Plastic explosive explained

Plastic explosive is a soft and hand-moldable solid form of explosive material. Within the field of explosives engineering, plastic explosives are also known as putty explosives^[1] or blastics.

Plastic explosives are especially suited for explosive demolition. Common plastic explosives include Semtex and C-4. The first manufactured plastic explosive was gelignite in 1875, invented by Alfred Nobel.

Usage

Plastic explosives are especially suited for explosive demolition of obstacles and fortifications by engineers, combat engineers and criminals as they can be easily formed into the best shapes for cutting structural members and have a high enough velocity of detonation and density for metal cutting work.

An early use of plastic explosives was in the warhead of the Petard demolition mortar of the British Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers (AVRE) which was used to destroy concrete fortifications encountered during Operation Overlord (D-Day). The original use of Nobel 808 supplied by the SOE was for sabotage of German installations and railways in Occupied Europe.

They are generally not used for ordinary blasting as they tend to be significantly more expensive than other materials that perform just as well in this. A common commercial use of plastic explosives is for shock hardening high manganese percentage steel, a material typically used for train rail components and earth digging implements.^[2]

Reactive armor in tanks uses plastic explosives sandwiched between two plates of steel. Incoming high explosive shaped charge anti-tank rounds pierce the outer steel plate, then detonate the plastic explosive. This disrupts the energy from the incoming round and shields the tank.^[3]

History

The first plastic explosive was gelignite, invented by Alfred Nobel in 1875.^[4] Prior to World War I, the British explosives chemist Oswald Silberrad obtained British and U.S. patents for a series of plastic explosives called "Nitrols", composed of nitrated aromatics, collodion, and oxidising inorganic salts. The language of the patents indicate that at this time, Silberrad saw no need to explain to "those versed in the art" either what he meant by plasticity or why it may be advantageous, as he only explains why his plastic explosive is superior to others of that type.^[5]

One of the simplest plastic explosives was Nobel's Explosive No. 808, of the gelignite type, also known as Nobel 808 (often just called Explosive 808 in the British Armed Forces during the Second World War), developed by the British company Nobel Chemicals Ltd well before World War II. It had the appearance of green plasticine with a distinctive smell of almonds. During World War II it was extensively used by the British Special Operations Executive (SOE) at Aston House for sabotage missions.^[6] It is also the explosive used in HESH anti-tank shells and was an essential factor in the devising of the Gammon grenade. Captured SOE-supplied Nobel 808 was the explosive used in the failed 20 July plot assassination attempt on Adolf Hitler in 1944.^[7]

During and after World War II a number of new RDX-based explosives were developed, including Compositions C, C2, and eventually C3. Together with RDX, these incorporate various plasticizers to decrease sensitivity and make the composition plastic. The origin of the obsolete term "plastique" dates back to the Nobel 808 explosive introduced to the U.S. by the British in 1940. The samples of explosive brought to the U.S. by the Tizard Mission had already been packaged by the SOE ready for dropping via parachute container to the French Resistance and were therefore labeled in French, as Explosif Plastique. It is still referred to by this name in France and also by some Americans.

Types

Composition C

See main article: article, Composition C and Composition C4. The British used a plastic explosive during World War II as a demolition charge. The specific explosive, Composition C, was 88.3% RDX and 11.7% non-oily, non-explosive plasticizer.^[8] The material was plastic between, but was brittle at colder temperatures and gummy at higher temperatures. Composition C was superseded by Composition C2, which used a mixture of 80% RDX and 20% plasticizer. Composition C2 had a wider temperature range at which it remained plastic, from . Composition C2 was replaced by Composition C3, which was a mixture of 77% RDX and 23% explosive plasticizer.^[9] C3 was effective but proved to be too brittle in cold weather and was replaced with C4. There are three classes of C4, with varying amounts of RDX and polyisobutylene.

Semtex

See main article: article and Semtex.

List of plastic explosives

• Australia: PE4,^{[10] [11]} PE4-MC^[12]
• Austria: KNAUERIT SPEZIAL
• Czech Republic: Semtex-1H (orange-colored), Semtex 1A (red-colored), Semtex 10 (also called Pl Np 10; black-colored), Pl Hx 30 (gray-colored)
• Finland: PENO
• France: Hexomax,^{[13] [14]} Composition C-4^[15] PLASTRITE (FORMEX P1, Pla Np 87)
• Germany: Sprengkörper DM12, P8301, Seismoplast 1 (Sprengmasse, formbar)
• Netherlands: Knaverit S1 (light orange-colored)
• Greece: C3, C4
• India: PEK-1^[16]
• Israel: Semtex
• Italy: T-4 Plastico
• Norway: NM91 (HMX), C4, DPX10 (PE8)
• Pakistan: PE-3A^[17]
• Poland: PMW, NITROLIT
• Russia: PVV-5A Plastic Explosive
• Slovakia: CHEMEX (Composition C-4 equivalent), TVAREX 4A, Pl Hx 30
• South Africa: PE9 (Composition C-4 equivalent)^[18]
• Spain: PG2, PG4, GOMA 0, GOMA 1, GOMA 2
• Sweden: Sprängdeg m/46, NSP711 (PETN-based), NSH711 (cyclonite-based)
• Switzerland: PLASTEX produced by SSE^[19]
• Turkey: Composition C-4^{[20] [21]}
• United Kingdom
  • MOD (Ministry of Defence) explosives: PE2 (sheet explosive, superseded by SX2),^[22] PE3A (superseded by PE4),^[23] PE4 (pure to off-white slab, block, or stick, superseded by PE7 and PE8 in MOD usage),^{[24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29]} SX2 (sheet explosive, superseded by SX4),^{[30] [31]} PE7 (pure to off-white slab or block, Hexomax variant), PE8 (pure to off-white slab or block, current in-service slab charge),^{[32] [33] [34]} SX4 (sheet explosive),^[35] DPX (DPX1 used in L26A1 Bangalore Torpedo Demolition Charge, DPX9 used in SABREX and as a key component of SX4)^{[36] [37] [38]}
  • Non-MOD explosives: Composition C-4 (M5A1 and M112 charges produced by Mondial Defence Systems),^[39] Semtex (Several variants including Razor produced by Mondial Defence Systems, PW4 variant produced by Chemring)^[40])^{[41] [42] [43]}
• United States: Composition C-4 (pure white block or sheet, current in-service charges designated as M112 and M118)^{[44] [45]}
• Yugoslavia/Serbia: PP–01 (Composition C-4 equivalent)

See also

• Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives

Notes and References

1. Book: Cooper , Paul W. . Explosives Engineering. 1996. Wiley-VCH. 51–66. Chapter 4: Use forms of explosives. 0-471-18636-8.
2. https://web.archive.org/web/20070525120609/http://www.pacaero.com/products/explosive-hardening.htm Explosive Hardening
3. Book: A Soldiers Handbook, Volume 1: Explosives Operations . Ledgard . Jared . 2007 . Introduction to Explosives.
4. How to handle gelignite. Braddock. Kevin. 3 February 2011. Wired Magazine. 25 February 2012.
5. Silberrad, Oswald. (1914). Explosive (United States patent #1092758). United States Patent and Trademark Office. https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/1092758
6. Book: Turner, Des. Station 12: Aston House - SOE's Secret Centre. The History Press Ltd. 2006. 0750942770.
7. Web site: sep 1, 1939 - Nobel Chemicals LTD produces the plastic explosive, Nobel 808, for use in World War 2 (Timeline) . 2023-09-05 . time.graphics.
8. Web site: U.S. Explosive Ordnance, OP1664 . 28 May 1947 . 5 . San Francisco National Maritime Park Association . maritime.org . Department of the Navy, Bureau of Ordnance . 12 June 2017.
9. Book: Military Explosives. 1989.
10. Web site: HIGH EXPLOSIVE PRODUCTS > Energetic materials for operational effectiveness . www.thalesgroup.com . 11 January 2022 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110716214813/http://www.thalesgroup.com/assets/0/95/389/392/e93b97ee-e77e-43fa-8f7c-07d4061bc14d.pdf?LangType=2057 . 16 July 2011.
11. Web site: Explosives for Explosives . 2023-09-05 . DVIDS . en.
12. Web site: HIGH EXPLOSIVE PRODUCTS . 26 October 2022 . Australian Munitions.
13. Web site: Explosive Blocks . Eurenco . 12 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140823030942/http://www.eurenco.com/content/explosives/demolition-breaching/new-generation/explosive-blocks/ . 23 August 2014 . dead.
14. Web site: Mahe . Bernard . 17 May 2012 . A NEW FAMILY OF MALLEABLE PLASTIC EXPLOSIVE BLOCKS . 26 October 2022 . ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net.
15. Web site: AUCUN RÉSULTAT . dead . 26 October 2022 . EURENCO . 26 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210126012746/http://www.eurenco.com/content/explosives/demolition-breaching/conventional/explosive-blocks/c4/ .
16. Web site: Ordnance Factory Board . ofbindia.gov.in . 11 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160311061756/http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/ammunition/ex/2.htm . 11 March 2016 . dead.
17. Web site: Pakistan Ordnance Factories . . 21 February 2022.
18. Web site: RDM receives follow-on order for plastic explosives. 18 May 2020.
19. Web site: 100 Years of Production and Development - From Explosives to Pharmaceutical Ingredients . explosif.ch . 11 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090114163245/http://explosif.ch/en/companyprofile.htm . 14 January 2009 . dead.
20. Web site: ÜRÜN DETAY . mke.gov.tr . . 21 February 2022.
21. Web site: MKE Products Catalog . mke.gov.tr . . 21 February 2022.
22. Web site: Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom). Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) . [ftp://ftp.iks-jena.de/mitarb/lutz/standards/dstan/13/031/00000200.pdf#page=14 Defence Standard 13–31 Demolition Stores and Equipment 1973 (Amended 1974) ]. 1974 . 12 June 2020.
23. Book: Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom). Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom). Army Code No. 71271 (Pam 4), Military Engineering Volume II, Pamphlet No. 4 Demolitions. 1980.
24. Web site: Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) . [ftp://ftp.iks-jena.de/mitarb/lutz/standards/dstan/13/031/00000200.pdf#page=4 Defence Standard 13–31 Demolition Stores and Equipment 1973 (Amended 1974)]. 1974 . 12 June 2020. Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) .
25. Web site: Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) . Joint Service Publication 403 Handbook of Defence Land Ranges Safety, Volume 5, Chapter 3. 2006 . 12 June 2020. Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) .
26. Web site: Mondial Defence Systems . Plastic Explosive No.4 (PE4) . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140319013833/http://www.mondial-defence.com/images/PDF_Data_Sheets/Plastic%20Explosive%20PE4.pdf . 2014-03-19 . 12 June 2020.
27. Web site: Mondial Defence Systems . L3A1 Slab Charge . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100928153932/http://www.mondial-defence.com/images/PDF_Data_Sheets/L3A1_Slab_Charge.pdf . 2010-09-28 . 12 June 2020.
28. Web site: Primetake . Charge Demolition PE 4oz (125g) . 30 November 2021 . 2012.
29. Web site: Primetake . Charge Demolition PE 8oz (250g) . 30 November 2021 . 2012.
30. Web site: Chemring Defence . Chemring Group . Sheet Explosive SX2 [Circa 2010] ]. 12 June 2020 . 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101031163334/http://www.chemringdefence.com/Products/HighExplosive/HighExplosive/SheetExplosiveSX2/ . 2010-10-31.
31. Web site: Chemring Defence . Chemring Group . Sheet Explosive SX2 [Circa 2014] ]. 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141003165938/http://www.chemringdefence.com/Products/HighExplosive/SheetExplosiveSX2/ . 2014-10-03 . 12 June 2020 .
32. Web site: Chemring Energetics UK . CEUK Demolition Stores Capability Brochure . 2018 . 20 January 2020. Chemring Group .
33. Web site: Chemring Energetics UK . PE8 Plastic Explosive . 2016 . 12 June 2020. Chemring Group .
34. Web site: Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) . Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) . DIN Digest January 2015 . 2015 . 10 February 2020.
35. Web site: Chemring Energetics UK . Charge Demolition Sheet Explosive SX4 . 2016 . 12 June 2020. Chemring Group .
36. Web site: Chemring Energetics UK . Chemring Group . Advanced Performance Bangalore Torpedo (2011 brochure) . 2011 . 14 June 2020 . 14 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200614192743/https://www.militarysystems-tech.com/files/militarysystems/supplier_docs/CEUK-AP-Bangalore-Torpedo.pdf . dead .
37. Web site: Chemring Energetics UK . AP Bangalore Torpedo (2016 brochure). 2016 . 14 June 2020. Chemring Group.
38. Web site: Chemring Energetics UK . SABREX . 2016 . 14 June 2020. Chemring Group.
39. Web site: Mondial Defence Systems . C4 (Composition 4), Charge Demolition . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140123210024/http://www.mondial-defence.com/images/PDF_Data_Sheets/Plastic%20Explosive%20C4.pdf . 2014-01-23 . 12 June 2020 .
40. Web site: Mondial Defence Systems . Semtex . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131005002550/http://www.mondial-defence.com/images/PDF_Data_Sheets/SEMTEX.pdf . 2013-10-05 . 12 June 2020 .
41. Web site: Mondial Defence Systems . Semtex RAZOR . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120325180540/http://www.mondial-defence.com/images/PDF_Data_Sheets/RAZOR%20-%20Flexible%20Linear%20Shaped%20Charge.pdf . 2012-03-25 . 14 June 2020 .
42. Web site: Chemring Defence . Chemring Group . PW4 Mouldable Plastic Explosive Type [Circa 2010] ]. 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101101093639/http://www.chemringdefence.com/Products/HighExplosive/HighExplosive/PW4MouldablePlasti/ . 2010-11-01 . 12 June 2020 .
43. Web site: Chemring Defence . Chemring Group . PW4 Mouldable Plastic Explosive Type [Circa 2014] ]. 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141003165933/http://www.chemringdefence.com/Products/HighExplosive/PW4MouldablePlasti/ . 2014-10-03 . 12 June 2020 .
44. Web site: M112 Composition C4 Block Demolition Charge . 2023-09-05 . man.fas.org.
45. Web site: M118 Composition C4 Block Demolition Charge . 2023-09-05 . man.fas.org.