Plasmodium yoelii explained
Plasmodium yoelii is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Vinckeia. As in all Plasmodium species, P. yoelii has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are mammals.
Taxonomy
This species was described in 1968 by Landau, Michel and Adam. Three subspecies are recognised:
- Plasmodium yoelii killicki
- Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis
- Plasmodium yoelii yoelli
Strains
Distribution
This species occurs in Africa.
Vectors
The natural vectors of this species are not currently known. One possible is the female Anopheles mosquito which serves as a vector for Plasmodium vivax.
Hosts
This species infects Thamnomys rutilans.
Pathogenesis
P. yoelii impairs immune responses including impairing responses to other pathogens. Fewer granulocytes move out from the bone marrow and in a separate action induces the rodent's own heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1). Although HO-1 induction is a tolerance response by the host to malaria preventing damage caused by the host's own immune response the reduced reactive oxygen species production takes away a weapon vital to fighting some unrelated microbes. Cunnington et al. 2012 find mice tolerating P. yoelii 17XNL do not clear coinfections with other pathogens as easily as they normally would.
Notes
It is used in the laboratory to infect mice, as a model of human malaria, particularly with respect to the immune response. It is advantageous to have a whole-animal model of malaria because often it is difficult to know which factors to study in vitro, particularly in a complex system like the immune system. Moreover, for many experiments it is not ethical or practical to use humans.
One of the special things about this particular model is that it has two strains with vastly different pathogenicity. These are generally referred to as the "lethal" and "non-lethal" strains of the species. Comparison of these two strains can be used to deduce which factors may contribute to more serious malaria infections in humans.
Further reading
- Charoenvit. Yupin. Leef. Mary. Yuan. Leo. Sedegah. Martha. Beaudoin. Richard. Characterization of Plasmodium yoelii Monoclonal Antibodies Directed Against Stage-specific Sporozoite Antigens. Infection and Immunity. March 1987. 55. 1987. 604–608. 10.1128/iai.55.3.604-608.1987. 2434426. 260381.
- Keitany. Gladys J.. Sack. Brandon. Smithers. Hannah. Chen. Lin. Jang. Ihn K.. Sebastian. Leslie. Immunization of Mice with Live-Attenuated Late Liver Stage-Arresting Plasmodium yoelii Parasites Generates Protective Antibody Responses to Preerythrocytic Stages of Malaria. Infection and Immunity. December 2012. 82. 12. 5143–5153. 10.1128/IAI.02320-14. 25267837. 4249261.
- White. Chelsi E.. Villarino. Nicolas F.. Sloan. Sarah S.. Ganusov. Vitaly V.. Schmidt. Nathan W.. Plasmodium Suppresses Expansion of T Cell Responses to Heterologous Infections. The Journal of Immunology. 10 December 2014. 194. 2. 697–708. 10.4049/jimmunol.1401745. 25505280. 4282975.
- Valeelat O.. Okeola. Oluwatosin A.. Adaramoye. Chiaka M.. Nneji. Antimalarial and antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of Nigella sativa seeds (black cumin) in mice infected with Plasmodium yoelli nigeriensis. Parasitology Research. January 2011. 108. 6. 1507–1512. 10.1007/s00436-010-2204-4. 21153838. 7428497 .
- Harupa. Anke. Sack. Brandon. Lashmanan. Viswanathan. SSP3 Is a Novel Plasmodium yoelii Sporozoite Surface Protein with a Role in Gliding Motility. Infection and Immunity. 82. 11. 4643–4653. 10.1128/IAI.01800-14. 25156733. 4249349. 2014.
- Kaushansky. Alexis. Austin. Laura S.. Mikolajczak. Sebastian A.. Fang. Y. Lo. Miller. Jessica A.. Douglass. Alyse N.. Arang. Nadia. Vaughan. Ashley M.. Gardner. Malcolm J.. Kappe. Stefan H. I.. Susceptibility to Plasmodium yoelii Preerythrocytic Infection in BALB/c Substrains Is Determined at the Point of Hepatocyte Invasion. Infection and Immunity. January 2015. 83. 1. 39–47. 10.1128/IAI.02230-14. 25312960. 4288894.
External links
- Information about the genome and genes of P. yoelii:
Notes and References
- Moxon . Christopher A. . Gibbins . Matthew P. . McGuinness . Dagmara . Milner . Danny A. . Marti . Matthias . New Insights into Malaria Pathogenesis . Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease . . 15 . 1 . 2020-01-24 . 1553-4006 . 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012419-032640 . 315–343. 31648610 . 204882296 .
