 . Rheological Behavior of Environmentally Friendly Castor Oil-Based Waterborne Polyurethane Dispersions . Macromolecules . en . 46 . 11 . 4606–4616 . 10.1021/ma400200y . 2013MaMol..46.4606M . 0024-9297.
  48. Madbouly . Samy A. . Lendlein . Andreas . December 2012 . Degradable Polyurethane/Soy Protein Shape-Memory Polymer Blends Prepared Via Environmentally-Friendly Aqueous Dispersions . Macromolecular Materials and Engineering . en . 297 . 12 . 1213–1224 . 10.1002/mame.201200341 . 1438-7492.
  49. Jassal . Manjeet . Khungar . Amit . Bajaj . Pushpa . Sinha . T. J. M. . April 2004 . Waterproof Breathable Polymeric Coatings Based on Polyurethanes . Journal of Industrial Textiles . en . 33 . 4 . 269–280 . 10.1177/1528083704045179 . 1528-0837.
  50. Athawale . Vilas D. . Kulkarni . Mona A. . 2010-01-01 . Polyester polyols for waterborne polyurethanes and hybrid dispersions . Progress in Organic Coatings . 67 . 1 . 44–54 . 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2009.09.015 . 0300-9440.
  51. Xia . Ying . Larock . Richard C. . 2011-08-15 . Castor-Oil-Based Waterborne Polyurethane Dispersions Cured with an Aziridine-Based Crosslinker . Macromolecular Materials and Engineering . en . 296 . 8 . 703–709 . 10.1002/mame.201000431 . 1438-7492.
  52. Bayat . Parisa . Khorasani . Manouchehr . 2021-04-01 . Synthesis and characterization of transparent 1-package PUD based on castor oil and polyethylene glycol . Progress in Organic Coatings . 153 . 106148 . 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2021.106148 . 0300-9440.
  53. Liang . Haiyan . Wang . Shanwen . He . Heng . Wang . Mengqi . Liu . Lingxiao . Lu . Jingyi . Zhang . Yi . Zhang . Chaoqun . 2018-10-15 . Aqueous anionic polyurethane dispersions from castor oil . Industrial Crops and Products . 122 . 182–189 . 10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.05.079 . 0926-6690.
  54. Mishra . Vikash . Mohanty . Ishan . Patel . Mayank R. . Patel . Kalpesh I. . 2015-08-18 . Development of Green Waterborne UV-Curable Castor Oil-Based Urethane Acrylate Coatings: Preparation and Property Analysis . International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization . en . 20 . 6 . 504–513 . 10.1080/1023666X.2015.1050852 . 1023-666X.
  55. Lu . Yongshang . Larock . Richard C. . 2010-09-01 . Soybean oil-based, aqueous cationic polyurethane dispersions: Synthesis and properties . Progress in Organic Coatings . 69 . 1 . 31–37 . 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2010.04.024 . 0300-9440.
  56. Luo . Yong-Shen . Lee . Da-Kong . Zeng . Wun-Syu . Rwei . Syang-Peng . 2022-11-02 . Synthesis and properties of biomass polyether diols based polyurethane dispersions by a solvent-free process . Journal of Polymer Research . en . 29 . 11 . 492 . 10.1007/s10965-022-03338-2 . 1572-8935.
  57. Ma . Le . Song . Lina . Wang . Heng . Fan . Leiqiao . Liu . Baohua . 2018-09-01 . Synthesis and characterization of poly(propylene carbonate) glycol-based waterborne polyurethane with a high solid content . Progress in Organic Coatings . 122 . 38–44 . 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2018.05.003 . 0300-9440.
  58. Li, Guo & Qiu. 2016. Synthesis of Waterborne Polyurethane Containing Alkoxysilane Side Groups and the Properties of the Hybrid Coating Films. Applied Surface Science. 377. 66–74. 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.03.166. 2016ApSS..377...66L .
  59. Liu, Hao and Qin. 2021. In situ preparation and properties of waterborne polyurethane/edge-isocyanated hexagonal boron nitride composite dispersions. Journal of Coatings Technology & Research. 18. 1. 117–127. 10.1007/s11998-020-00385-6. 222233654. 1547-0091.
  60. Kale, Manoj B. . Divakaran, Nidhin . Mubarak, Suhail . Dhamodharan, Duraisami . Senthil, T. . Wu, Lixin . 2020. Waterborne Polyurethane Composite Reinforced with Amine Intercalated Alpha-Zirconium Phosphate-Study of Thermal and Mechanical Properties. Polymer. 186. 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.122008. 210234416.
  61. Xu. Liangfeng. July 2021. CO2 triggered hydrophobic/hydrophilic switchable waterborne polyurethane-acrylate with simultaneously improved water resistance and mechanical properties. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research. American Coatings Association. 18. 4. 989–998. 10.1007/s11998-021-00476-y. 233176697. 1547-0091.
  62. Web site: CoatingsTech - March 2021 - page32. 2021-03-04. www.coatingstech-digital.org. en.
  63. Web site: Biobased Polyol with self-crosslinking functionality. 32. 2022-01-20. www.coatingstech-digital.org. en.
  64. Zhang . Shengwen . Chen . Jianfeng . Han . Dan . Feng . Yongqi . Shen . Chen . Chang . Chen . Song . Zhilin . Zhao . Jie . 2015-05-01 . Effect of polyether soft segments on structure and properties of waterborne UV-curable polyurethane nanocomposites . Journal of Coatings Technology and Research . en . 12 . 3 . 563–569 . 10.1007/s11998-014-9654-z . 1935-3804 . 2023-03-08 . 2023-03-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230314203218/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11998-014-9654-z . live .
  65. Bai . Chenyan . Zhang . Xingyuan . Dai . Jiabing . Wang . Jinhua . 2008-06-01 . Synthesis of UV crosslinkable waterborne siloxane–polyurethane dispersion PDMS-PEDA-PU and the properties of the films . Journal of Coatings Technology and Research . en . 5 . 2 . 251–257 . 10.1007/s11998-007-9062-8 . 1935-3804 . 2023-03-14 . 2023-03-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230314202635/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11998-007-9062-8 . live .
  66. Coogan . Richard G . 1997-12-01 . Post-crosslinking of water-borne urethanes . Progress in Organic Coatings . en . 32 . 1 . 51–63 . 10.1016/S0300-9440(97)00010-6 . 0300-9440 . 2023-03-09 . 2023-03-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230309155510/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300944097000106 . live .
  67. Wen . Xiufang . Mi . Ruilian . Huang . Ying . Cheng . Jiang . Pi . Pihui . Yang . Zhuoru . 2010-05-01 . Crosslinked polyurethane–epoxy hybrid emulsion with core–shell structure . Journal of Coatings Technology and Research . en . 7 . 3 . 373–381 . 10.1007/s11998-009-9196-y . 1935-3804 . 2023-03-09 . 2023-03-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230314202620/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11998-009-9196-y . live .
  68. Zhu . Yun . Hu . Chun Pu . 2011-05-01 . Preparation and characterization of waterborne polyurethane-urea composed of C9-diol-based polyester polyol . Journal of Coatings Technology and Research . en . 8 . 3 . 419–425 . 10.1007/s11998-010-9306-x . 1935-3804 . 2023-03-09 . 2023-03-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230314202618/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11998-010-9306-x . live .
  69. Kim . B. K. . 1996-07-01 . Aqueous polyurethane dispersions . Colloid and Polymer Science . en . 274 . 7 . 599–611 . 10.1007/BF00653056 . 1435-1536 . 2023-03-09 . 2023-03-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230314202628/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00653056 . live .
  70. Yin . Wenhua . Zeng . Xingrong . Li . Hongqiang . Hou . Youjun . Gao . Qiongzhi . 2011-10-01 . Synthesis, photopolymerization kinetics, and thermal properties of UV-curable waterborne hyperbranched polyurethane acrylate dispersions . Journal of Coatings Technology and Research . en . 8 . 5 . 577–584 . 10.1007/s11998-011-9338-x . 1935-3804 . 2023-03-09 . 2023-03-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230314202630/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11998-011-9338-x . live .
  71. Labukas . Joseph P. . Escarsega . John A. . Crawford . Dawn M. . 2014-03-01 . Accelerated drying of water-dispersible polyurethane blends . Journal of Coatings Technology and Research . en . 11 . 2 . 217–229 . 10.1007/s11998-013-9536-9 . 1935-3804 . 2023-03-08 . 2023-03-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230314202624/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11998-013-9536-9 . live .
  72. van Tent . Abraham . Zohrehvand . Shiva . te Nijenhuis . Klaas . 2014-03-01 . Characterization of film formation in waterborne polymer lattices: a focus on turbidimetry . Journal of Coatings Technology and Research . en . 11 . 2 . 159–167 . 10.1007/s11998-013-9491-5 . 1935-3804 . 2023-03-08 . 2023-03-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230314202624/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11998-013-9491-5 . live .
  73. Lin . Xufeng . Zhang . Shouyi . Qian . Jun . 2014-05-01 . Synthesis and properties of a novel UV-curable waterborne hyperbranched polyurethane . Journal of Coatings Technology and Research . en . 11 . 3 . 319–328 . 10.1007/s11998-013-9520-4 . 1935-3804 . free .
  74. Suresh . Kattimuttathu I. . Harikrishnan . M. G. . 2014-07-01 . Effect of cardanol diol on the synthesis, characterization, and film properties of aqueous polyurethane dispersions . Journal of Coatings Technology and Research . en . 11 . 4 . 619–629 . 10.1007/s11998-014-9571-1 . 1935-3804 . 2023-03-08 . 2023-03-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230314202638/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11998-014-9571-1 . live .
  75. Ma . Guozhang . Guan . Taotao . Hou . Caiying . Wu . Jianbing . Wang . Gang . Ji . Xuan . Wang . Baojun . 2015-05-01 . Preparation, properties and application of waterborne hydroxyl-functional polyurethane/acrylic emulsions in two-component coatings . Journal of Coatings Technology and Research . en . 12 . 3 . 505–512 . 10.1007/s11998-014-9647-y . 1935-3804 . 2023-03-08 . 2023-03-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230314203207/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11998-014-9647-y . live .
  76. Lin . Xufeng . Zhang . Shouyi . Qian . Jun . 2014-05-01 . Synthesis and properties of a novel UV-curable waterborne hyperbranched polyurethane . Journal of Coatings Technology and Research . en . 11 . 3 . 319–328 . 10.1007/s11998-013-9520-4 . 1935-3804 . free .
  77. García-Pacios . Vanesa . Colera . Manuel . Iwata . Yoshiro . Martín-Martínez . José Miguel . 2013-12-01 . Incidence of the polyol nature in waterborne polyurethane dispersions on their performance as coatings on stainless steel . Progress in Organic Coatings . Coatings Science International 2012 . en . 76 . 12 . 1726–1729 . 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2013.05.007 . 0300-9440 . 2023-03-09 . 2023-03-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230309151249/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300944013001264 . live .
  78. Noble . Karl-Ludwig . 1997-12-01 . Waterborne polyurethanes . Progress in Organic Coatings . en . 32 . 1 . 131–136 . 10.1016/S0300-9440(97)00071-4 . 0300-9440 . 2023-03-09 . 2023-03-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230309151129/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300944097000714 . live .
  79. Suresh . Kattimuttathu I. . Harikrishnan . M. G. . 2014-07-01 . Effect of cardanol diol on the synthesis, characterization, and film properties of aqueous polyurethane dispersions . Journal of Coatings Technology and Research . en . 11 . 4 . 619–629 . 10.1007/s11998-014-9571-1 . 1935-3804 . 2023-03-08 . 2023-03-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230314202638/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11998-014-9571-1 . live .
  80. Yuan . Caideng . Wang . Mengyao . Li . Haitao . Wang . Zhongwei . 2017-09-10 . Preparation and properties of UV-curable waterborne polyurethane-acrylate emulsion . Journal of Applied Polymer Science . en . 134 . 34 . 45208 . 10.1002/app.45208.
  81. Song . Sam Cha . Kim . Suk Joon . Park . Kyung-Kyu . Oh . Joong-Geul . Bae . Seong-Guk . Noh . Geon Ho . Lee . Won-Ki . 2017-12-12 . Synthesis and properties of waterborne UV-curable polyurethane acrylates using functional isocyanate . Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals . 659 . 1 . 40–45 . 10.1080/15421406.2018.1450824 . 2017MCLC..659...40S . 102697178 . 1542-1406.
  82. Dall Agnol . Lucas . Dias . Fernanda Trindade Gonzalez . Ornaghi . Heitor Luiz . Sangermano . Marco . Bianchi . Otávio . 2021-05-01 . UV-curable waterborne polyurethane coatings: A state-of-the-art and recent advances review . Progress in Organic Coatings . 154 . 106156 . 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2021.106156 . 0300-9440.
  83. Xu . Heping . Qiu . Fengxian . Wang . Yingying . Wu . Wenling . Yang . Dongya . Guo . Qing . 2012-01-01 . UV-curable waterborne polyurethane-acrylate: preparation, characterization and properties . Progress in Organic Coatings . en . 73 . 1 . 47–53 . 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2011.08.019 . 0300-9440.
  84. Llorente . O. . Fernández-Berridi . M. J. . González . A. . Irusta . L. . 2016-10-01 . Study of the crosslinking process of waterborne UV curable polyurethane acrylates . Progress in Organic Coatings . en . 99 . 437–442 . 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2016.06.020 . 0300-9440.
  85. Dall Agnol . Lucas . Dias . Fernanda Trindade Gonzalez . Ornaghi . Heitor Luiz . Sangermano . Marco . Bianchi . Otávio . 2021-05-01 . UV-curable waterborne polyurethane coatings: A state-of-the-art and recent advances review . Progress in Organic Coatings . en . 154 . 106156 . 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2021.106156 . 233544254 . 0300-9440.
  86. Li . Xiu . Wang . Di . Zhao . Longying . Hou . Xingzhou . Liu . Li . Feng . Bin . Li . Mengxin . Zheng . Pai . Zhao . Xuan . Wei . Shuangying . 2021-02-01 . UV LED curable epoxy soybean-oil-based waterborne PUA resin for wood coatings . Progress in Organic Coatings . en . 151 . 105942 . 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2020.105942 . 225111943 . 0300-9440. free .
  87. Ahmed . Aziz . Sarkar . Preetom . Ahmad . Imtiaz . Das . Neeladri . Bhowmick . Anil K. . 2015-01-14 . Influence of the Nature of Acrylates on the Reactivity, Structure, and Properties of Polyurethane Acrylates . Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research . en . 54 . 1 . 47–54 . 10.1021/ie502953u . 0888-5885.
  88. Sultan . Misbah . Islam . Atif . Gull . Nafisa . Bhatti . Haq Nawaz . Safa . Yusra . 2015-03-20 . Structural variation in soft segment of waterborne polyurethane acrylate nanoemulsions . Journal of Applied Polymer Science . en . 132 . 12 . 10.1002/app.41706 . 0021-8995.
  89. Bai . Chen Yan . Zhang . Xing Yuan . Dai . Jia Bing . Zhang . Chu Yin . 2007-07-02 . Water resistance of the membranes for UV curable waterborne polyurethane dispersions . Progress in Organic Coatings . en . 59 . 4 . 331–336 . 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2007.05.003 . 0300-9440.
  90. Hwang . Hyeon-Deuk . Park . Cho-Hee . Moon . Je-Ik . Kim . Hyun-Joong . Masubuchi . Tetsuo . 2011-12-01 . UV-curing behavior and physical properties of waterborne UV-curable polycarbonate-based polyurethane dispersion . Progress in Organic Coatings . en . 72 . 4 . 663–675 . 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2011.07.009 . 0300-9440.
  91. Hwang . Hyeon-Deuk . Kim . Hyun-Joong . 2011-10-15 . UV-curable low surface energy fluorinated polycarbonate-based polyurethane dispersion . Journal of Colloid and Interface Science . en . 362 . 2 . 274–284 . 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.06.044 . 21788027 . 2011JCIS..362..274H . 0021-9797.
  92. Sangermano . M. . Lak . N. . Malucelli . G. . Samakande . A. . Sanderson . R. D. . 2008-01-01 . UV-curing and characterization of polymer–clay nanocoatings by dispersion of acrylate-funtionalized organoclays . Progress in Organic Coatings . en . 61 . 1 . 89–94 . 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2007.09.009 . 0300-9440.
  93. Choi . H. Y. . Bae . C. Y. . Kim . B. K. . 2010-08-01 . Nanoclay reinforced UV curable waterborne polyurethane hybrids . Progress in Organic Coatings . en . 68 . 4 . 356–362 . 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2010.03.015 . 0300-9440.
  94. Zhang . Dinglun . Liu . Jin . Li . Zhen . Shen . Yun . Wang . Ping . Wang . Di . Wang . Xianbiao . Hu . Xianhai . 2021-11-01 . Preparation and properties of UV-curable waterborne silicon-containing polyurethane acrylate emulsion . Progress in Organic Coatings . en . 160 . 106503 . 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2021.106503 . 240504048 . 0300-9440.
  95. Bai . Chenyan . Zhang . Xingyuan . Dai . Jiabing . 2007-08-01 . Synthesis and characterization of PDMS modified UV-curable waterborne polyurethane dispersions for soft tact layers . Progress in Organic Coatings . en . 60 . 1 . 63–68 . 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2007.07.003 . 0300-9440.
  96. Hong . Chengqi . Zhou . Xing . Ye . Yuanchao . Li . Wenbo . 2021-07-01 . Synthesis and characterization of UV-curable waterborne Polyurethane–acrylate modified with hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane: UV-cured film with excellent water resistance . Progress in Organic Coatings . en . 156 . 106251 . 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2021.106251 . 233549036 . 0300-9440.
  97. Sheng . Lixia . Zhang . Xuetong . Ge . Zhen . Liang . Zhu . Liu . Xiaoli . Chai . Chunpeng . Luo . Yunjun . 2018-11-01 . Preparation and properties of waterborne polyurethane modified by stearyl acrylate for water repellents . Journal of Coatings Technology and Research . en . 15 . 6 . 1283–1292 . 10.1007/s11998-018-0096-x . 103071000 . 1935-3804.
  98. Wei . Xiaoli . Zhang . Faxing . 2018-11-01 . Preparation of an ionic/nonionic polyurethane-silicone dispersion (PUSD) with a high solid content and low viscosity using complex soft segments . Journal of Coatings Technology and Research . en . 15 . 6 . 1229–1237 . 10.1007/s11998-018-0063-6 . 103148606 . 1935-3804.
  99. Xiao . Yiheng . Ou . Wei . He . Zonglin . Ding . Zhu . Ai . Jiaoyan . Song . Lina . Liu . Baohua . 2023-10-27 . Synthesis of poly (propylene carbonate) diol-based waterborne polyurethane modified by epoxy resin with anticorrosion properties . Journal of Coatings Technology and Research . 21 . 1 . en . 10.1007/s11998-023-00823-1 . 1935-3804.
  100. Mishra . Vikash . Desai . Jatin . Patel . Kalpesh I. . 2017-09-01 . High-performance waterborne UV-curable polyurethane dispersion based on thiol–acrylate/thiol–epoxy hybrid networks . Journal of Coatings Technology and Research . en . 14 . 5 . 1069–1081 . 10.1007/s11998-016-9906-1 . 1935-3804 . 2023-02-20 . 2023-03-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230314202625/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11998-016-9906-1 . live .
  101. Yong . Qiwen . Liao . Bing . Ying . Guo . Caizhen . Liang . Huang . Hao . Pang . Hao . 2018-09-01 . Structure and surface properties of a novel bulk-matte waterborne polyurethane coating composite . Journal of Coatings Technology and Research . en . 15 . 5 . 993–1002 . 10.1007/s11998-017-0030-7 . 140013153 . 1935-3804.
  102. Ding . Zhu . Chen . Jiahui . He . Zonglin . Wang . Chaozhi . Li . Hualin . Huang . Zhenhong . Liu . Baohua . Song . Lina . 2023-09-01 . Two-component UV-curable waterborne CO2-based polyurethane dispersion with outstanding flexibility . Journal of Coatings Technology and Research . en . 20 . 5 . 1569–1578 . 10.1007/s11998-023-00763-w . 1935-3804.
  103. Wang . Jin . Zhang . Hongming . Miao . Yuyang . Qiao . Lijun . Wang . Xianhong . Wang . Fosong . 2016-09-25 . UV-curable waterborne polyurethane from CO2-polyol with high hydrolysis resistance . Polymer . en . 100 . 219–226 . 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.08.039 . 0032-3861.
  104. Dai . Jinyue . Ma . Songqi . Wu . Yonggang . Zhu . Jin . Liu . Xiaoqing . 2015-10-01 . High bio-based content waterborne UV-curable coatings with excellent adhesion and flexibility . Progress in Organic Coatings . en . 87 . 197–203 . 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2015.05.030 . 0300-9440.
  105. Li . Chunhong . Xiao . Hang . Wang . Xianfeng . Zhao . Tao . 2018-04-10 . Development of green waterborne UV-curable vegetable oil-based urethane acrylate pigment prints adhesive: Preparation and application . Journal of Cleaner Production . en . 180 . 272–279 . 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.193 . 2018JCPro.180..272L . 0959-6526.
  106. Li . Kaibin . Shen . Yiding . Fei . Guiqiang . Wang . Haihua . Li . Jingyi . 2015-01-01 . Preparation and properties of castor oil/pentaerythritol triacrylate-based UV curable waterborne polyurethane acrylate . Progress in Organic Coatings . en . 78 . 146–154 . 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2014.09.012 . 0300-9440.
  107. Germán-Ayuso . Lorena . Cuevas . José M. . Seoane-Rivero . Rubén . Navarro . Rodrigo . Marcos-Fernández . Angel . Vilas-Vilela . José L. . 2023-09-01 . Improving the performance of biobased polyurethane dispersion by the incorporation of photo-crosslinkable coumarin . Journal of Coatings Technology and Research . en . 20 . 5 . 1677–1690 . 10.1007/s11998-023-00772-9 . 1935-3804. free . 10261/342126 . free .
  108. Mahajan . Darshan . Srivats . Darbha Sai . More . Aarti . 2023-09-01 . Synthesis of vanillin-based UV curable polyurethane dispersions for wood coating applications . Journal of Coatings Technology and Research . en . 20 . 5 . 1773–1788 . 10.1007/s11998-023-00780-9 . 1935-3804.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Polyurethane dispersion".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.