Plowboy trope explained

The plowboy trope appears in Christian rhetoric and literature in the form of various bucolic, lowly or even unsavoury characters who would benefit from being exposed to Scripture in the vernacular. The plowboy trope is an anti-elitist trope dating back at least 1600 years.

Appearances

Jerome (386)

The trope starts[1] with St. Jerome's letter eulogizing the region of Bethlehem, where he lived, remarking on how the local popular songs' lyrics were from the Psalms:

John Chrysostom

St. John Chrysostom invokes a related set of characters who can understand Christ's few and plain words to love God and neighbour:

Amalarius

Amalarius's Liber officialis does not supply a cast of characters, but makes the cantor of the Mass, by analogy, into a ploughman, and so utilizing the trope's the other elements of ploughing, singing and simple sincerity:[2]

Gerard Zerbolt van Zutphen (1393)

Gerard Zerbolt of Zutphen was one of the first of the Brothers of the Common Life at Deventer.

Erasmus of Rotterdam (1516)

The opening exhortation of the first edition of Erasmus' Novum Instrumentum omne pleads for vernacular use of the Gospel texts, especially memorized and vocalized versions, and with an emphasis on women:

This was expanded in the third edition of 1522 (and re-used in Dominican friar, Marmochino, 1638 Italian Bible's preface[3]):

Erasmus combined Jerome and Chrysostom's cast, and added more characters in his Paraphrase of St Matthew (1524):

In the same material, Erasmus noted with approval that Jerome encouraged "virgins, wives and widows" to read but spoke against the mangled, unfit interpretations of "the garrulous hag, the delirious old man, the loquacious sophist."

Note the vocal rather than mental emphasis:

A French Carthusian opponent of vernacular translation, Petrus Sutor, in 1524 wrote of the dangers that a woman engrossed in the Scriptures would neglect her domestic duties, and a soldier would be slow to fight.[4]

Middle English Plowmen

The plowman was independently a literary figure in Middle English poetry with an anti-elitist, anti-simonatical and even political edge.

Initially this was a solid peasant who could articulate their faith. Margaret Deansly quotes a poem (before 1400), of an (illiterate) ploughman, taught orally by the community, going to his annual confession where the priest had to check his knowledge of the Creed and Gospel:In Lenten times the parson him did shrive:He said "Sir, canst thou they believe?"The ploughman said unto the priest"Sir, I believe in Jesu Christwhich suffered death and harrowed hell,as I have heard mine elders tell."[4]

At times, the plowman was a religious radical who speaks the plain truth for the poor, godly commons against corrupt elites and hypocritical English clergy. The most famous is the late 13th century alliterative allegorical poem Piers Plowman.[5]

In the early Tudor period, the play Gentleness and Nobility features a plowman debating a knight and a merchant, about the social disruption of enclosure.[6]

A Late Middle English or Scots work "The Prayer of the Ploughman", perhaps of Lollard origins, says "a lewd man may serve God as well as a man of religion; though that the ploughman ne may not have so much silver for his prayer, as men of religion."[7]

William Tyndale (1520s)

The versions attributed to William Tyndale come from a much later report by John Foxe of a squabble at a dinner party and may be apocryphal. There are various versions in circulation:

The version attributed to Tyndale combined Erasmus' trope of the devout worker with the English popular image of the protesting pious plowman. It maintains the anti-elitist stance, but not characteristic of singing/devotion of the Jerome-Erasmus thread.

Some LDS commentators see Tyndale's purported statement as a prophecy of Joseph Smith, who had been a ploughboy.[8]

Rheims New Testament (1582)

The Douay–Rheims Bible's preface pointed out that when the scriptures (or New Testament, at least) were written and circulated, the books were never in private, uneducated hands and used casually. In place of that anachronism, it posits what some might consider another: the characteristic Catholic emphasis of a liturgy-centred Christian life,[9] in which scripture is experienced through the liturgy (or the Mass or of the Hours):

Other uses

The plowboy trope has also been attributed, perhaps in confusion with Tyndale, to John Wycliff[10] and Martin Luther[11]

A 16th-century Catholic controversialist Johann Cochlaeus also weighed in:

A modern variant, with a different singing motif, is

In Hilary Mantel's fiction Wolf Hall, her character Thomas Cromwell adopts the antagonistic mode of Tyndale:[12]

Notes and References

  1. O'Connell . Patrick F. . Scripture for the Plowboy Revisited : Erasmus, Jerome and the Common Reader . Moreana . December 2020 . 45 . 2 . 236–241 . 10.3366/more.2008.45.2.12 . 6 June 2023.
  2. chapter 2, Book: Salisbury . Matthew Cheung . Worship in medieval England . 2018 . Arc humanities press . Leeds . 9781641891158.
  3. Web site: Christopher. Yetzer. The Plowboy and the Ploughman.
  4. Book: Deanesly . Margaret . The Lollard Bible and Other Medieval Bible Versions . 1920 . Cambridge University Press .
  5. Book: Baugh . Albert C. . Malone . Kemp . Ch XV: Piers Plowman and Other Alliterative Poems. A Literary History of England: Vol 1: The Middle Ages (to 1500) . 2 September 2003 . Routledge . 978-1-134-94832-1 . en.
  6. Greenberg . Rachel . From Subject to Earthly Matter: The Plowman's Argument and Popular Discourse in "Gentleness and Nobility" . Early Theatre . 2012 . 15 . 2 . 13–42 . 43499624 . 1206-9078.
  7. Web site: Foxe75.
  8. Web site: William Tyndale, John Foxe, and the "Boy That Driveth the Plough". Religious Studies Center (rsc.byu.edu).
  9. Book: Cheely . Daniel Joseph Manuel . Opening the Book of Marwood: English Catholics and Their Bibles in Early Modern Europe . 1 January 2015 . University of Pennsylvania . en.
  10. Web site: The Lure of the City: a book for young men . Google Books . 2 June 2023 . Burrell . David James . 1908 .
  11. Web site: Luther: Scripture Easily Grasped by "Plowboys" . Biblical Evidence for Catholics . 2 June 2023.
  12. Web site: Hitchens . Christopher . The Men who made England, The Atlantic, Mar2010, Vol. 305, Issue 2 . eds.p.ebscohost.com.