pronounced as /notice/ (: (Teochew) (Swatow), : or, : or) is a Teochew dialect romanization system as a part of Guangdong Romanization published by Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960. The tone of this system is based on the Swatow dialect. The system uses the Latin alphabet to transcript pronunciation and numbers to note tones.
Before that, another system called, which was introduced by the missionaries in 1875, had been widely used. Since Teochew has high phonetic similarity with Hokkien, another Southern Min variety, and can also be used to transcribe Teochew. The name is a transcription of "" using this system.
This system uses the Latin alphabet, but does not include f, j, q, v, w, x, or y. ê is the letter e with circumflex.
There are 18 initials. Syllables not starting with consonants are called zero initials.
| Voiced(no frictions) | nasal | m pronounced as /link/ 毛 | n pronounced as /link/ 年 | ng pronounced as /link/ 雅 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plosive or lateral | bh pronounced as /link/ 米 | l pronounced as /link/ 來/內 | gh pronounced as /link/ 鵝/牙 | |||
| Voiceless stops | aspirated | p pronounced as /link/ 皮 | t pronounced as /link/ 臺 | k pronounced as /link/ 可 | ||
| plain | b pronounced as /link/ 比 | d pronounced as /link/ 都 | g pronounced as /link/ 歌 | pronounced as /link/ | ||
| Voiceless affricates | aspirated | c pronounced as /link/ 菜 | ||||
| plain | z pronounced as /link/ 書 | |||||
| Fricatives | s pronounced as /link/ 士/速 | h pronounced as /link/ 海/系< | --h̃ 園/遠 [h̃ŋ]--> | |||
| r pronounced as /link/ 爾 | ||||||
There are 59 finals :
| Finals of Teochew dialect | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Classes | Close vowel | ||
| Open Syllable | i pronounced as /[i]/ 衣 | u pronounced as /[u]/ 汙 | |
| a pronounced as /[a]/ 亞 | ia pronounced as /[ia]/ 呀 | ua pronounced as /[ua]/ 娃 | |
| o pronounced as /[o]/ 窩 | io pronounced as /[io]/ 腰 | ||
| ê pronounced as /[e]/ 啞 | uê pronounced as /[ue]/ 鍋 | ||
| e pronounced as /[ɯ]/ 余 | |||
| ai pronounced as /[ai]/ 哀 | uai pronounced as /[uai]/ 歪 | ||
| oi pronounced as /[oi]/ 鞋 | ui pronounced as /[ui]/ 威 | ||
| ao pronounced as /[au]/ 歐 | |||
| ou pronounced as /[ou]/ 烏 | iou pronounced as /[iou]/ 夭 | ||
| iu pronounced as /[iu]/ 憂 | |||
| in pronounced as /[ĩ]/ 丸 | |||
| an pronounced as /[ã]/ 噯 | ian pronounced as /[ĩã]/ 營 | uan pronounced as /[ũã]/ 鞍 | |
| ion pronounced as /[ĩõ]/ 羊 | |||
| ên pronounced as /[ẽ]/ 楹 | |||
| en pronounced as /[ɯ̃]/ 秧 | |||
| ain pronounced as /[ãĩ]/ 愛 | |||
| oin pronounced as /[õĩ]/ 閑 | |||
| Nasal Coda | im pronounced as /[im]/ 音 | ||
| am pronounced as /[am]/[庵][1] | iam pronounced as /[iam]/ 淹 | uam pronounced as /[uam]/ 凡 | |
| ing pronounced as /[iŋ]/ 因 | ung pronounced as /[uŋ]/ 溫 | ||
| ang pronounced as /[aŋ]/ 按 | iang pronounced as /[iaŋ]/ 央 | uang pronounced as /[uaŋ]/ 汪 | |
| ong pronounced as /[oŋ]/ 翁 | iong pronounced as /[ioŋ]/ 雍 | ||
| êng pronounced as /[eŋ]/ 英 | |||
| ih pronounced as /[iʔ]/ 裂 | |||
| ah pronounced as /[aʔ]/ 鴨 | iah pronounced as /[iaʔ]/ 益 | uah pronounced as /[uaʔ]/ 活 | |
| oh pronounced as /[oʔ]/ 學 | ioh pronounced as /[ioʔ]/ 約 | ||
| êh pronounced as /[eʔ]/ 厄 | |||
| oih pronounced as /[oiʔ]/ 狹 | |||
| ib pronounced as /[ip̚]/ 邑 | |||
| ab pronounced as /[ap̚]/ 盒 | iab pronounced as /[iap̚]/ 壓 | uab pronounced as /[uap̚]/ 法 | |
| ig pronounced as /[ik̚]/ 乙 | ug pronounced as /[uk̚]/ 熨 | ||
| ag pronounced as /[ak̚]/ [惡] | iag pronounced as /[iak̚]/ 躍 | uag pronounced as /[uak̚]/ 蕕[獲] | |
| og pronounced as /[ok̚]/ 屋 | iog pronounced as /[iok̚]/ 育 | ||
| êg pronounced as /[ek̚]/ 液 | |||
| 8 tones of Teochew dialect[2] | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 陰平(dark flat) | 陰上(dark rising) | 陰去(dark departing) | 陰入(dark entering) | 陽平(light flat) | 陽上(light rising) | 陽去(light departing) | 陽入(light entering) | ||
| Tone value | 33 | 52 | 213 | 2 | 55 | 35 | 11 | 4 | |
| Examples | 詩、分 | 死、粉 | 世、訓 | 薛、忽 | 時、雲 | 是、混 | 示、份 | 蝕、佛 | |
| Symbols | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
| Notations[3] | a | á | à | ah | â | ă | ā | áh | |
Symbols of tones are notated at the top right of consonants or vowels which have top loudness.[4] [5] For example:
This is a list of differences in rime in Teochew dialect by regions. Tone in Raoping is almost same as in Swatow.[6] Only general differences are listed, some certain distinctions of certain words are not listed.
| Puning[7] | Examples | ||||||||
| e | e | u | i | 餘，許，豬，祠 | |||||
| oi | ôi | ei | 鞋 | ||||||
| uin | ui | ui | uain | 跪，櫃 | |||||
| oin | oin/êng | ain | ain | ain | ain | 閒，殿 | |||
| oih | eih | 狹 | |||||||
| iao/iou | iao | iou | iou | io/iao | 搖，要 | ||||
| io | ie | ie | io | 腰 | |||||
| ion | ien | ien | ion | 羊 | |||||
| ioh | ieh | ieh | ioh | 借，惜，藥，石 | |||||
| am[am] | ang[aŋ] | am[am] | 庵 | ||||||
| ab[ap] | ag[ak] | ap | 盒 | ||||||
| iam[iam] | iem[iem] | iang[iaŋ] | iam[iam] | 嚴 | |||||
| iab[iap] | ieb[iep] | iag [iak] | iap | 壓 | |||||
| im[im] | ing [iŋ] | im | 音 | ||||||
| ib[ip] | ig [ik] | ip | 溼 | ||||||
| ang[aŋ] | ang | 安 | |||||||
| ag [ak] | âk | 達 | |||||||
| iang[iaŋ] | iêng[ieŋ] | iang | 仙 | ||||||
| iag [iak] | iêg[iek] | iâk | 傑，設 | ||||||
| uang[uaŋ] | uêng[ueŋ] | uâng | 全，完，緣，彎 | ||||||
| uag [uak] | uêg [uek] | uâk | 粵 | ||||||
| eng [ɯŋ] | eng/ing | êng/ung | êng[eŋ] | ing[iŋ] | ng/eng | 斤 | |||
| eg [ɯk] | êg [ek] | êg [ek] | ig[ik] | 乞 | |||||
| ing[iŋ] | ing | êng[eŋ] | in[in] | 因 | |||||
| ung[uŋ] | ung | un[un] | 溫 |