A genre of the troubadours, the Provençal, Old (to 1500);Occitan, Old (to 1500);: planh or Provençal, Old (to 1500);Occitan, Old (to 1500);: plaing (pronounced as /ˈplaɲ/; "lament") is a funeral lament for "a great personage, a protector, a friend or relative, or a lady."[1] Its main elements are expression of grief, praise of the deceased (eulogy) and prayer for his or her soul.[1] [2] It is descended from the medieval Latin Latin: [[planctus]].[3]
The Provençal, Old (to 1500);Occitan, Old (to 1500);: planh is similar to the Provençal, Old (to 1500);Occitan, Old (to 1500);: [[sirventes]] in that both were typically contrafacta. They made use of existing melodies, often imitating the original song even down to the rhymes. The most famous Provençal, Old (to 1500);Occitan, Old (to 1500);: planh of all, however, Gaucelm Faidit's lament on the death of King Richard the Lionheart in 1199, was set to original music.[4]
Elisabeth Schulze-Busacker identifies three types of Provençal, Old (to 1500);Occitan, Old (to 1500);: planh: "the moralizing Provençal, Old (to 1500);Occitan, Old (to 1500);: planh", in which the expression of grief is a point of departure for social criticism; "the true lament", in which personal grief is central; and "the courtly Provençal, Old (to 1500);Occitan, Old (to 1500);: planh", in which the impact of the death on the court is emphasised.[1] Alfred Jeanroy considered that the common denunciation of the evils of the present age was a feature that distinguished the Provençal, Old (to 1500);Occitan, Old (to 1500);: planh from the Latin: planctus.[5] In the conventions of the genre, the subject's death is announced by the simple words Provençal, Old (to 1500);Occitan, Old (to 1500);: es mortz ("is dead"). By the 13th century, the placement of these words within the poem was fixed: it occurred in the seventh or eighth line of the first stanza.[1] It is perhaps an indication of the sincerity of their grief that the troubadours rarely praised the successors of their patrons in the Provençal, Old (to 1500);Occitan, Old (to 1500);: planh.[3]
There are at least forty-four surviving Provençal, Old (to 1500);Occitan, Old (to 1500);: planhz.[1] [6] The earliest Provençal, Old (to 1500);Occitan, Old (to 1500);: planh is that by Cercamon on the death of Duke William X of Aquitaine in 1137. The latest is an anonymous lament on the death of King Robert of Naples in 1343. The Provençal, Old (to 1500);Occitan, Old (to 1500);: planh was regarded by contemporaries as a distinct genre and is mentioned in the Provençal, Old (to 1500);Occitan, Old (to 1500);: [[Doctrina de compondre dictatz]] (1290s) and the Provençal, Old (to 1500);Occitan, Old (to 1500);: [[Leys d'amors]] (1341).[3]
The following table lists 45 Provençal, Old (to 1500);Occitan, Old (to 1500);: planhz.
| Composer | PC[7] | Incipit (i.e. title) | Date | Mourned | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cercamon | 112,2a | Lo plaing comens iradamen | 1137 | William X of Aquitaine | |
| Giraut de Borneil | 242,65 | S'anc jorn aqui joi e solaz | 1173 | Raimbaut d'Aurenga | |
| Guillem de Berguedà | 210,9 | Cousiros chan e planh e plor | 1180 | Pons de Mataplana | |
| Bertran de Born ? | 80,26 | Si tuit li dol el plor el marrimen | 1183 | Henry the Young King | |
| Bertran de Born | 80,41 | Mon chan fenisc el dol et ab maltraire | 1183 | Henry the Young King | |
| Bertran de Born | 80,6a | A totz dic qe ja mais non voil | 1186 | Geoffrey of Brittany | |
| Raimbaut de Vaqueiras | 392,4a | Ar pren camgat per tostemps de xantar | c. 1190 | anonymous lady | |
| Guilhem de Saint-Leidier | 234,15a | Lo plus iraz remaing d'autres chatius | c. 1190 | Badoc | |
| Folquet de Marselha | 155,20 | Si com cel qu'es tan greujat | 1192 | Barral I dels Baus | |
| Gaucelm Faidit | 167,22 | Fortz causa es que tot lo major dan | 1199 | Richard the Lion-Hearted | |
| Giraut de Borneil | 242,56 | Planh e sospir e plor e chan | 1199 | Aimar V of Limoges | |
| Pons de Capduelh | 375,7 | De totz caitius sui eu aicel que plus | ???? | Azalais, wife of Ozil de Mercœur | |
| Guillem Augier Novella | 205,2 | Cascus plor e planh son damnatge | 1209 | Raymond Roger Trencavel | |
| Lanfranc Cigala | 282,7 | Eu non chan ges pes talan de chantar | 1210s | Berlenda | |
| Giraut de Calanso | 243,6 | Bels senher Deus, quo pot esser sofritz | 1211 | Ferdinand, infante of Castile | |
| Gavaudan | 174,3 | Crezens fis verais et entiers | 1212 | his anonymous lady | |
| Aimeric de Peguilhan | 10,30 | Ja no cugei quem pogues oblidar | 1212 | Azzo VI of Este and Boniface of Verona | |
| Aimeric de Peguilhan | 10,48 | S'eu chantei alegres ni jauzens | 1212 | Azzo VI of Este and Boniface of Verona | |
| Daude de Pradas | 124,4 | Be deu esser solatz marritz | 1220 - 30 | Uc Brunet | |
| Aimeric de Peguilhan | 10,10 | Ara par be que Valors se desfai | 1220 | Guglielmo Malaspina | |
| Aimeric de Peguilhan | 10,22 | De tot en tot es ar de mi partitz | ???? | bona comtessa Biatritz | |
| Sordel | 437,24 | Planher vol En Blacatz en aquest leugier so | 1237 | Blacatz | |
| Bertran d'Alamanon | 76,12 | Mout m'es greu d'En Sordel quar l'es faillitz sos sens | 1237 | Blacatz | |
| Peire Bremon Ricas Novas | 330,14 | Pus partit an lo cor En Sordel e'n Bertrans | 1237 | Blacatz | |
| Aimeric de Belenoi | 9,1 | Ailas, per que viu lonjamen ni dura | 1242 | Nuño Sánchez | |
| Aimeric de Peguilhan ? | 10,1=330,1a | Ab marrimen angoissos et ab plor | 1245 | Raymond Berengar IV of Provence | |
| Rigaut de Berbezilh attr. | 421,5a | En chantan (ieu) plaing e sospir | 1245 | Raymond Berengar IV of Provence | |
| Bonifaci Calvo | 102,12 | S'ieu ai perdut, no s'en podon jauzir | 1250 - 65 | his anonymous lady | |
| Bertran Carbonel | 82,15 | S'ieu anc nulh tems chantei alegramen | 1252 - 65 | P. G. (prob. Peire Guilhem de Tolosa) | |
| Pons Santolh | 380,1 | Marritz com hom malsabens ab frachura | 1260 | Guilhem de Montanhagol | |
| Raimon Gaucelm | 401,7 | Cascus planh lo sieu damnatge | 1262 | Guiraut d'Alanhan, burgess of Béziers | |
| Anonymous | 461,234 | Totas honors e tug fag benestan | 1266 | Manfred of Sicily | |
| Bertolome Zorzi | 74,16 | Sil mons fondes a meravilha gran | 1268 | Conradin and Frederick I of Baden | |
| Paulet de Marselha | 319,7 | Razos no nes que hom deja cantar | 1268 | Barral II dels Baus | |
| Anonymous | 461,107 | En chantan m'aven a retraire | 1269 | Gregorio de Montelungo | |
| Guilhem d'Autpol ? | 206,2 | Fortz tristors es e salvatj'a retraire | 1270 | Louis IX of France | |
| Guiraut Riquier | 248,63 | Ples de tristor, marritz e doloiros | 1270 | Amalric IV of Narbonne | |
| Joan Esteve | 266,1 | Aissi quol malanans | 1270 | Amalric IV of Narbonne | |
| Mahieu de Quercy | 299,1 | Tan sui marritz que nom puesc alegrar | 1276 | James the Conqueror | |
| Cerverí de Girona | 434a,62 | Si per tristor per dol ni per cossire | 1276 | James the Conqueror | |
| Cerverí de Girona | 434,7e | Joys ni solatz, pascors, abrils ni mais | 1276 | Raimon de Cardona | |
| Joan Esteve | 266,10 | Planhen ploran ab desplazer | 1289 | Guilhem de Lodeva | |
| Raimon Menudet | 405,1 | Ab grans dolors et ab grans merrimens | ???? | Daude de Bossaguas | |
| Raimon de Cornet | - | Aras quan vey de bos homes fraytura | 1324 | Amanieu VII of Albret | |
| Anonymous | 461,133b | Glorios Dieus, don totz bens ha creysensa | 1343 | Robert the Peace-Maker |