Plesiadapiformes Explained

Plesiadapiformes ("Adapid-like" or "near Adapiformes") is an extinct basal pan-primates group, as sister to the rest of the pan-primates.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] The pan-primates together with the Dermoptera form the Primatomorpha. Purgatorius may not be a primate as an extinct sister to the rest of the Dermoptera or a separate, more basal stem pan-primate branch. Even with Purgatorius removed, the crown primates may even have emerged in this group.Plesiadapiformes first appear in the fossil record between 65 and 55 million years ago,[6] [7] although many were extinct by the beginning of the Eocene. They may be the earliest known mammals to have finger nails in place of claws.[8] In 1990, K.C. Beard attempted to link the Plesiadapiformes with the order Dermoptera. They proposed that paromomyid Phenacolemur had digital proportions of the fossil indicated gliding habits similar to that of colugos.[9]

In the following simplified cladogram, the crown primates are classified as highly derived Plesiadapiformes, possibly as sister of the Plesiadapoidea. The crown primates are cladistically granted here into the Plesiadapiformes, and "Plesiadapiformes" become a junior synonym of the primates. With this tree, the Plesiadapiformes are not literally extinct (in the sense of having no surviving descendants). The crown primates are also called "Euprimates" in this context.

Alternatively, in 2018, the Plesiadapiformes were proposed to be more related to Dermoptera, or roughly corresponding to Primatomorpha, with both Dermoptera and the primates emerging within this group.[10] [11] Also in a 2020 paper, the primates and Dermoptera were jointly considered sister to the plesiadapiform Purgatoriidae, resulting in the following phylogenetic tree.[12]

Traditionally, they were regarded as a separate extinct order of Primatomorpha, but it now appears that groups such as the extant primates and/or the Dermoptera have emerged in the group.

Similarly, in 2021 the Purgatoriidae were classified as sister to Dermoptera, while the rest of the Plesiadapiformes appear to be sister to the remaining primates:

One possible classification table of plesiadapiform families is listed below.

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Henke. Winfried. Tattersall. Ian. Ian Tattersall. Hardt. Thorolf. Handbook of Paleoanthropology: Vol I:Principles, Methods and Approaches Vol II:Primate Evolution and Human Origins Vol III:Phylogeny of Hominids. 25 January 2015. 2007. Springer Science & Business Media. 978-3-540-32474-4. 839.
  2. Boyer. Doug M.. Costeur. Loïc. Lipman. Yaron. Earliest record of Platychoerops(Primates, Plesiadapidae), a new species from Mouras Quarry, Mont de Berru, France. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 149. 3. 2012. 329–346. 0002-9483. 10.1002/ajpa.22119. 22926965. 37772289.
  3. Ni. X.. Meng. J.. Beard. K. C.. Gebo. D. L.. Wang. Y.. Li. C.. A new tarkadectine primate from the Eocene of Inner Mongolia, China: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 277. 1679. 2009. 247–256. 0962-8452. 10.1098/rspb.2009.0173. 2842661. 19386655.
  4. Silcox. Mary T.. Bloch. Jonathan I.. Boyer. Doug M.. Chester. Stephen G. B.. López‐Torres. Sergi. 2017. The evolutionary radiation of plesiadapiforms. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. en. 26. 2. 74–94. 10.1002/evan.21526. 28429568. 1520-6505. free.
  5. Wisniewski . Anna L. . Lloyd . Graeme T. . Slater . Graham J. . 2022-05-25 . Extant species fail to estimate ancestral geographical ranges at older nodes in primate phylogeny . Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . en . 289 . 1975 . 20212535 . 10.1098/rspb.2021.2535 . 0962-8452 . 9115010 . 35582793.
  6. http://www.physorg.com/news88774682.html Paleontologists discover most primitive primate skeleton - PhysOrg.com
  7. Web site: March 2021. Patrick Pester-Staff Writer 04. Primate ancestor of all humans likely roamed with the dinosaurs. 2021-03-05. livescience.com. en.
  8. "Sleep, First Primates, Earthquakes in the Midwest and Profile: Sang-Mook Lee" . NOVA scienceNOW . NOVA scienceNOW . . 9 July 2008 . 4 . 8 . 13:04 . https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/0303_sciencen.html#h02 . Transcripts – NOVA scienceNOW: 9 July 2008.
  9. Beard . K. C. . Gliding behaviour and palaeoecology of the alleged primate family Paromomyidae (Mammalia, Dermoptera) . Nature . 1990 . 345 . 6273 . 340–341 . 10.1038/345340a0. 1990Natur.345..340B . 4369153 .
  10. 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.08.005 . 30497682 . New fossils, systematics, and biogeography of the oldest known crown primate Teilhardina from the earliest Eocene of Asia, Europe, and North America . Journal of Human Evolution . 128 . 103–131 . 2019 . Morse . Paul E. . Chester . Stephen G.B. . Boyer . Doug M. . Smith . Thierry . Smith . Richard . Gigase . Paul . Bloch . Jonathan I. . 54167483 .
  11. Boyer. Doug M.. Maiolino. Stephanie A.. Holroyd. Patricia A.. Morse. Paul E.. Bloch. Jonathan I.. 2018-09-01. Oldest evidence for grooming claws in euprimates. Journal of Human Evolution. en. 122. 1–22. 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.03.010. 29935935. free.
  12. Seiffert. Erik R.. Tejedor. Marcelo F.. Fleagle. John G.. Novo. Nelson M.. Cornejo. Fanny M.. Bond. Mariano. de Vries. Dorien. Campbell. Kenneth E.. 2020-04-10. A parapithecid stem anthropoid of African origin in the Paleogene of South America. Science. en. 368. 6487. 194–197. 10.1126/science.aba1135. 32273470. 2020Sci...368..194S. 215550773. 0036-8075.
  13. Web site: Plesiadapoidea . 2022-03-01 . paleobiodb.org.

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