Plastic sequestration explained

Plastic sequestration is a means of plastic waste management that secures used plastic out of industry and out of the environment into reusable building blocks made by manual compaction. Plastic sequestration is motivated by environmental protection and modeled on the Earth's process of carbon sequestration.[1] Emerging out of the struggle of towns and communities in the Global South[2] to deal with plastic pollution, plastic sequestration compaction methods are characterized by being locally based, non-capital, non-industrial and low-tech.[3] Plastic sequestration is defined by the goals of securing plastic out of the environment and out of high energy/carbon industrial systems.[4] Based on eliminating the chemical and physical and abiotic and biotic degradation pathways,[5] plastic sequestration aims to achieve these goals, by terminally reducing the net surface area of thin film plastics. The building blocks that emerge from plastic sequestration are used in applications that further protect from degradation and permanently keep plastic out of industrial processes, thereby preventing their carbon emissions.[6]

Methodology

Preparation

In general, plastic sequestration begins by segregating plastic from organics and other materials.[7] The plastic is then cleaned and dried before it is manually compacted into dense blocks—typically using a stick or a press.[8]

Examples

Examples of plastic sequestration include ecobricks, cigbricks, ocean ecobricks,ubuntu blox, specifically made dense plastic boards and blocks, and some products of the precious plastic movement. The methods of plastic sequestration is fundamentally distinct from landfilling and plastic burial. The Global Ecobrick Alliance, defines plastic sequestration as a non-industrial, manual, carbon-neutral compaction of used, clean and dry plastic that achieves a density over 0.33g/ml and a specific surface degradation rate (SSDR[5]) below 0.1 μm year−1.[3]

Building Sequestration

Building with the blocks that result from compaction is a part of the process of plastic sequestration. Typically, Cob_(material) / adobe / earth building are used to completely encase the blocks. Earth building applications must protect from all forms of plastic degradation (i.e. heat, light, friction, fire, etc.).[9] Earth building methods ensure that the blocks can be extricated undamaged from the construction when it comes to its end. Earth building methods also ensure that the construction process remains carbon-neutral.[10] [11]

Theory

The concept of plastic sequestration as an ecological service that follows Earth's example of carbon sequestration was laid out at the Le Havre University, 50th Annual Bandung Spirit Conference, in a paper presented by Ani Himawati and Russell Maier.[12] [13] Building on this concept, the Global Ecobrick Alliance[14] developed a theoretical framework and criteria for plastic sequestration in order to exclude applications that are not ecological services, and to encourage sequestration methodologies and applications that are. The criteria of plastic sequestration are based on the principles of Earthen Ethics,[15] that delineate the parameters of ecological contribution, research by Center for International Environmental Law on the carbon impact of the plastic industry, and the science of preventing polymer degradation.

  1. The process secures plastic from all forms of chemical and physical degradation and from industrial processing.[16]
  2. Outputs are indefinitely reusable, while tending towards applications that are of long-term earthen immersion.[17]
  3. The process must be conducted as a not-for-profit, for-Earth enterprise.[18]
  4. The process results in the sequestration of more carbon and more plastic than is added through emissions and replacement plastic.[19]
  5. The process and its outputs support the diversification of life.[20]
  6. The enterprise tracks and publicly discloses all the plastic, carbon and biodiversity impacts of its process.[21]

Science

The goal of plastic sequestration is to create the conditions to prevent the physical and chemical degradation of plastic (i.e. depolymerization, chemical modification, mass loss or mineralization to CO2 and H2O) and the emissions of industrial processing. Plastic polymer degradation occurs in two ways: (i) physical, such as cracking, embrittlement, and flaking, or (ii) chemical, referring to changes at the molecular level.[5] Chemical and physical degradation happens through biotic and abiotic pathways. Plastic sequestration methods must prevent chemical and physical degradation, by blocking biotic (microbial action) and abiotic (light, heat, acids, etc.) degradation pathways and by preventing industrial reprocessing.[3] Emissions occur when plastic is processed industrially (i.e. recycling, landfilling, incineration)[22]

Preventing Chemical and Physical Degradation

Research into the polymer degradation shows that in the environment, degradation occurs on the exposed surface of plastic and that net degradation is directly proportional to the amount of surface area exposed.[5] Mathematical extrapolation indicates that a thin film of HDPE plastic (high surface area) can degrade 1100 times faster than a bead of plastic of the same weight (low surface area). Whereas a thin film of plastic will degrade in 1.8 ± 0.4 years a bead of plastic will endure for 2000 ± 400 years.[5] Furthermore, by reducing the specific surface degradation rate (SSDR) of the low-surface-area plastic, it can endure indefinitely.[5] Thus, plastic sequestration methodologies prioritize the terminal reduction of net surface area of the thin film plastics through compaction[23] and building methods that prevent abiotic and biotic degradation, reducing the SSDR of the plastic to below 0.1 μm year–1.[3]

Preventing Industrial Emissions & Dispersal

On average globally, each metric ton of plastic processed by recycling, land-filing and incineration generates 689kg, 65Kg and 2967kg of CO2e respectively.[24] Research also shows that of all the plastic generated over all-time, the industrial processing of plastic has dispersed 91% of into the biosphere.[25] There it is subject to the chemical and physical degradation pathways mentioned above. Plastic sequestration aims to avoid these emissions and this dispersal by preventing plastic's industrial processing.

Earthen immersion

Research has shown that covering plastic in earth is an effective method of preventing abiotic plastic degradation (i.e. preventing exposure to sunlight, friction, heat, etc.).[26] Even plastic that is designed to degrade, when it is buried in low-oxygen soil, abiotic and biotic are prevented.[27] Research also shows that submerging plastic in inert soil (minimal bacteria, micro-organisms) can further slow plastic degradation.[28]

Earth emulation

Plastic sequestration is modeled on Earth's planetary process of carbon sequestration. Earthen carbon sequestration occurs through the carbon cycle's short and long-term processes: (i) the Earth's process of cycling carbon as life's building blocks (ii) the long-term process of removing carbon out of the atmosphere and sequestering it into geological storage. In the same way, plastic sequestrated blocks have a short and long-term plan: (i) blocks are made to be indefinitely reusable.[29] (ii) blocks are put to use into longer and longer term buildings.[30] Just as the Earth sequestered carbon under ground indefinitely, long-term plastic sequestration applications immerse its blocks in earthen constructions, blocking biotic and abiotic forms of plastic degradation (i.e. photo-degradation, heat, fire and friction).

History

Context

Since 1950 an estimated 8,300 million metric tons (Mt) of virgin plastics have been produced worldwide; 9% of which has been recycled, 12% were incinerated and 79% have accumulated in landfills or the natural environment.[31] In the early 2000s, the increase in plastic products and packaging became an overwhelming problem for rural towns and communities.[32] Without recourse to industrial [plastic recycling], incineration or waste exportation, plastic waste began to become a serious aesthetic and environmental issue for towns and villages in the global south.[33]

Global South emergence

Driven by local aesthetic and environmental concerns, plastic solution innovation has been led by communities in the global south.[34] In particular, grass roots methods practically and physically dealing with plastic pollution first emerged in the global south.[35] Examples include Ecobrick movement, Ubuntu Blox,[36] and the Precious Plastic brick creation.

These methods of plastic compaction were characterized by being locally based, non-capital, and non-industrial. The original focus of these methods was to turn large amounts of waste plastic into valuable, saleable products (i.e. bricks, boards, blocks, etc.) that could be "sustainable substitute for equivalents"[37] to traditional construction materials.[38]

Shift to sequestration

Over the last decade, research on plastic loose in the environment has demonstrated clearly the deleterious effects on human health[39] and ecological effects.[40] leading to a steady increase in the awareness of the effects of dumped, recycled and burned plastic.[41] As awareness increased, the focus of grassroots upcycling shifted from creating products of value to a focus on securing plastic from contaminating the biosphere and being industrially processed, leading to the concept of 'plastic sequestration' being coined.[42] Plastic sequestration emerged to focus on the value of 'the absence of plastic from the biosphere'[43] and the value of avoiding the carbon impact of industrial processing.

Global North emergence

On January 1, 2018, China banned plastic imports in its National Sword program.[44] Displaced plastic exports from Europe and America were diverted to Indonesia, Turkey, India, Malaysia, and Vietnam[45] where lacking environmental regulations have resulted in wholesale air, water and earth pollution around processing plants.[46] Through popular documentaries [47] and investigative journalism,[48] [45] public skepticism of industrial and government recycling programs began to increase.[49] [50] [51] 2018[52] Consequently, a movement in western countries turned to methods such as ecobricking and home-made plastic recycling machines, to manage plastic instead.

References

Notes and References

  1. News: Gallegos . Jenna E. . Rollin . Joseph . The surprising way plastics could actually help fight climate change . The Conversation . 29 November 2018 . 24 January 2022 . 1 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210801223022/https://theconversation.com/the-surprising-way-plastics-could-actually-help-fight-climate-change-106209 . live .
  2. A.Himawati et al, 2020, The Rise of the Regenerative Ecobrick Movement, Bandung Spirit Conference, Le Havre University
  3. Web site: Plastic Sequestration . Ecobricks.org . 2022-01-24 . 2021-10-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211009054149/https://www.ecobricks.org/sequest/ . live .
  4. Web site: Precious Plastic . 2023-08-09 . onearmy.earth . en.
  5. Chamas . Ali . Moon . Hyunjin . Zheng . Jiajia . Qiu . Yang . Tabassum . Tarnuma . Jang . Jun Hee . Abu-Omar . Mahdi . Scott . Susannah L. . Suh . Sangwon . Degradation Rates of Plastics in the Environment . ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering . 9 March 2020 . 8 . 9 . 3494–3511 . 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06635 . 212404939. free .
  6. Web site: Earth & Ecobrick Building . 2023-08-09 . Ecobricks.org . en.
  7. Web site: Precious Plastic Community . 2023-08-09 . community.preciousplastic.com . en.
  8. How to make an Ecobrick, Global Ecobrick Alliance www.ecobricks.org/how
  9. Webb . Hayden . Arnott . Jaimys . Crawford . Russell . Ivanova . Elena . Plastic Degradation and Its Environmental Implications with Special Reference to Poly(ethylene terephthalate) . Polymers . 28 December 2012 . 5 . 1 . 1–18 . 10.3390/polym5010001 . free.
  10. Earth & Ecobrick Building Principles www.ecobricks.org/earth
  11. Web site: 2022-01-11 . Rumoer 78 Earth by RuMoer - Issuu . 2023-08-11 . issuu.com . en.
  12. A.Himawati et al., 2020, The Rise of the Regenerative Ecobrick Movement, Bandung Spirit Conference, Le Havre University. p.27 See: https://earthen.io/assets/pdfs/The-Rise-of-the-Regenerative-Ecobrick-Movement--Bandung-Spirit-Paper-2020.pdf
  13. Darwis Khudori. THE RISE OF ASIA IN GLOBAL HISTORY AND PERSPECTIVE: 65 years after Bandung, what rupture and what continuity in Global Order?, Université Le Havre Normandie,France. page 17, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02994245/document
  14. Web site: About Us . 2023-08-11 . Ecobricks.org . en.
  15. Banayan Angway, Russell Maier, Tractatus Ayyew: An Earthen Ethics (Earthen.io, 2022) https://book.earthen.io
  16. Global Ecobrick Alliance Criteria & Standards of Sequestration https://ecobricks.org/sequest#concen
  17. Global Ecobrick Alliance Criteria & Standards of Sequestration https://ecobricks.org/sequest#spiral
  18. Global Ecobrick Alliance Criteria & Standards of Sequestration https://ecobricks.org/sequest#for-earth
  19. Global Ecobrick Alliance Criteria & Standards of Sequestration https://ecobricks.org/sequest#net-sub
  20. Global Ecobrick Alliance Criteria & Standards of Sequestration https://ecobricks.org/sequest#biodiversity
  21. Global Ecobrick Alliance Criteria & Standards of Sequestration https://ecobricks.org/sequest#awaring
  22. Plastic & Climate: The Hidden Costs of a Plastic Planet, Center for International Environmental Law https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Plastic-and-Climate-FINAL-2019.pdf
  23. Ecobrick Standards, Global Ecobrick Alliance https://www.ecobricks.org/what/
  24. Plastic & Climate: The Hidden Costs of a Plastic Planet, Center for International Environmental Law, Chapter 6: Plastic Waste Management | p58 | https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Plastic-and-Climate-FINAL-2019.pdf
  25. Geyer, Roland; Jambeck, Jenna R.; Law, Kara Lavender (19 July 2017). "Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made". Science Advances. 3 (7): e1700782. Bibcode:2017SciA....3E0782G. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700782. PMC 5517107. PMID 28776036
  26. Gómez . Eddie F. . Michel . Frederick C. . Biodegradability of conventional and bio-based plastics and natural fiber composites during composting, anaerobic digestion and long-term soil incubation . Polymer Degradation and Stability . December 2013 . 98 . 12 . 2583–2591 . 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.09.018.
  27. Napper . Imogen E. . Thompson . Richard C. . Environmental Deterioration of Biodegradable, Oxo-biodegradable, Compostable, and Conventional Plastic Carrier Bags in the Sea, Soil, and Open-Air Over a 3-Year Period . Environmental Science & Technology . 7 May 2019 . 53 . 9 . 4775–4783 . 10.1021/acs.est.8b06984 . 31030509 . 2019EnST...53.4775N . 10026.1/14316 . 139106737. free .
  28. Shovitri . Maya . Nafi’ah . Risyatun . Antika . Titi Rindi . Alami . Nur Hidayatul . Kuswytasari . N. D. . Zulaikha . Enny . Soil burial method for plastic degradation performed by Pseudomonas PL-01, Bacillus PL-01, and indigenous bacteria . Biodiversity and Biotechnology for Human Welfare . AIP Conference Proceedings . 2017 . 1854 . 1 . 020035 . 10.1063/1.4985426 . 2017AIPC.1854b0035S. free .
  29. Circular Applications www.ecobricks.org/circular
  30. Web site: Can Plastics Supplant Wood and Concrete as a Structural Building Material? | Builder Magazine . 2021-10-03 . 2021-10-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211003045434/https://www.builderonline.com/building/building-science/can-plastics-supplant-wood-and-concrete-as-a-structural-building-material_o . live .
  31. Geyer . Roland . Jambeck . Jenna R. . Law . Kara Lavender . Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made . Science Advances . 19 July 2017 . 3 . 7 . e1700782 . 10.1126/sciadv.1700782 . 28776036 . 5517107 . 2017SciA....3E0782G.
  32. News: Vila . Alixandra . This is why Philippines is world's third-largest ocean plastic polluter . South China Morning Post . 18 October 2018 . 16 December 2021 . 16 December 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211216015440/https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/health/article/2168819/philippines-plastic-pollution-why-so-much-waste-ends-oceans . live .
  33. Web site: Plastic Waste: Ecological and Human Health Impacts . 2011 . Science for Environmental Policy . 2021-10-02 . 2021-10-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211002040233/https://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/IR1_en.pdf . live .
  34. Knoblauch . Doris . Mederake . Linda . Stein . Ulf . Developing Countries in the Lead—What Drives the Diffusion of Plastic Bag Policies? . Sustainability . 13 June 2018 . 10 . 6 . 1994 . 10.3390/su10061994 . free .
  35. Web site: HUSK's bottle buildings . 2023-08-11 . huskcambodia . en.
  36. Web site: Ubuntu Blox . 2023-08-11 . www.techxlab.org.
  37. Antico . Federico C. . Wiener . María J. . Araya-Letelier . Gerardo . Gonzalez Retamal . Raúl . Eco-bricks: a sustainable substitute for construction materials . Revista de la construcción . 31 December 2017 . 16 . 3 . 518–526 . 10.7764/RDLC.16.3.518. free .
  38. Aneke . Frank Ikechukwu . Shabangu . Celumusa . Green-efficient masonry bricks produced from scrap plastic waste and foundry sand . Case Studies in Construction Materials . 1 June 2021 . 14 . e00515 . 10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00515 . 233884551. free .
  39. Web site: Plastic & Health . 2023-08-11 . Center for International Environmental Law . en-US.
  40. Web site: Plastic and Climate: The Hidden Costs of a Plastic Planet . 2023-08-11 . Center for International Environmental Law . en-US.
  41. Verma . Rinku . Vinoda . K.S. . Papireddy . M. . Gowda . A.N.S. . Toxic Pollutants from Plastic Waste- A Review . Procedia Environmental Sciences . 2016 . 35 . 701–708 . 10.1016/j.proenv.2016.07.069 . free.
  42. A.Himawati et al., 2020, The Rise of the Regenerative Ecobrick Movement, Bandung Spirit Conference, Le Havre University
  43. Brikcoin: A Manual Cryptocurrency for the Value of the Absence of Plastic, Irfan Korchak, Jarkarta Now, MONEY & FINANCE | 10 April 2019 https://nowjakarta.co.id/magazine-issue/money-finance/brikcoin-a-cryptocurrency-for-the-value-of-the-absence-of-plastic.html
  44. News: Katz . Cheryl . The World's Recycling Is in Chaos. Here's What Has to Happen . en-US . Wired . 2023-08-11 . 1059-1028.
  45. News: Erin . McCormick . Bennett . Murray . Carmela . Fonbuena . Leonie . Kijewski . Gökçe . Saraçoğlu . Jamie . Fullerton . Alastair . Gee . Charlotte . Simmonds . Where does your plastic go? Global investigation reveals America's dirty secret . The Guardian . 17 June 2019 . en . 24 July 2021 . 23 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210723221844/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/jun/17/recycled-plastic-america-global-crisis . live .
  46. Web site: 2018-11-16 . China's ban on trash imports shifts waste crisis to Southeast Asia . https://web.archive.org/web/20210307171124/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/china-ban-plastic-trash-imports-shifts-waste-crisis-southeast-asia-malaysia . dead . March 7, 2021 . 2023-08-11 . Environment . en.
  47. News: The 'Attenborough Effect' Has Made People More Conscious About Plastic Use . en . Treehugger . 2023-08-11.
  48. News: Parveen . Nazia . 2018-07-22 . UK's plastic waste may be dumped overseas instead of recycled . en-GB . The Guardian . 2023-08-11 . 0261-3077.
  49. Web site: Almost No Plastic Bottles Get Recycled into New Bottles . . 23 April 2017 . 2021-07-24 . 2018-01-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180117125410/https://www.buzzfeed.com/venessawong/plastic-drinking-problem . live .
  50. Web site: 2016-06-30 . Recycling: The Evil Illusion . 2023-08-11 . Russ's Regenerative Design . en-US.
  51. Web site: Wilkins . Matt . More Recycling Won't Solve Plastic Pollution . 2023-08-11 . Scientific American Blog Network . en.
  52. Web site: We found UK plastic waste in illegal dump sites in Malaysia . 21 October 2018 . 10 September 2021 . 26 September 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210926084529/https://unearthed.greenpeace.org/2018/10/21/uk-household-plastics-found-in-illegal-dumps-in-malaysia/ . live .

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