Patient abuse explained

Patient abuse or patient neglect is any action or failure to act which causes unreasonable suffering, misery or harm to the patient.^[1] Elder abuse is classified as patient abuse of those older than 60 and forms a large proportion of patient abuse.^[2]

• Abuse includes physically striking or sexually assaulting a patient. It also includes the intentional withholding of necessary food, physical care, and medical attention.
• Neglect includes the failure to properly attend to the needs and care of a patient, or the unintentional causing of injury to a patient, whether by act or omission.^[3]

Patient abuse and neglect may occur in settings such as hospitals,^[4] nursing homes,^[5] clinics^[6] and during home-based care.^[7] Health professionals who abuse patients may be deemed unfit to practice and have their medical license removed^[8] as well as facing criminal charges as well as civil cases.

Abuse amongst the general adult population has not been well-addressed in literature.

Forms and individuals affected

Intellectual disabilities

Public scandals involving individuals with intellectual disabilities have regularly occurred in England during the last 50 years, most involving those in residential care.^[9]

Elder abuse

Elder abuse refers to acts or omissions that cause harms to older people. Based on self-report by staff the prevalence of elder abuse in institutional settings such as nursing homes is 64.2%. The prevalence of psychological abuse is 33.4%, physical abuse 14.1%, neglect 11.6%, and sexual abuse 1.9%. Risk factors for abuse were being female, cognitive impairment, and being older than 74.^[10]

Sexual abuse

The rate of sexual abuse in the United States is 9.5 per 10,000 physicians per 10 years.^[11] Female and younger patients are more likely to experience sexual abuse and older male doctors who perform examinations in non-academic settings are more likely to perpetrate sexual abuse.

Boundary violations

Therapeutic boundaries refers to limits in the relationships between healthcare workers and patients.^[12]

Gabard produced a typology of healthcare practitioners who engage in sexual boundary violations, which includes the predatory practitioner characterised by antisocial personality disorder, masochist-surrender practitioner who disregards norms in order to rescue a patient, the lovesick practitioner, and the narcissistic practitioner.

Causes

Institutional abuse

Studies propose that a culture of abuse in institutions dealing the those with intellectual disabilities is contributed to social isolation of residents, ineffective staff supervision, and a lack of recognition of abuse by staff.^[13]

Andrew Phelvin draws comparison between the institutional abuse at the Winterbourne View in the UK and the Iraq Abu Ghraib torture case and Stanford prison experiment citing Philip Zimbardo. He notes the playful nature of abuse amongst staff, the previous good character of the staff, "deviant norms" of the institution and deindividuation of staff.^[14] Discussing possible means of prevention, McDonnell et al., identify physical restraint as a potential mediator for the development of an abusive culture and suggest requiring management of organizations to demonstrate how its use is being reduced as well suggesting involving patients in their care and staff debriefing as means of reducing use. They also suggest an approach that pays attention to human rights, and positive risk taking, leadership focused on providing feedback and monitoring good practice rather than administration, reflective practice, and encouraging a "low arousal" environment where staff modify their body language and perception of situations to reduce arousal in an environment.^[15]

History

Barbara Robb, a psychotherapist, founded the group Aid for the Elderly in Government Institutions and launched a public campaign to highlight abuse and neglect of older patients in mental health institutions. She published the report Sans Everything: A Case to Answer based on material she received from the public in 1967.^[16]

Steve George argues that in the United Kingdom, the killing of Jonathan Zito in 1992 created a narrative of risk posed by mental health patients that reduced concern for abuse of mental health patients.

Between 1983 and 1993 a large number of adults with learning difficulties at the Longcare residential home in Slough were beaten, verbally abused, drugged, indecently assaulted and raped. In interviews conducted as part of an independent government inqury, staff members described an atmosphere of threats where they were encouraged to spy on one another, and with inexperienced workers being hired and experienced healthcare workers leaving the organization.^[17]

The Winterbourne View hospital abuse case took place at a hospital for the treatment of individuals with learning difficulties and involved the physical abuse following a BBC documentary in 2011. Staff abused patients physically and psychologically and there were several instances of serious physical assault. The case resulted in the hospital being closed and 11 of the staff being prosecuted.

In 2019 an BBC documentary revealed abuse at Whorlton Hall, a treatment unit for those with learning disabilities or autism. Patients were taunted, threatened, provoked, and restrained on the floor for long periods of time. Staff implemented arbitrary punishments like confiscating patient belongings and staff routinely used sexually explicit language and gestures.^[18]

In 2022 another BBC investigation found a "toxic culture of humiliation, verbal abuse and bullying" at the Greater Manchester HNS Ednenfield site, resulting in a number of staff sackings.^[19]

Further reading

Nonfiction Books

• Bostwick, JS. The Patient Abuse and Neglect of Our Vulnerable Adults: America's Shame (2008)
• Caron, NK. Impact of effectiveness in implementation of the patient abuse reporting law on the reporting of "physical abuse, mistreatment, neglect" in residential health care facilities (1981)
• Close BA, Greenberg MS, Morgenstern BR Nursing Home Patient Abuse – Realities and Remedies (1981)
• Costa, MD Gynocide: Hysterectomy, Capitalist Patriarchy, and the Medical Abuse of Women (2007)
• Mackay, T. Without Due Care – An Australian Hospital Tragedy (2010)
• Shannon, JM. Patient abuse law: the reality (1983)
• Sundram CJ Patient abuse and mistreatment in psychiatric centers: a policy for reporting apparent crimes to and response by law enforcement agencies (1985)
• Thomas, G. Journey into madness:the true story of secret CIA mind control and medical abuse (1989)

Academic articles

• Armstrong B A Question of Abuse: Where Staff and Patient Rights Collide – Hosp Community Psychiatry 1979 May;30(5):348-51.
• Burkin K, Kleiner BH (1998) "Protecting the whistleblower: preventing retaliation following a report of patient abuse in health-care institutions", Health Manpower Management, Vol.24 Issue 3 Pages 119–124
• Gutheil TG Patient Abuse – Hosp Community Psychiatry 35:832, August 1984
• Isaacman SH Patient Abuse in Rural Midwestern Pregnant Women? – Archives of Family Medicine, 1993;2(4):351.
• LaRocco SA Patient Abuse Should Be Your Concern – Journal of Nursing Administration April 1985 – Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages 27–31
• LaRocco SA A case of patient abuse – American Journal of Nursing: November 1985 – Volume 85 Issue 11 Pages 1233–1236
• Santistevan A, Deiker T Asking the Patient About Abuse and Neglect-Five-Point Plan, Las Vegas (NM) Medical Center 1988
• Sundram CJ Obstacles to Reducing Patient Abuse in Public Institutions Hosp Community Psychiatry 35:238–243, March 1984

Fiction

• Abagnalo, George. Boy on a Pony (Moreland Press, 2001) (exploring privileged sexual abuse of patients within the healthcare system).

External links

• Patients First
• California Patient Abuse and Neglect Reporting Requirements Summary
• Doctors and Sexual Abuse – investigation by The Atlanta Journal-Constitution

Notes and References

1. Web site: Patient Abuse. Stop Fraud Colorado. Colorado Attorney General's Office. 25 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171026002340/https://www.stopfraudcolorado.gov/fraud-center/medicaid-fraud/patient-abuse. 26 October 2017. dead.
2. Book: Goodman, Octavia. Preventing Patient Abuse: Why Abuse Happens and How to Stop It. The International Association for Healthcare Security and Safety – Foundation. 2020.
3. Web site: Medicaid Fraud Definitions. Office of the Attorney General. State of Ohio. 25 October 2017.
4. News: Slavin. Erik. Doctor faces court-martial in patient abuse case. 25 October 2017. Stars & Stripes. 16 January 2010.
5. News: Patient abuse – nurse struck off. 25 October 2017. BBC News. 30 April 2003.
6. News: Krell. Alexis. Doctor charged with sex crimes at Bremerton clinic is at center of women's lawsuit. 25 October 2017. The News Tribune. 9 October 2017.
7. News: Gorman. Anna. When Home Caregivers Kill the Elderly With Neglect. 25 October 2017. The Atlantic. 6 January 2015.
8. Book: The GMC's fitness to practise procedures. General Medical Council.
9. Fyson . Rachel . Patterson . Anne . Staff understandings of abuse and poor practice in residential settings for adults with intellectual disabilities . Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities . 2020 . en . 33 . 3 . 354–363 . 10.1111/jar.12677 . 204756513 . 1360-2322.
10. The prevalence of elder abuse in institutional settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis . 2023-03-12 . European Journal of Public Health . 2019 . 10.1093/eurpub/cky093 . 6359898 . 29878101. Yon . Yongjie . Ramiro-Gonzalez . Maria . Mikton . Christopher R. . Huber . Manfred . Sethi . Dinesh . 29 . 1 . 58–67 .
11. AbuDagga . Azza . Carome . Michael . Wolfe . Sidney M. . July 2019 . Time to End Physician Sexual Abuse of Patients: Calling the U.S. Medical Community to Action . Journal of General Internal Medicine . en . 34 . 7 . 1330–1333 . 10.1007/s11606-019-05014-6 . 0884-8734 . 6614523 . 31044409.
12. Dickeson . Edward . Roberts . Rachel . Smout . Matthew F. . 2020 . Predicting boundary violation propensity among mental health professionals . Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy . en . 27 . 6 . 814–825 . 10.1002/cpp.2465 . 216595139 . 1063-3995.
13. Fyson . Rachel . Patterson . Anne . 2020 . Staff understandings of abuse and poor practice in residential settings for adults with intellectual disabilities . Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities . en . 33 . 3 . 354–363 . 10.1111/jar.12677 . 31621174 . 204756513 . 1360-2322.
14. Phelvin . Andrew . 2014-11-26 . Winterbourne View hospital and the social psychology of abuse: Andrew Phelvin analyses accounts of the mistreatment of people with learning disabilities in light of findings from the Stanford prison experiment and events at Abu Ghraib prison, in Iraq . Learning Disability Practice . en . 17 . 10 . 25–29 . 10.7748/ldp.17.10.25.e1581 . 1465-8712.
15. McDonnell . Andrew . Breen . Emma . Deveau . Roy . Goulding . Eimear . Smyth . John . 2014-05-28 . How nurses and carers can avoid the slippery slope to abuse: Andrew McDonnell and colleagues outline ways to prevent multiple mistreatment of people with learning disabilities in residential accommodation . Learning Disability Practice . en . 17 . 5 . 36–39 . 10.7748/ldp.17.5.36.e1516 . 1465-8712.
16. George . Steve . 2019-08-02 . Abuse of patients in mental health care in England: history repeating itself . British Journal of Mental Health Nursing . en . 8 . 3 . 110–113 . 10.12968/bjmh.2019.8.3.110 . 201171270 . 2049-5919.
17. Pring . John . 2005-06-01 . Why it took so long to expose the abusive regime at Longcare . The Journal of Adult Protection . en . 7 . 1 . 15–23 . 10.1108/14668203200500003 . 1466-8203.
18. Murphy . Glynis . 2019-07-23 . Whorlton Hall: a predictable tragedy? . BMJ . en . 366 . l4705 . 10.1136/bmj.l4705 . 0959-8138 . 31337610. 198191618 .
19. Web site: Edenfield Centre: Staff sacked over abuse at hospital . BBC . 2022-10-14 . 2023-09-01.