Pointed set explained

(X, x _{0)} where X is a set and x _{0} is an element of X called the base point,^[1] also spelled basepoint.^[2]

Maps between pointed sets

(X, x _{0)} and (Y, y _{0)} —called based maps,^[3] pointed maps,^[2] or point-preserving maps—are functions from X to Y that map one basepoint to another, i.e. maps f \colon X \to Y such that f(x _{0)} = y _{0} . Based maps are usually denoted $f\; \backslash colon\; (X,\; x\_0)\; \backslash to\; (Y,\; y\_0)$.

Pointed sets are very simple algebraic structures. In the sense of universal algebra, a pointed set is a set

X together with a single nullary operation *: X ^{0} \to X, which picks out the basepoint.^[4] Pointed maps are the homomorphisms of these algebraic structures.

The class of all pointed sets together with the class of all based maps forms a category. Every pointed set can be converted to an ordinary set by forgetting the basepoint (the forgetful functor is faithful), but the reverse is not true.^[5] In particular, the empty set cannot be pointed, because it has no element that can be chosen as the basepoint.

Categorical properties

The category of pointed sets and based maps is equivalent to the category of sets and partial functions. The base point serves as a "default value" for those arguments for which the partial function is not defined. One textbook notes that "This formal completion of sets and partial maps by adding 'improper', 'infinite' elements was reinvented many times, in particular, in topology (one-point compactification) and in theoretical computer science."^[6] This category is also isomorphic to the coslice category (

1 \downarrow Set ), where 1 is (a functor that selects) a singleton set, and \scriptstyle { Set } (the identity functor of) the category of sets.^{[5] [7]} This coincides with the algebraic characterization, since the unique map 1 \to 1 extends the commutative triangles defining arrows of the coslice category to form the commutative squares defining homomorphisms of the algebras.

There is a faithful functor from pointed sets to usual sets, but it is not full and these categories are not equivalent.

The category of pointed sets is a pointed category. The pointed singleton sets

(\{a\}, a) are both initial objects and terminal objects, i.e. they are zero objects.^[2] The category of pointed sets and pointed maps has both products and coproducts, but it is not a distributive category. It is also an example of a category where 0 x A is not isomorphic to 0 .

Applications

Many algebraic structures rely on a distinguished point. For example, groups are pointed sets by choosing the identity element as the basepoint, so that group homomorphisms are point-preserving maps.^[8] This observation can be restated in category theoretic terms as the existence of a forgetful functor from groups to pointed sets.^[8]

A pointed set may be seen as a pointed space under the discrete topology or as a vector space over the field with one element.^[9]

As "rooted set" the notion naturally appears in the study of antimatroids and transportation polytopes.^[10]

References

1. Book: An Introduction to Galois Cohomology and Its Applications . 377 . London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series . Grégory Berhuy . Cambridge University Press . 2010 . 978-0-521-73866-8 . 1207.12003 . 34 .
2. Book: Joseph Rotman. An Introduction to Homological Algebra. 2008. Springer Science & Business Media. 978-0-387-68324-9. 2nd.
3. .
4. Book: Saunders Mac Lane. Garrett Birkhoff. Algebra. 1999. American Mathematical Soc.. 978-0-8218-1646-2. 497. 1988. 3rd.
5. J. Adamek, H. Herrlich, G. Stecker, (18 January 2005) Abstract and Concrete Categories-The Joy of Cats
6. Book: Neal Koblitz. B. Zilber. Yu. I. Manin. A Course in Mathematical Logic for Mathematicians. 2009. Springer Science & Business Media. 978-1-4419-0615-1. 290.
7. Book: Francis Borceux. Dominique Bourn. Mal'cev, Protomodular, Homological and Semi-Abelian Categories. 2004. Springer Science & Business Media. 978-1-4020-1961-6. 131.
8. Book: Paolo Aluffi. Algebra: Chapter 0. 2009. American Mathematical Soc.. 978-0-8218-4781-7.
9. . On p. 622, Haran writes "We consider F -vector spaces as finite sets X with a distinguished 'zero' element..."
10. Book: George Bernard Dantzig. Mathematics of the Decision Sciences. Part 1. 1970. 1968. American Mathematical Soc.. Facets and vertices of transportation polytopes. V. . Klee . C. . Witzgall. 859802521. B0020145L2.

Further reading

• Book: F. W.. Lawvere. Stephen Hoel. Schanuel. Conceptual Mathematics: A First Introduction to Categories. 2009. Cambridge University Press. 978-0-521-89485-2. 2nd. 296–298. registration.
• Book: Mac Lane , Saunders . Saunders Mac Lane. Categories for the Working Mathematician. Springer-Verlag. 1998. 2nd. 0-387-98403-8. 0906.18001.
• Book: Jürgen. Koslowski. Austin. Melton. Categorical Perspectives. 2001. Springer Science & Business Media. 978-0-8176-4186-3. 10. Lutz. Schröder. Categories: a free tour.

External links

• Pullbacks in Category of Sets and Partial Functions