| Ipa Number: | 145 |
| Decimal: | 661 |
| Ipa Symbol: | ʕ |
| Xsampa: | ?\ |
| Kirshenbaum: | H<vcd> |
| Braille: | 235 |
| Braille2: | 23 |
| Imagefile: | IPA Unicode 0x0295.svg |
| Above: | Voiced pharyngeal approximant |
| Ipa Symbol: | ʕ̞ |
| Imagefile: | IPA Unicode 0x0295+0x031E.svg |
The voiced pharyngeal approximant or fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is (IPA|ʕ), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ?\. Epiglottals and epiglotto-pharyngeals are often mistakenly taken to be pharyngeal.
Although traditionally placed in the fricative row of the IPA chart, pronounced as /[ʕ]/ is usually an approximant. The IPA symbol itself is ambiguous, but no language is known to make a phonemic distinction between fricatives and approximants at this place of articulation.
The IPA letter (IPA|ʕ) is caseless. Capital () and lower-case () are pending at Unicode U+A7CE and U+A7CF.
Features of the voiced pharyngeal approximant fricative:
Pharyngeal consonants are not widespread. Sometimes, a pharyngeal approximant develops from a uvular approximant. Many languages that have been described as having pharyngeal fricatives or approximants turn out on closer inspection to have epiglottal consonants instead. For example, the candidate pronounced as //ʕ// sound in Arabic and standard Hebrew (not modern Hebrew – Israelis generally pronounce this as a glottal stop) has been variously described as a voiced epiglottal fricative, an epiglottal approximant, or a pharyngealized glottal stop.
| Language | Word | Meaning | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [[Cyrillic script|'''гӀ'''апынхъамыз]]/ | pronounced as /[ʕaːpənqaːməz]/ | 'March' | ||||
| Arabic: اَلْـ'''عَـ'''رَبِيَّةُ|rtl=yes/ | pronounced as /[alʕaraˈbijːa]/ | 'Arabic' | See Arabic phonology | |||
| [[Syriac alphabet|ܬܪܥܐ]]/ | pronounced as /[tʌrʕɑ]/ | 'door' | The majority of the speakers will pronounce the word as pronounced as /[tʌrɑ]/. | |||
| pronounced as /[tʌrʕɔ]/ | ||||||
| Avaric: [[Cyrillic script|'''гӀ'''оркь]]/ | pronounced as /[ʕortɬʼː]/ | 'handle' | ||||
| Chechen: [[Cyrillic script|'''Ӏ'''ан]]/Chechen: '''j'''an/Chechen: '''عـ'''آن | 'winter' | |||||
| Coeur d'Alene[1] | st'''ʕ'''in | pronounced as /[stʕin]/ | 'antelope' | |||
| Standard | Danish: '''r'''avn | pronounced as /[ʕ̞ɑ̈wˀn]/] | 'raven' | An approximant; also described as uvular pronounced as /link/. See Danish phonology | ||
| Dhao[2] | pronounced as /[ʕaa]/ | 'and' | Phonetic status is not clear, but it has "extremely limited distribution". It may not be pronounced at all or be realized as a glottal stop. | |||
| Limburg | Dutch; Flemish: [[Dutch orthography|'''r'''ad]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ʕ̞ɑt]/ | 'wheel' | An approximant; a possible realization of pronounced as //r//. Realization of pronounced as //r// varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology | ||
| Some speakers | German: [[German orthography|Mutte'''r''']]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ˈmutɔʕ̞]/ | 'mother' | An approximant; occurs in East Central Germany, Southwestern Germany, parts of Switzerland and in Tyrol. See Standard German phonology | ||
| Swabian dialect[3] | ända'''r'''d | pronounced as /[ˈend̥aʕ̞d̥]/ | 'changes' | An approximant. It's an allophone of pronounced as //ʁ// in nucleus and coda positions; pronounced as a uvular approximant in onsets. | ||
| Iraqi | Hebrew: [[Hebrew alphabet|'''עִ'''בְרִית]]|rtl=yes/ | pronounced as /[ʕibˈriːθ]/ | 'Hebrew language' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | ||
| pronounced as /[ʕivˈɾit]/ | ||||||
| Ingush | Ingush: '''I'''аддал | [ʕaddal] | 'Archer' | |||
| Kabyle: [[Berber Latin alphabet|'''ɛ'''emmi]] | pronounced as /[ʕəmːi]/ | 'my (paternal) uncle' | ||||
| Kurmanji | ewr/'''{{` | pronounced as /[ʕɜwr]/ | 'cloud' | The sound is usually not written in the Latin alphabet, but (') can be used. | ||
| Khalaj | Standard | yâ'''a'''n | pronounced as /[jɑːɑ̯n]/ | 'side' | ||
| قل'''ـعـ'''ة|rtl=yes | pronounced as /[qilʕa]/ | 'castle' | Used in Arabic loanwords | |||
| Malay | Kedah | [[Jawi alphabet|باکـ'''ر''']]/[[Malay orthography|baka'''r''']] | pronounced as /[ba.kaʕ]/ | 'burn' | Allophone of pronounced as //r// as word-final coda. Could be voiced velar fricative [{{IPA link|ɣ}}] for some speakers.[4] | |
| Southern Auvergnat | Occitan (post 1500);: pa'''l'''a | pronounced as /[ˈpaʕa]/ | 'shovel' | See Occitan phonology | ||
| Okanagan[5] | ʕaymt | pronounced as /[ʕajmt]/ | 'angry' | |||
| Somali: '''c'''unto/Somali: '''''' | pronounced as /[ʕunto]/ | 'food' | See Somali phonology | |||
| ma'''r'''azhud | pronounced as /[maʕazud]/ | 'rain' | ||||
| Ukrainian | Ukrainian: [[Ukrainian alphabet|'''г'''олос]] | pronounced as /[ˈʕɔlos]/ | 'voice' | Also described as glottal pronounced as /link/. See Ukrainian phonology | ||
pronounced as /navigation/