Parachute Jump Explained

Parachute Jump
Location:Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City
Coordinates:40.573°N -73.9844°W
Built:1939[1]
Architect:Michael Marlo; Edwin W. Kleinert
Added:September 2, 1980
Refnum:80002645
Designated Other2 Name:New York City Landmark
Designated Other2 Date:May 23, 1989[2]
Designated Other2 Abbr:NYCL
Designated Other2 Link:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission
Designated Other2 Number:1638
Designated Other2 Color:
  1. FFE978

The Parachute Jump is a defunct amusement ride and a landmark in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, along the Riegelmann Boardwalk at Coney Island. Situated in Steeplechase Plaza near the B&B Carousell, the structure consists of a 250feet, 170adj=onNaNadj=on open-frame, steel parachute tower. Twelve cantilever steel arms radiate from the top of the tower; when the ride was in operation, each arm supported a parachute attached to a lift rope and a set of guide cables. Riders were belted into a two-person canvas seat, lifted to the top, and dropped. The parachute and shock absorbers at the bottom would slow their descent.

International Parachuting Inc. was selected in May 1938 to operate the Parachute Jump at the 1939 New York World's Fair at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in New York City. Capped by a 12feet flagpole, it was the second-tallest structure at the fair. The ride was sponsored by Life Savers during the fair's first season, and it was relocated during the fair's second season to attract more visitors. In 1941, after the World's Fair, it was moved again to the Steeplechase amusement park on Coney Island. It ceased operations in the 1960s following the park's closure, and the frame fell into disrepair.

Despite proposals to either demolish or restore the ride, disputes over its use caused it to remain unused through the 1980s. The Parachute Jump has been renovated several times since the 1990s, both for stability and for aesthetic reasons. In the 2000s, it was restored and fitted with a lighting system. The lights were activated in 2006 and replaced in a subsequent project in 2013. It has been lit up in commemoration of events such as the death of Kobe Bryant. The ride, the only remaining portion of Steeplechase Park, is a New York City designated landmark and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Description

The Parachute Jump is on the Riegelmann Boardwalk at Coney Island between West 16th and West 19th Streets. It consists of a hexagonal base, upon which stands a six-sided steel structure. Each of the tower's legs consists of a 12inches flange column braced with horizontal ribs at 7abbr=NaNabbr= intervals and diagonal ribs between the horizontal beams. The legs are grounded on concrete foundations, each of which contains twelve timber piles. The diagonal and horizontal ribs intersect at gusset plates, which contain splices at 30abbr=NaNabbr= intervals and are riveted to the base. A ladder is on the north side of the structure, extending from the top of the base. There are anti-climbing devices on the frame.[3] The frame has about 8,000 lighting fixtures, which are used for night-time light shows.[4] The tower's wide base gives it stability, while the top is tapered off.

The Parachute Jump is tall.[5] When the ride operated at the 1939 New York World's Fair, it was 262feet tall, since it was topped by a 12abbr=NaNabbr= flagpole. Twelve drop points are at the top, marked by structural steel arms, which extend outward 45feet from the tower's center, and support octagonal subframes at the far end of each arm. Eight parachute guidelines were suspended from each subframe, which helped keep the parachute open. A circular structure runs atop the subframes, connecting them to each other. Walkways were above the top of the tower, as well as along each arm.

Functional parachutes dangled from each of the twelve sub-frames and were held open by metal rings. As originally designed, each parachute was in diameter.[6] Each parachute required three cable operators. Riders were belted into two-person canvas seats hanging below the closed parachutes. The parachutes would open as the riders were hoisted to the top of the ride, where release mechanisms would drop them. The parachutes could be stopped at any time during the ascent, but not during the descent.[7] The parachutes slowed the rider's descent, and the seats would be stopped by a brake after they had fallen to 4feet above ground level. Shock absorbers at the bottom, consisting of pole-mounted springs, cushioned the landing. The parachutes could accommodate loads of up to .[8]

The base consists of a two-story pavilion. The upper floor housed mechanical structures and hoisting machinery, while the ground floor contained ticket booths and a waiting room. The pavilion has six sides divided by fluted piers which slope upward toward the corrugated galvanized-iron roof. The upper floor of the pavilion has red, yellow, and blue walls. The lower floor, below the height of the boardwalk, contained fenced-off open space. The 4adj=midNaNadj=mid concrete platform surrounding the pavilion is several steps beneath the boardwalk level. It was originally intended as a landing pad for riders and has a radius of 68feet. An access ramp was at the northeast corner of the platform.

Precursors

By the 1930s, parachutists could be trained by jumping from parachute towers rather than from aircraft.[9] Accordingly, Stanley Switlik and George P. Putnam built a 115adj=midNaNadj=mid tower on Switlik's farm in Ocean County, New Jersey.[10] The tower, which was designed to train airmen in parachute jumping, was first publicly used on June 2, 1935, when Amelia Earhart jumped from it.

The "parachute device" was patented by retired U.S. Naval Commander James H. Strong along with Switlik, inspired by early practice towers Strong had seen in the Soviet Union,[11] where simple wooden towers had been used to train paratroopers since the 1920s. Strong designed a safer version of the tower, which included eight guide wires in a circle surrounding the parachute. Strong filed a patent in 1935 and built several test platforms at his home in Hightstown, New Jersey, in 1936 and 1937. The military platforms suspended a single rider in a harness and offered a few seconds of free fall after the release at the top before the chutes opened to slow the fall. In response to high civilian interest in trying out the ride, Strong modified his invention for non-military use, making some design changes. These included a seat that could hold two people, a larger parachute for a slower drop, a metal ring to hold it open, and shock-absorbing springs to ease the final landing. The modified amusement-ride version was marketed by Miranda Brothers Inc. as a 150feet, two-armed parachute jump.[12]

Strong sold military versions of the tower to the Romanian and U.S. armies, and he installed towers in New Jersey and Fort Benning, Georgia.[13] He converted an existing observation tower in Chicago's Riverview Park into a six-chute amusement ride. This enterprise, the "Pair-O-Chutes", performed well enough that Strong applied to build and operate a jump at the 1939 New York World's Fair. Another jump, also reportedly designed by Strong, was installed at the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne in Paris in 1937.

Operation

1939 World's Fair

Grover Whalen, the president of the New York World's Fair Corporation (WFC), selected International Parachuting Inc. in May 1938 to operate a parachute drop at the World's Fair. This was the first concession to be awarded for an amusement ride at the fair.[14] The ride, known as the Parachute Jump, was to be in the fair's amusement zone, along the eastern shore of Meadow Lake in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, Queens.[15] Originally, the ride was placed near the southern end of the fairground's amusement area.[16] L. C. Holden and R. D. Stott were hired to design the ride,[17] and the firm of Skinner, Cook & Babcock was awarded the contract for the ride's erection in November 1938.[18] Construction of the Parachute Jump began the following month on December 11, 1938.

Elwyn E. Seelye & Co. designed the steelwork, Bethlehem Steel manufactured the tower pieces, and Skinner, Cook & Babcock assembled the pieces onsite. The construction cost about $99,000 . Life Savers sponsored the ride,[19] investing $15,000 and decorated its tower with brightly lit, candy-shaped rings. Although the fair opened April 28, 1939,[20] the Parachute Jump's aerial elevators had not been completed at that time.[21] By late May 1939, just before the ride opened, Life Savers had begun installing billboards at the ride's base.

1939 season

The Life Savers Parachute Jump opened on . It had twelve parachute bays; while five parachutes were operational upon opening,[22] [23] eleven would eventually be used at the fair. Within three days of the ride's opening, a 12abbr=NaNabbr= flagpole was added atop the original 250feet tower to surpass the height of a statue within the Soviet Pavilion.[24] [25] The flagpole had been installed because members of the public had objected to the Soviet statue being placed higher than the United States' flag.[26] It was the second-tallest structure in the fair, aside from the Perisphere, which stood tall.[27] Each ride cost for adults[28] and for children. The trip to the top took about a minute, and the drop took between 10 and 20 seconds. The official 1939 Fair guidebook described the Parachute Jump as "one of the most spectacular features of the Amusement Area", calling the attraction "similar to that which the armies of the world use in early stages of training for actual parachute jumping".

The ride accommodated 4,500 passengers on its first two half-days of operation. Several incidents occurred within the first few months of the Parachute Jump's opening. On July 12, 1939, entangled cables left a married couple aloft for five hours in the middle of the night.[29] The couple returned to ride again the next day, having been congratulated for their courage by New York City mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia, who had been at the World's Fair when they got stuck.[30] At least two other groups of people became stuck on the Parachute Jump in its first year: a deputy sheriff and his sister-in-law later in July 1939,[31] and two female friends that September.[32] Despite a decrease in fairground visitors during mid-1939, the Parachute Jump was one of the few attractions at the fair to remain profitable.[33] The jump earned $119,524 in its first three months of operation .[34] At the end of the first season on November 1, 1939, the jump had recorded 551,960 visitors.[35]

1940 season

The Parachute Jump's popularity was negatively affected by its secluded location.[36] After the Life Savers sponsorship ended at the conclusion of the 1939 season, the WFC decided to relocate the ride to attract more visitors.[37] The relocation was announced in December 1939, and work began in February 1940.[38] [39] The new location was near the New York City Subway's World's Fair station,[40] occupying part of the Children's World site at the northeast corner of the amusement area. A twelfth chute was installed,[41] and the chutes, hoist cables, and guide wires were all replaced.[42] The WFC also considered installing lights atop the Parachute Jump to increase its visibility.[43] By the beginning of April 1940, workers were installing dozens of 60-deepNaN-deep pilings to support the Parachute Jump.[44] The project cost $88,500 . The American Jubilee theater was built on the Parachute Jump's old site.[45] [46]

The ride was originally supposed to be completed by May 8, 1940.[47] The chutes were installed on May 1,[48] and the guide wires were still being installed when the fair reopened on May 11.[49] The reopening was delayed by disagreements between International Parachuting Inc. and James Strong.[50] [51] International Parachuting sued Strong to prevent him from selling the rights to the ride to third parties,[52] though they ultimately reached a settlement that June. The Parachute Jump reopened on June 22, 1940,[53] over a month after the fair's reopening. The ride initially retained its original ticket prices of 40 cents for adults and 25 cents for children.[54] In July 1940, in response to the implementation of a federal amusement tax, the ride's operators reduced the ticket prices to for adults and for children.[55] During the fair's second season, a couple was married on the Parachute Jump in what one newspaper described as the first-ever "parachute ceremony".[56]

The relocation of the Parachute Jump, and the consolidation of concessions in the amusement area, helped improve business for the 1940 season. The Parachute Jump ultimately was the fair's second-most popular amusement attraction, behind the Billy Rose's Aquacade stage show.[57] A half-million guests had jumped from the tower before the end of the World's Fair. The Parachute Jump was slated to be sent to either Coney Island in Brooklyn or Palisades Amusement Park in New Jersey following the fair.[58] Relocation to Coney Island was considered as early as August 1940; both Luna Park and Steeplechase Park were interested in purchasing the ride during this time.[59] After the fair closed in October 1940,[60] its operators announced that the Parachute Jump would be sent to Coney Island.[61]

Steeplechase Park

Frank Tilyou and George Tilyou Jr., the owners of Steeplechase Park, acquired the jump for . The park was recovering from a September 1939 fire, which had caused in damage and injured 18 people.[62] The fire had destroyed many of the larger attractions, including a Flying Turns roller coaster, whose site stood empty a year after the blaze. The Parachute Jump was disassembled in January 1941[63] and moved to the site of the Flying Turns coaster, adjacent to the boardwalk. The ride required some modifications in its new, windier, shore-side location, including the addition of 30feet foundations.[64] The relocation was supervised by the engineer Edwin W. Kleinert and architect Michael Marlo. Its installation was part of a larger reconstruction of an 800adj=midNaNadj=mid section of the boardwalk.[65] A reporter for Billboard magazine wrote that the Parachute Jump was visible "from Staten Island, from far at sea, and from the Battery".[66]

The jump reopened in May 1941.[67] Unlimited rides on the Parachute Jump were initially included within Steeplechase Park's single admission fee, which cost at the time of the ride's relocation.[68] Later, the brothers introduced "combination tickets", which included the park admission fee and a predetermined number of ride experiences on any of the attractions in the park.[69] During World War II, when much of the city was subject to a military blackout, a navigational beacon atop the ride stayed lit.[70] The Parachute Jump originally used the multicolored chutes from the World's Fair; by the mid-1940s, these had been replaced with white chutes. According to Jim McCollough, a business partner and nephew of the Tilyou brothers, the frame was repainted every year.

The Parachute Jump attracted up to half a million riders during each annual operating season. Most riders reached the tower's pinnacle in just under a minute and descended within 11–15 seconds. The experience was described as similar to "flying in a free fall". The Parachute Jump was popular among off-duty military personnel, who took their friends and loved ones to the ride.[71] Occasionally, riders became stuck mid-jump or were tangled within the cables. The ride was subject to shutdowns on windy days, especially when breezes exceeded 45mph. Furthermore, at least fifteen people were required to operate the Parachute Jump, making it unprofitable.[72] [73]

Coney Island's popularity receded during the 1960s as it underwent increased crime, insufficient parking facilities, and patterns of bad weather. These difficulties were exacerbated by competition from the 1964 New York World's Fair, also in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, which led to a record low patronage at Steeplechase Park.[74] On September 20, 1964, Steeplechase Park closed for the last time,[75] and the next year, the property was sold to developer Fred Trump.[76] On the site of Steeplechase Park, Trump proposed building a 160-highNaN-high enclosed dome with recreational facilities and a convention center.[77]

Closure

The Parachute Jump stopped operating as part of Steeplechase Park upon the latter's closure in 1964. Sources disagree on whether the ride closed permanently or continued to operate until as late as 1968. The Coney Island historian Charles Denson explained that the jump closed in 1964 but that many publications give an erroneous date of 1968.[78] The nonprofit Coney Island History Project maintains that the attraction closed in 1964 and the 1968 date was based on an inaccurate newspaper article.[79] The Guide to New York City Landmarks also mentions that the ride closed in 1964, while the Brooklyn Paper says the jump was shuttered in 1965. A New York Daily News article in 1965 said the Parachute Jump was nonoperational and had "been stripped of its wires and chutes".[80] A New York World-Telegram article the following year described a plan to restore Steeplechase Park, which included turning the Parachute Jump into the "world's largest bird feeding station".[81]

Several sources state that the jump operated until 1968. According to a press release in 1965, when the Parachute Jump was ostensibly still operating, it attracted half a million visitors per year. A Daily News article from 1973 states the ride closed in 1968.[82] Consulting engineer Helen Harrison and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation's website also cite a closure date of 1968, saying it was one of several small rides that were operated by concessionaires on the site of Steeplechase Park. According to Harrison, the last documented incident on the ride was on May 30, 1968, when a young girl was reported to have gotten stuck halfway through the drop.

Post-closure

Acquisition of site

In 1966, the Coney Island Chamber of Commerce petitioned the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) to make the Parachute Jump an official city landmark. Trump, however, wanted to sell it as scrap and did not think it was old enough to warrant landmark status.[83] Trump rented out the area around the base as a concession, and it was encircled by a small go-kart track. That October, the city announced a plan to acquire the 125acres of the former Steeplechase Park so the land could be reserved for recreational use.[84] The city voted in 1968 to acquire the site for $4 million (equivalent to $million in).[85] The city government planned to allow a concessionaire to continue operating the Parachute Jump through a temporary lease.[86]

Control of the jump passed to New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks), the municipal government agency tasked with maintaining the city's recreational facilities. The agency attempted to sell the jump at auction in 1971[87] but received no bids.[88] NYC Parks had planned to demolish the Parachute Jump if no one was willing to buy it. A study conducted in 1972 found the jump was structurally sound. At the time, there were proposals to give the tower landmark status and install a light show on it.

The city government unsuccessfully attempted to redevelop the Steeplechase site as a state park.[89] By the late 1970s, the city government wanted to build an amusement park on the land.[90] Norman Kaufman, who had run a small collection of fairground amusements on the Steeplechase site since the 1960s,[91] was interested in reopening the Parachute Jump.[92] Kaufman was evicted from the site in 1981, ending discussion of that plan.[93] [94]

Landmark status

After it was abandoned, the jump became a haunt for teenagers and young adults to climb, while the base became covered with graffiti.[95] Despite its deterioration, it remained a focal point of the community; according to local legend, the tower could be seen from up to 30miles away.[96] Organizations such as the Coney Island Chamber of Commerce and the Gravesend Historical Society decided to save the structure,[97] though the LPC could not consider such a designation unless NYC Parks indicated it was not interested in developing the Parachute Jump site as a park. On July 12, 1977, the LPC designated the tower as a city landmark.[98] When the designation was presented to the New York City Board of Estimate three months later, the board declined to certify the landmark designation. NYC Parks had said the structure would cost $10,000 a year to maintain.[99] Despite the city's reluctance to designate the structure as a landmark, the Parachute Jump was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

The city government questioned the tower's safety. A 1982 survey concluded the tower would need a $500,000 renovation to stabilize the ground underneath (equivalent to $million in) and another $1 million to restore it to operating condition (about $million in).[100] The survey estimated it would cost at least $300,000 to demolish the structure, making demolition too costly an option. The cheapest option, simply maintaining the structure, would have cost $10,000 a year . The local community board recommended that the Parachute Jump be demolished if it could not be fixed, but NYC Parks commissioner Henry Stern said in January 1984 that his department had "decided to let it stand".[101]

Stern dismissed the possibility of making the Parachute Jump operational again, calling it a "totally useless structure" and saying that even the Eiffel Tower had a restaurant. Stern said he welcomed the community's proposals for reusing the Parachute Jump but other agency officials said the plans presented thus far, which included turning the jump into a giant windmill, were "quixotic, at best". In the mid-1980s, restaurant mogul Horace Bullard proposed rebuilding Steeplechase Park; his plans included making the Parachute Jump operational again.[102] At the time, the Parachute Jump was described as a "symbol of despair" because no real effort had been made to restore or clean up the structure.[103]

In 1987, the LPC hosted meetings to determine the feasibility of granting landmark status to the Parachute Jump, Wonder Wheel, and Coney Island Cyclone. Two years later, on May 23, 1989, the LPC restored city landmark status to the Parachute Jump.[104] Following this, the Board of Estimate granted permission for Bullard to develop his amusement park on the Steeplechase site, including reopening the Parachute Jump.[105] These plans were delayed because of a lack of funds.[106]

Restorations and lighting

In 1991, the city government announced an expenditure to prevent the jump from collapsing, though there was insufficient funding in the city budget.[107] The city government stabilized the structure in 1993 and painted it in its original colors, although the structure still suffered from rust in the salt air.[108] The thrill-ride company Intamin was enlisted to determine whether the Parachute Jump could again be made operational.[109] Bullard's redevelopment plan clashed with another proposal that would build a sports arena, such as a minor-league baseball stadium, on the site.[110] The Bullard deal was negated in 1994, and the site directly north of the Parachute Jump was developed into a sports stadium, KeySpan Park, which opened in 2000.[111]

The New York City Economic Development Corporation (NYCEDC) assumed responsibility for the tower in 2000. Originally, the city government wanted to reopen it as a functioning ride.[112] [113] The project was originally budgeted at,[114] but the cost ultimately increased to, excluding the high insurance premiums that would need to be paid on the attraction. Because the cost of bringing the jump to safety standards would have been excessively high, the renovation was abandoned.

2002 restoration and first lighting project

In 2002, the EDC started renovating the Parachute Jump for $5 million.[115] [116] The NYCEDC contracted engineering firm STV to rehabilitate the structure. The upper part of the tower was dismantled, about two-thirds of the original structure was taken down, some of it replaced, and the structure was painted red.[117] The restoration was completed around July 2003.[118] Upon the completion of the project, Brooklyn borough president Marty Markowitz started studying proposals to reuse or reopen the structure. In 2004, STV subcontracted Leni Schwendinger Light Projects to develop a night-time lighting concept for the Parachute Jump. Schwendinger contracted Phoster Industries for the LED portion of the lighting project. Markowitz's office, NYC Parks, the NYCEDC, Schwendinger, and STV collaborated for two years on the project, which cost $1.45 million.[119]

The Coney Island Development Corporation and the Van Alen Institute held an architecture contest in 2004 to determine future uses for the 7800square feet pavilion at the jump's base.[120] [121] More than 800 competitors from 46 countries participated.[122] The results were announced the following year; there were one winning team, two runners-up with cash prizes, and nine honorable mentions. The winning design outlined a bowtie-shaped pavilion with lighting and an all-season activity center, which included a souvenir shop, restaurant, bar, and exhibition space.[123]

The first night-time light show was held on July 7, 2006.[124] The installation contained six animations and used most colors except for green, which would not have been visible on the tower's red frame. The animations were based on events in the local calendar, including the boardwalk's operating and non-operating seasons, the lunar cycle, the Coney Island Mermaid Parade, and national holidays such as Memorial Day and Labor Day. There is also a sequence called "Kaleidoscope" for other holidays.[125] Officials said the lights were to be left on from dusk to midnight during summer and from dusk to 11:00 p.m. the rest of the year.[126] In observance of the "Lights Out New York" initiative, which sought to reduce bird deaths from light pollution, the tower lighting went dark at 11:00 p.m. during the bird migratory seasons.[127]

2013 restoration and second lighting project

Although Markowitz was initially satisfied with Schwendinger's light installation, by 2007 he was referring to her installation as "Phase I" of a multi-portion lighting upgrade. In February 2008, the city began planning a second phase of lights.[128] Anti-climbing devices were installed on the Parachute Jump in 2010 after several instances of people scaling the structure, and the lights were temporarily turned off in 2011 because of a lack of maintenance.[129] Concurrently, starting in 2011, the 2.2acres site around the tower was redeveloped as Steeplechase Plaza.[130]

A $2 million renovation was completed in 2013, after which it contained 8,000 LED lights, in comparison with the 450 total after the first installation.[131] The B&B Carousell, an early-20th-century carousel that had become part of Luna Park, was relocated to Steeplechase Plaza east of the Parachute Jump in 2013.[132] The tower was lit up for its first New Year's Eve Ball drop at the end of 2014,[133] and since then, the Parachute Jump has been lit for New Year's Eve each year.[134] The Parachute Jump has also been lit up in recognition of special causes, such as World Autism Awareness Day[135] and Ovarian Cancer Awareness Month,[136] as well as to commemorate notable personalities, such as happened after the 2020 death of retired NBA basketball player Kobe Bryant.[137]

Impact

When the Parachute Jump opened at the World's Fair, the Daily Times of Mamaroneck, New York, regarded the attraction as one of several "touches of the bizarre" at the fair.[138] Because of its shape, the Parachute Jump has been nicknamed the "Eiffel Tower of Brooklyn". The New York Daily News compared the structure to an Erector Set toy in 1955, and another reporter for the same newspaper said in 2002 that the jump was "a rusting monument to the glory days of Coney Island". A writer for City Journal said hat the structure resembled a mushroom.[139] Several works of media, such as Little Fugitive (1953), have also been filmed at the Parachute Jump.[140]

See also

References

Sources

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Denson . Charles . Coney Island: Lost and Found . 2002 . Ten Speed Press . Berkeley, Calif. . 9781580084550.
  2. .
  3. Web site: Maniscalco . Joe . Coney Island Parachute Jump – No climbing allowed! . Brooklyn Paper . February 22, 2010 . July 17, 2023 . July 17, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230717150636/https://www.brooklynpaper.com/coney-island-parachute-jump-no-climbing-allowed/ . live.
  4. Web site: Coney Island's Parachute Jump gets $2 million upgrade and 8,000 LED lights . Blau . Reuven . April 11, 2013 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . July 18, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190718220054/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brooklyn/coney-island-parachute-jump-2-million-upgrade-article-1.1313170 . July 18, 2019 . live.
  5. Web site: 0362-4331 . Streetscapes: The Coney Island Parachute Jump; For the Boardwalk's 'Eiffel Tower,' Restoration or Regulating a Ruin? . Gray . Christopher . November 15, 1987 . The New York Times . July 18, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190718220121/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/15/realestate/streetscapes-coney-island-parachute-jump-for-boardwalk-s-eiffel-tower.html . July 18, 2019 . live.
  6. News: 12 Dec 1938 . Contract Let For Three Fair Publications: New York Company to Put Out Official Guide, Daily Program and a Souvenir for Exposition Visitors Parachute Jumps to Thrill Visitors to Fair . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . 17 . .
  7. News: McHarry . Charles . July 22, 1955 . It's a 12-Second Fall at Coney's Big Jump . newspapers.com . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930001404/https://www.newspapers.com/article/40099367/ . September 30, 2023 . December 5, 2019 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . 358.
  8. News: 28 May 1939 . 4 New Concessions Open In the Amusement Area: Cast of 150 in 90-Minute 'Congress of Beauty' . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . 11 . .
  9. Web site: Steeplechase Park Highlights . . July 17, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190711133824/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/steeplechase-park/highlights/12477 . July 11, 2019 . live.
  10. News: 0362-4331 . Amelia Earhart Uses Her First Parachute; Flier Makes Her Initial Jump, With a New Device From a 115-Foot Tower . June 3, 1935 . The New York Times . July 17, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190717143859/https://www.nytimes.com/1935/06/03/archives/amelia-earhart-uses-her-first-parachute-flier-makes-her-initial.html . July 17, 2019 . live.
  11. Web site: US expired 2111303 (Parachute device) . Switlik . Stanley . Strong . James Hale . March 15, 1938 . patent . . December 15, 2019 . September 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930001409/https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=US&NR=2111303&KC=&FT=E&locale=en_EP . live.
  12. News: 0362-4331 . Fair Amusements To Show A Profit; Net This Year Put at 'Nominal to Handsome' as Big Costs of '39 Are Eliminated . October 24, 1940 . The New York Times . July 18, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190718220020/https://www.nytimes.com/1940/10/24/archives/fair-amusements-to-show-a-profit-net-this-year-put-at-nominal-to.html . July 18, 2019 . live.
  13. Web site: U.S. Army Infantry, 11th Infantry Regiment, 1st Battalion (Airborne), 507th Infantry Airborne . Basic Airborne Course . https://web.archive.org/web/20051113115950/http://www.infantry.army.mil/airborne/airborne/ . November 13, 2005 . May 6, 2006.
  14. News: 11 May 1938 . Parachute Company Gets Fair Amusement Space . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . 19 . . none.
    News: 1938-05-11 . First Midway Contract; World's Fair to Sign 40 More Amusement Concessions . 2024-08-05 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  15. News: July 23, 1938 . Parachute Tower For World's Fair; 250-Foot Jump to Be Offered as a Novel Amusement . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190711145940/https://www.nytimes.com/1938/07/23/archives/parachute-tower-for-worlds-fair-250foot-jump-to-be-offered-as-a.html . July 11, 2019 . July 17, 2019 . The New York Times . 0362-4331.
  16. News: Compere . Thomas . 10 Mar 1940 . Fair Fun Zone Lays Its Plans To Brighten Up: Will Have Several New Attractions, and Lighting Will Be More Brilliant World's Fair Fun Zone . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . A1 . .
  17. News: December 12, 1938 . Contracts Signed For Fair's Books; Exposition Publications Is to Put Out Guide, a Souvenir Volume and Daily Program . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190717144342/https://www.nytimes.com/1938/12/12/archives/contracts-signed-for-fairs-books-exposition-publications-is-to-put.html . July 17, 2019 . July 17, 2019 . The New York Times . 0362-4331.
  18. News: 24 Nov 1938 . First Pile Sunk For World Fair Temple of Faith: Osborn Declares Project the Most Ideal Proposal of Exposition; Whalen Calls It First of Its Kind . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . 11 . . none.
    News: 1938-11-24 . Temple of Religion is Started at Fair; Major Stevens Assigned to Fair--Soviet Russia Ships Marble for Pavilion . 2024-08-05 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  19. May 24, 1939 . Outdoors: N.Y. Fair's Midway Formally Preemed; Lineup of Shows Now Looks 100% Set . Variety . 47 . 134 . 11 . .
  20. News: Warren . Carl . April 29, 1939 . Fair for Fair! Expect Million on First Day . newspapers.com . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930001411/https://www.newspapers.com/article/40159480/ . September 30, 2023 . December 6, 2019 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . 35.
  21. News: 1 May 1939 . Play Area's Gala Opening Put Off For Two Weeks: Whalen Decides on Second Try After Tour Reveals It Still Far From Complete . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . 14 . .
  22. News: 0362-4331 . Play Area at Fair Takes On New Life; Amusement Zone Starts To Boom . May 28, 1939 . The New York Times . July 17, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190717144339/https://www.nytimes.com/1939/05/28/archives/play-area-at-fair-takes-on-new-life-amusement-zone-starts-to-boom.html . July 17, 2019 . live.
  23. News: 30 May 1939 . They Sign Book To Learn They Have Seen Fair: At Least, That's the City Building's Explanation of Its Register's Purpose . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . 6 . .
  24. News: 0362-4331 . U.S. Flag at Fair Tops Russia's Star; Unfurled Atop the Parachute Jump – Greatest Throng on a Weekday Present . Porter . Russell B. . May 31, 1939 . The New York Times . July 17, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190717143856/https://www.nytimes.com/1939/05/31/archives/us-flag-at-fair-tops-russias-star-unfurled-atop-the-parachute.html . July 17, 2019 . live.
  25. News: newspapers.com . Boro Veterans Plan to Give Fair a Flagpole . May 31, 1939 . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . July 14, 2019 . 7 . September 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930001407/https://bklyn.newspapers.com/article/33953661/ . live.
  26. News: 0362-4331 . Russia Quits Fair; Finns to Stay; Reds to Raze $4,000,000 Pavilion; Moscow Orders Withdrawal Without Giving Explanation . December 2, 1939 . The New York Times . July 18, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190718220059/https://www.nytimes.com/1939/12/02/archives/russia-quits-fair-finns-to-stay-reds-to-raze-4000000-pavilion.html . July 18, 2019 . live . none.
    News: 30 May 1939 . American Flag To Rise Higher Than Soviet Star: Unfurling Over Parachute Jump Today Expected to End Patriotic Protests . 6A . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  27. News: Warren . Carl . 1939-02-18 . 35 Fun Attractions Now Assured for World's Fair . newspapers.com . 2024-08-05 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . 258, 265.
  28. News: 1939-03-11 . Cost of Full View of Fair Put at $15; Exposition Statisticians Say Rumor of $60 Total Price Has No Foundation . 2024-08-05 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  29. News: newspapers.com . Couple Marooned Five Hours on High Parachute at Fair . Myler . Joseph L. . July 12, 1939 . Dunkirk Evening Observer . December 3, 2019 . United Press . 3 . September 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930001407/https://www.newspapers.com/article/40001685/ . live . none.
    News: 0362-4331 . Pair Held 100 Feet Aloft in Fair Parachute; Thousands Watch Efforts to Rescue Them . July 12, 1939 . The New York Times . July 18, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190718220025/https://www.nytimes.com/1939/07/12/archives/pair-held-100-feet-aloft-in-fair-parachute-thousands-watch-efforts.html . July 18, 2019 . live . none. ; News: newspapers.com . Pair Stranded 100 Feet in Air on Fair 'Chute . July 12, 1939 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . July 18, 2019 . 171 . September 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930001407/https://www.newspapers.com/article/33986136/ . live.
  30. News: 0362-4331 . Parachute Device at Fair Booms After 2 Hang in Mid-Air . July 13, 1939 . The New York Times . July 18, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190718220133/https://www.nytimes.com/1939/07/13/archives/parachute-device-at-fair-booms-after-2-hang-in-midair-rathbornes.html . July 18, 2019 . live . none.
    News: newspapers.com . Chute-Stuck Pair Go Up Again-and Down . July 13, 1939 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . July 18, 2019 . 70 . September 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930001408/https://www.newspapers.com/article/33986002/ . live.
  31. News: 0362-4331 . Parachute Sticks With Another Pair; But This Time Deputy Sheriff and Sister-in-Law Are Kept Aloft Only 35 Minutes . July 23, 1939 . The New York Times . July 18, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190718220054/https://www.nytimes.com/1939/07/23/archives/parachute-sticks-with-another-pair-but-this-time-deputy-sheriff-and.html . July 18, 2019 . live.
  32. News: 0362-4331 . Parachute Jams Again; Two Women Kept 230 Feet in Air at Fair for Half Hour . September 9, 1939 . The New York Times . July 18, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190718220119/https://www.nytimes.com/1939/09/09/archives/parachute-jams-again-two-women-kept-230-feet-in-air-at-fair-for.html . July 18, 2019 . live.
  33. Jul 15, 1939 . New York World's Fair: Business Drop Has Drastic Effect on Midway Morale . The Billboard . 30 . 51 . 28 . .
  34. News: 30 Aug 1939 . World's Fair Debenture Holders Agree to Waive Payments Under New Fiscal Plan: Share of Gate To Be Used on Pressing Bills . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . 11 . .
  35. News: 1 Nov 1939 . Displays at Fair List Estimates Of Attendance: Aquacade and Perisphere Drew Best Among Shows That Charged Admission . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . 12 . .
  36. News: 1940-03-29 . Fair Turns Ground for Typical Homes; FHA Administrator Shovels in Mud for Two Cottages to House Picked Families . 2024-08-05 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  37. News: 1939-12-30 . Fair Parachute Jump to Move to New Site . newspapers.com . 2024-08-05 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . 7 . none.
    News: 30 Dec 1939 . Parachute Jump at Fair Begins Moving Next Week . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . 9 . .
  38. News: 19 Feb 1940 . Huge Ski Arena Will Be Erected At World's Fair: Quarter-Mile Winter Sports Area, for Summer Use, to Offer Lessons for Public Amusement Zone al the World's Fair to Undergo Many Improvements . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . 17A . .
  39. News: 1940-02-16 . Fair Chute Jump to Have New Site . newspapers.com . 2024-08-05 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . 491 . none.
    News: 16 Feb 1940 . Argentina Quits Fair, 5 Nations Increase Space: Chile Also May Go; E. F. Roosevelt Lists Gains in Latin-American Section . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . 10 . .
  40. Apr 10, 1940 . Glamorizing N. Y. Fair . Variety . 1, 47 . 138 . 5 . . none.
    News: Loeb . August . 1940-04-07 . New Life in Fair's Play Zone; Spring Days Beckon City Motorists to the Open Road . 2024-08-05 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  41. News: 0362-4331 . Shift in Fair's Play Zone; Parachute Jump to Be Moved to More Central Site . January 29, 1940 . The New York Times . July 18, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190718220057/https://www.nytimes.com/1940/01/29/archives/shift-in-fairs-play-zone-parachute-jump-to-be-moved-to-more-central.html . July 18, 2019 . live.
  42. Jun 29, 1940 . World's Fairs: New York World's Fair - 4 Best Middle Week-days Aid 623,329 Total . The Billboard . 30-31 . 52 . 26 . .
  43. News: 8 Dec 1939 . Fair Planning Fun Center No One Can Miss: Midway Theme Scrapped; Smaller but Brighter Is Motif;' Chute Jump to Move . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . 21A . .
  44. News: 1940-04-01 . Army of Workers Putting World's Fair Into Better Condition Than Last Year . newspapers.com . 2024-08-05 . The Brooklyn Citizen . 2.
  45. News: 15 Feb 1940 . Fair to Produce Huge Spectacle On U.S. History: 'American Jubilee,' With Cast of 350, To Be Staged in New Arena in Play Zone . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . 21 . .
  46. News: April 29, 1940 . Play Zone at Fair Is '100% Sold Out'; Revitalized Great White Way Offers Livelier and Gayer Section Than Last Year . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190718220033/https://www.nytimes.com/1940/04/29/archives/play-zone-at-fair-is-100-sold-out-revitalized-great-white-way.html . July 18, 2019 . July 18, 2019 . The New York Times . 0362-4331.
  47. News: 30 Apr 1940 . Advance Sales Of Fair Tickets Ahead of 1939: Million Family Books Are Half Sold; Out-of-Town Orders Increased 15% . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . 13 . .
  48. News: 1 May 1940 . Fair Has Spent $6,000,000 for Its 1940 Season: 2,000 Workmen Employed in Amusement Area Alone as May II Opening Nears . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . 10 . .
  49. News: 11 May 1940 . Fair, Opening Today. Seeks To Outdo '39: Fine Weather Promised for Day-Long Festival Starting Second Year Gates Open at 10, Ceremony at Noon Amusement Area Ready War Changes Plans of Foreign Participants . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . 1 . .
  50. News: May 25, 1940 . Fair Parachuting Held Up By Dispute; Withdrawal of the Inventor From Company Delays Opening of Device . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190718220055/https://www.nytimes.com/1940/05/25/archives/fair-parachuting-held-up-by-dispute-withdrawal-of-the-inventor-from.html . July 18, 2019 . July 18, 2019 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . none.
    Jun 1, 1940 . World's Fairs: New York World's Fair - 1,000,000 Paid Mark is Passed on the 9th Day . The Billboard . 30 . 52 . 22 . .
  51. News: 5 Jun 1940 . Fair's Parachute Jump To Be Ready in Few Days: Agreement Ends Dispute, That Tied Up Attraction . 21 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  52. News: newspapers.com . Seek to Retain Exclusive Rights to Parachute Jump . May 2, 1940 . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . July 18, 2019 . 26 . September 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930001409/https://bklyn.newspapers.com/article/33986336/ . live.
  53. News: 22 Jun 1940 . Parachute Jump Opens Today . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . 9 . . none.
    News: June 23, 1940 . Fair 'Chutes in Operation . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190718220027/https://www.nytimes.com/1940/06/23/archives/fair-chutes-in-operation.html . July 18, 2019 . July 18, 2019 . The New York Times . 0362-4331.
  54. News: 29 Apr 1940 . Fair Amusement Zone Sold Out, 90 Concessions on Its New List: Director Reports All Space Taken; Area Will Offer 3 Major Shows, 18 Smaller Ones and 15 Rides Among Other Attractions . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . 1 . .
  55. Jul 6, 1940 . World's Fairs: New York World's Fair - New Defense Tax Brings Revision in Tab Schedule . The Billboard . 29, 31 . 52 . 27 . .
  56. News: newspapers.com . Couple Are Married on Parachute Tower . . August 26, 1940 . The Morning News . December 8, 2019 . 18 . September 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930001912/https://www.newspapers.com/article/40250004/ . live.
  57. News: Schneider . Daniel B. . June 1, 1997 . F.y.i. . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150527050740/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/01/nyregion/fyi-358509.html . May 27, 2015 . January 16, 2020 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  58. News: October 24, 1940 . Coney Island May Get Fair 'Chute Jump . newspapers.com . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930001913/https://www.newspapers.com/article/33986716/ . September 30, 2023 . July 18, 2019 . The Brooklyn Citizen . 2.
  59. News: Ranson . Jo . August 4, 1940 . Shows to Migrate from Fair Midway to Coney in 1941 . newspapers.com . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930001911/https://bklyn.newspapers.com/article/2049487/ . September 30, 2023 . July 18, 2019 . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . 6.
  60. News: 29 Oct 1940 . Fair Fades Into a Ghost Town; Dismantling Barely Dents Quiet . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . 1 . .
  61. News: 27 Oct 1940 . Coney Getting Chute Jump Retains Role as Heir of Fairs: Island Has Inherited Amusement Devices Since Philadelphia Centennial in 1876, When 'Iron Tower,' With Steam Elevator, Was Thriller Coney Island-in the Early 1880's and as It Appears Today . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . A1 . .
  62. News: 0362-4331 . Coney Area Swept by Fire; $200,000 Damage; 18 Hurt . September 15, 1939 . The New York Times . July 12, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190712145700/https://www.nytimes.com/1939/09/15/archives/coney-area-swept-by-fire-200000-damage-18-hurt-damage-caused-by.html . July 12, 2019 . live . none.
    News: newspapers.com . $500,000 Fire Perils All of Coney Island . September 15, 1939 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . July 12, 2019 . 6.
  63. News: 1941-01-30 . Down Come Chutes . newspapers.com . 2024-08-05 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . 337.
  64. News: newspapers.com . Coney Figures Itself in for an Old-Fashioned Summer With Plenty of Fun for Everyone . Robert . Francis . April 26, 1941 . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . July 18, 2019 . 4 . September 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930001912/https://bklyn.newspapers.com/article/33986956/ . live.
  65. Tom . O'Connell . Send 'Em Away with a Smile, Is Philosophy of Jim Onorato . The Billboard . July 15, 1950 . en . August 11, 2020 . January 12, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230112000841/https://books.google.com/books?id=4B8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT30 . live.
  66. May 24, 1941 . Park-Resorts-Pools: Coney Island, N. Y. . The Billboard . 42 . 21 . 53 . .
  67. News: 0362-4331 . Beaches Crowded for the Holiday; All Resorts in Metropolitan Area Report Near-Records for Their Attendance . May 31, 1941 . The New York Times . July 11, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190711130459/https://www.nytimes.com/1941/05/31/archives/beaches-crowded-for-the-holiday-all-resorts-in-metropolitan-area.html . July 11, 2019 . live . none.
    News: 31 May 1941 . 600,000 See City's Parade For War Dead: Crowd Silent as G. A. R. Veterans, Symbol of an Earlier Crisis, Pass By Parachute Jump at Fair Begins Moving Next Week . 1A . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  68. News: newspapers.com . Coney Island Dolls Up, Winks at Service Men . Ranson . Jo . May 30, 1941 . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . July 18, 2019 . 7 . September 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930001913/https://bklyn.newspapers.com/article/33987755/ . live.
  69. News: newspapers.com . Steeplechase Dolls Up to Mark its 50th Year . Corby . Jane . May 12, 1946 . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . December 3, 2019 . 7 . September 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930002029/https://bklyn.newspapers.com/article/40168724/ . live.
  70. News: 19 Apr 1942 . City Blacks Out Its Ocean Front Until War Ends: Valentine Orders Masking of All Lights Visible From Sea, Including Coney's . New York Herald Tribune . 1 . 1941-0646 . .
  71. News: 0362-4331 . Coney Has a War Boom; There Are Priorities, Shortages and the Dimout, but the Subway Is Convenient . Lindheim . Burton . June 27, 1943 . The New York Times . July 18, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190718220056/https://www.nytimes.com/1943/06/27/archives/coney-has-a-war-boom-there-are-priorities-shortages-and-the-dimout.html . July 18, 2019 . live.
  72. Web site: Thrill of a Lifetime . Vita . Tricia . January 30, 2004 . Online Preservation . . https://web.archive.org/web/20070211070721/http://www.nationaltrust.org/magazine/archives/arch_story/013004.htm . February 11, 2007 . July 18, 2019.
  73. News: newspapers.com . This jump heads for oblivion . Randy . Diamond . June 14, 1983 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . July 18, 2019 . 97 . September 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930001913/https://www.newspapers.com/article/34018929/ . live.
  74. Web site: 0362-4331 . Coney Island Slump Grows Worse; Decline in Business Since the War Years Has Been Steady . July 2, 1964 . The New York Times . July 30, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180731031711/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/02/archives/coney-island-slump-grows-worse-decline-in-business-since-the-war.html . July 31, 2018 . live.
  75. Web site: 0362-4331 . Leaps of Imagination for the Parachute Jump . Chan . Sewell . July 21, 2005 . The New York Times . July 6, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190709185442/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/21/arts/design/leaps-of-imagination-for-the-parachute-jump.html . July 9, 2019 . live.
  76. Web site: 0362-4331 . Steeplechase Park Planned as the Site of Housing Project . July 1, 1965 . The New York Times . July 30, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180731031636/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/07/01/archives/steeplechase-park-planned-as-the-site-of-housing-project.html . July 31, 2018 . live . none.
    News: newspapers.com . Steeplechase Sold; Loses Race to the Sands of Time . Robert . Walsh . Lester . Abelman . July 2, 1965 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . July 14, 2019 . 6 . September 21, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200921021201/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33933720/steeplechase-sold-loses-race-to-the/ . live.
  77. Web site: 0362-4331 . A 160-Foot-High Pleasure Dome Is Proposed for Coney Island . July 24, 1966 . The New York Times . July 30, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180731031544/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/07/24/archives/a-160foothigh-pleasure-dome-is-proposed-for-coney-island-a-dome.html . July 31, 2018 . live.
  78. Web site: Answers About the Preservation of Coney Island, Part 2 . July 16, 2009 . The New York Times: City Room . en-US . July 20, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190720115959/https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/16/answers-about-the-preservation-of-coney-island-part-2/ . July 20, 2019 . live.
  79. News: May 5, 2007 . Coney Island Parachute Jump . en . Coney Island History Project . live . March 16, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180317102047/http://www.coneyislandhistory.org/ask-mr-coney/coney-island-parachute-jump . March 17, 2018.
  80. News: newspapers.com . Coney Island's Vanished Glory . Michael . Iachietta . June 6, 1965 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . July 18, 2019 . 60 . September 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930001919/https://www.newspapers.com/article/34001521/ . live.
  81. Web site: Coney '66: High Hope . Robert . Samuels . New York World-Telegram . March 28, 1966 . January 15, 2020 . fultonhistory.com . B1 . September 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930002415/https://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2024/New%20York%20NY%20The%20World%20Telegram%20and%20Sun/New%20York%20NY%20The%20World%20Telegram%20and%20Sun%201966/New%20York%20NY%20The%20World%20Telegram%20and%20Sun%201966%20a%20-%203149.pdf . live.
  82. News: newspapers.com . Future of Coney's Parachute Jump is Up in the Air . Jean . Perry . September 5, 1973 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . July 18, 2019 . 223 . September 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930003614/https://www.newspapers.com/article/34018324/ . live.
  83. News: newspapers.com . What's Up at Chute? More Like Toboggan . September 18, 1966 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . July 18, 2019 . 195 . September 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930003614/https://www.newspapers.com/article/34001647/ . live.
  84. Web site: 0362-4331 . City Wants Site of Steeplechase For Seafront Coney Island Park; Planning Board Sets Oct. 19 Hearing to Bar Area for High-Rise Homes . Fowle . Farnsworth . October 5, 1966 . The New York Times . July 30, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180731031859/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/10/05/archives/city-wants-site-of-steeplechase-for-seafront-coney-island-park.html . July 31, 2018 . live.
  85. Web site: 0362-4331 . Park Usage Voted For Steeplechase; City to Seek $2-Million Aid to Buy Coney Island Tract . Bennett . Charles G. . May 23, 1968 . The New York Times . July 30, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180731031931/https://www.nytimes.com/1968/05/23/archives/park-usage-voted-for-steeplechase-city-to-seek-2million-aid-to-buy.html . July 31, 2018 . live.
  86. News: Brady . Thomas F. . 1969-04-12 . Heckscher Tells of Plan for Coney; Projects Include Expanded Play and Meeting Areas . 2024-08-05 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  87. News: newspapers.com . Coney Parachute Jump to Hit the Silk . May 28, 1971 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . July 18, 2019 . 313 . September 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930003616/https://www.newspapers.com/article/34018066/ . live.
  88. News: 0362-4331 . Parachute Jump Gets No Bidders . July 2, 1971 . The New York Times . July 18, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190718220111/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/07/02/archives/parachute-jump-gets-no-bidders.html . July 18, 2019 . live . none.
    News: newspapers.com . Coney Parachute Jump is About to Go Down . John . Toscano . July 2, 1971 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . July 18, 2019 . 275 . September 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930003616/https://www.newspapers.com/article/34018282/ . live.
  89. News: 0362-4331 . New York, After 10 Years, Finds Plan to Create a Coney Island Park Is Unsuccessful . Chambers . Marcia . April 3, 1977 . The New York Times . July 19, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190711032447/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/04/03/archives/new-york-after-10-years-finds-plan-to-create-a-coney-island-park-is.html . July 11, 2019 . live.
  90. Web site: 0362-4331 . City, in a Shift, Says Coney I. Park Should Become Amusement Area . Chambers . Marcia . June 16, 1977 . The New York Times . September 15, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180915192608/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/06/16/archives/city-in-a-shift-says-coney-i-park-should-become-amusement-area.html . September 15, 2018 . live.
  91. Web site: 0362-4331 . 15-Year Dispute Over Lease for Coney Island Steeplechase Continues . Fowler . Glenn . June 3, 1979 . The New York Times . September 15, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180915192610/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/06/03/archives/15year-dispute-over-lease-for-coney-island-steeplechase-continues.html . September 15, 2018 . live.
  92. News: newspapers.com . Coney Island: battered but unbowed, it still amuses . Ken . McKenna . April 9, 1976 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . July 18, 2019 . 53 . September 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930004119/https://www.newspapers.com/article/34018580/ . live.
  93. Web site: 0362-4331 . Beleaguered Coney Islanders Rally With Sense of Affection; The Talk of Coney Island . Campbell . Colin . August 29, 1981 . The New York Times . September 16, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180916060313/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/29/nyregion/beleaguered-coney-islanders-rally-with-sense-affection-talk-coney-island.html . September 16, 2018 . live.
  94. News: newspapers.com . A plan to bring back Coney Island . Mirabella . Alan . June 2, 1985 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . February 24, 2019 . 311 . November 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211108150411/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28804609/a-plan-to-bring-back-coney-island/ . live.
  95. News: 0362-4331 . The Talk of Coney Island; at Coney I., Symbols of Heyday Fading Away . Chira . Susan . August 20, 1983 . The New York Times . July 19, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190719143431/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/08/20/nyregion/the-talk-of-coney-island-at-coney-i-symbols-of-heyday-fading-away.html . July 19, 2019 . live.
  96. News: newspapers.com . Coney Island landmarks? . Farrell . Bill . July 16, 1987 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . July 18, 2019 . 189 . September 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930004117/https://www.newspapers.com/article/34019168/ . live.
  97. News: newspapers.com . Those in Favor, Appeal to Golden . September 28, 1977 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . July 18, 2019 . 519 . September 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930004115/https://www.newspapers.com/article/34018876/ . live.
  98. News: 1977-07-13 . Metropolitan Briefs . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-10-15 . 0362-4331 . October 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221016182801/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/07/13/archives/metropolitan-briefs-air-quality-debated-tower-named-landmark-new.html . live . none.
    News: Miele . Alfred . 1977-07-13 . Coney Parachute a Landmark . 282 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . newspapers.com . 2022-10-15.
  99. News: newspapers.com . Nix Landmark Status for Coney Parachute . John . Toscano . October 21, 1977 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . July 18, 2019 . 520 . September 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930004118/https://www.newspapers.com/article/34018090/ . live . none.
    Web site: 0362-4331 . Parachute Jump at Coney Island Loses Chance of Landmark Status . October 21, 1977 . The New York Times . September 15, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180915192601/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/10/21/archives/parachute-jump-at-coney-island-loses-chance-of-landmark-status.html . September 15, 2018 . live.
  100. News: newspapers.com . Parachute ride up in air . Diamond . Randy . June 15, 1983 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . July 18, 2019 . 98 . September 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930004123/https://www.newspapers.com/article/34019688/ . live.
  101. News: Rothstein . Mervyn . 1984-01-01 . Follow-Up on the News: Parachute Jump . limited . en-US . The New York Times . 2021-07-03 . 0362-4331 . July 9, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210709210601/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/01/nyregion/follow-up-on-the-news-148236.html . live.
  102. News: newspapers.com . Holy Coney! Hey, that's not chicken feed he's betting on Steeplechase . Moritz . Owen . August 18, 1985 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . July 18, 2019 . 4 . September 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930004124/https://www.newspapers.com/article/34019595/ . live.
  103. News: 0362-4331 . Coney I.: Symbol of Fun Is Now One of Despair . Freedman . Samuel G. . May 29, 1986 . The New York Times . July 19, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190719143434/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/29/nyregion/coney-i-symbol-of-fun-is-now-one-of-despair.html . July 19, 2019 . live.
  104. Web site: Coney Island landmarks, present and (we hope) future . Lore . Croghan . May 11, 2016 . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . en-US . February 24, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190711133828/https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2016/05/11/coney-island-landmarks-present-and-we-hope-future/ . July 11, 2019 . live.
  105. News: newspapers.com . A Steeplechase clears barriers . Fitzgerald . Owen . May 24, 1989 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . July 18, 2019 . 7 . September 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930004124/https://www.newspapers.com/article/34019938/ . live.
  106. News: newspapers.com . Coney dreamer taken for a roller coaster ride . Ken . Auletta . September 6, 1992 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . July 18, 2019 . 370 . September 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930004623/https://www.newspapers.com/article/34048890/ . live.
  107. News: newspapers.com . Parachute Jump 800G fix as fiscal structure flounders . David . Hardy . Joel . Siegel . May 8, 1991 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . July 18, 2019 . 5 . September 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930004623/https://www.newspapers.com/article/34048849/ . live.
  108. News: 0362-4331 . Find of the Week; 10 Inches of Chills And Thrills . July 4, 1993 . The New York Times . July 20, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190720121525/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/04/style/find-of-the-week-10-inches-of-chills-and-thrills.html . July 20, 2019 . live.
  109. Web site: Reviving a Coney Island Ride: Ready, Set, Jump! . Mooney . Jake . February 29, 2008 . The New York Times: City Room . en-US . July 19, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190719193756/https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/02/29/reviving-a-coney-island-ride-ready-set-jump/ . July 19, 2019 . live.
  110. News: 0362-4331 . Broad Redevelopment Is Urged for Coney Island . Rangel . Jesus . June 5, 1987 . The New York Times . February 24, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190224231701/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/05/nyregion/broad-redevelopment-is-urged-for-coney-island.html . February 24, 2019 . live . none.
    News: The Business of Bringing Baseball Back to Brooklyn . Arena . Salvatore . April 26, 1987 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . 1, 8–9.
  111. Web site: 0362-4331 . Sports of The Times; Summer Rite Returns To Borough of Churches . Vecsey . George . June 26, 2001 . The New York Times . February 24, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190225044942/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/26/sports/sports-of-the-times-summer-rite-returns-to-borough-of-churches.html . February 25, 2019 . live.
  112. News: 0362-4331 . F.y.i. . Boland . Ed Jr. . October 13, 2002 . The New York Times . July 20, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190720123038/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/13/nyregion/fyi-331902.html . July 20, 2019 . live.
  113. News: Polner . Robert . 5 Apr 2000 . Ballpark Price Balloons to $30M / Critics: Coney Island stadium too costly . Newsday . A06 . 2574-5298 . .
  114. News: Lombardi . Frank . 5 Apr 2000 . Ballpark Plan Tag's Now 60m . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . 1 . .
  115. News: 0362-4331 . Neighborhood Report: Coney Island; The Nickel Empire Longs To Recapture Its Seedy Glory . Lee . Denny . June 16, 2002 . The New York Times . July 20, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190720121520/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/16/nyregion/neighborhood-report-coney-island-nickel-empire-longs-recapture-its-seedy-glory.html . July 20, 2019 . live.
  116. News: Farrell . Bill . 27 Sep 2002 . Parachute Jump for Joy! Fixup is Planned . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . 2 . .
  117. News: 0362-4331 . Following Up . Fried . Joseph P. . November 16, 2003 . The New York Times . July 20, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190720121539/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/16/nyregion/following-up.html . July 20, 2019 . live.
  118. News: 0362-4331 . Famed for What's Up Above, Fixing What's Down Below . Mooney . Jake . May 29, 2005 . The New York Times . July 20, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190720121517/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/29/nyregion/thecity/famed-for-whats-up-above-fixing-whats-down-below.html . July 20, 2019 . live.
  119. Web site: Marty: Pimp my ride! . February 16, 2008 . Rubinstein . Dana . Brooklyn Paper . en . July 19, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190718221441/https://www.brooklynpaper.com/stories/31/7/31_07_marty_pimp_my_ride.html . July 18, 2019 . live.
  120. Web site: Coney Island Parachute Pavilion Design Competition . December 8, 2004 . Gothamist . en . July 20, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190720120002/https://gothamist.com/2004/12/08/coney_island_parachute_pavilion_design_competition.php . July 20, 2019.
  121. News: 10 Nov 2004 . Beloved Parachute Jump to get a lift . Newsday . A18 . 2574-5298 . . The Associated Press.
  122. News: 0362-4331 . Leaps of Imagination for the Parachute Jump . Chan . Sewell . July 21, 2005 . The New York Times . July 20, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190709185442/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/21/arts/design/leaps-of-imagination-for-the-parachute-jump.html . July 9, 2019 . live.
  123. Web site: The Parachute Pavilion: An Open Design Competition for Coney Island . Van Alen Institute . en-US . July 20, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190720120009/https://www.vanalen.org/projects/the-parachute-pavilion-an-open-design-competition-for-coney-island/ . July 20, 2019 . live . 2004 . none.
    Web site: Coney Island Development Corporation and Van Alen Institute Announce Winners of Parachute Pavilion Design Competition . . en . July 20, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190720120011/https://www.nycedc.com/press-release/coney-island-development-corporation-and-van-alen-institute-announce-winners-parachute . July 20, 2019 . May 26, 2005.
  124. News: 0362-4331 . Flower of a Tower Is Relighted in Coney Island . Newman . Andy . July 8, 2006 . The New York Times . July 19, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190719193757/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/08/nyregion/08parachute.html . July 19, 2019 . live.
  125. Web site: Coney Island Parachute Jump . July 7, 2006 . Architizer . July 18, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190718221026/https://architizer.com/projects/coney-island-parachute-jump/ . July 18, 2019 . live . none.
    Web site: Tricia . Vita . Illuminating the Jump: A Conversation with Leni Schwendinger . Metropolis . July 31, 2006 . December 4, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191204024234/https://www.metropolismag.com/cities/illuminating-the-jump-a-conversation-with-leni-schwendinger/ . December 4, 2019 . live . none. ; Web site: Jump start – Things to Do . Cohen . Billie . January 27, 2016 . Time Out New York . July 18, 2019 . December 30, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191230005520/https://www.timeout.com/newyork/things-to-do/jump-start . live.
  126. Web site: BP Markowitz To Light Historic Coney Island Parachute Jump . July 16, 2006 . Office of the Brooklyn Borough President . https://web.archive.org/web/20060716220431/http://www.brooklyn-usa.org/Press/2006/jun21.htm . July 16, 2006 . July 18, 2019.
  127. Web site: Lights Out NY Program . New York City Audubon . July 18, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190718221015/http://www.nycaudubon.org/lights-out-new-york . July 18, 2019 . live.
  128. News: 0362-4331 . The Boardwalk and the Bling . Mooney . Jake . March 2, 2008 . The New York Times . July 19, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190719193748/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/02/nyregion/thecity/02disp.html . July 19, 2019 . live.
  129. Web site: The Parachute Ride goes black – wasting the city's spruce-up effort . Rush . Alex . Brooklyn Paper . en . July 1, 2011 . July 18, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190718221020/https://www.brooklynpaper.com/stories/34/27/all_parachutedark_2011_7_8_bk.html . July 18, 2019 . live.
  130. Web site: Durkin . Erin . City breaks ground on Coney Island's Steeplechase Plaza, set to house historic B&B Carousel . November 10, 2011 . August 11, 2020 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . June 18, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210618185307/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brooklyn/city-breaks-ground-coney-island-steeplechase-plaza-set-house-historic-b-b-carousel-article-1.975855 . live.
  131. Web site: Here's the bling: New, brighter lights for Parachute Jump . Will . Bredderman . June 28, 2013 . Brooklyn Paper . July 20, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190720014940/https://www.brooklynpaper.com/stories/36/26/bn_bb_parachutelighting_2013_06_28_bk.html . July 20, 2019 . live.
  132. Web site: 0362-4331 . B&B Carousell Horses Return Home to Coney Island . Foderaro . Lisa W. . May 24, 2013 . The New York Times . July 28, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180731160613/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/26/nyregion/bb-carousell-horses-return-home-to-coney-island.html . July 31, 2018 . live . none.
    Web site: Coney Island Is Back in Business! . Will . Bredderman . June 1, 2013 . Brooklyn Daily . July 31, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180731153735/https://www.brooklyndaily.com/stories/2013/22/all_coneysback_2013_06_01_bk.html . July 31, 2018 . live . none. ; Web site: Historic Coney Island Carousel Spins Once Again . Simon . Stephanie . May 24, 2013 . NY1 . https://archive.today/20140312093433/http://brooklyn.ny1.com/content/news/182669/historic-coney-island-carousel-spins-once-again . March 12, 2014.
  133. Web site: Coney Island Parachute Jump to have own New Year's Eve ball drop . December 18, 2014 . News 12 Brooklyn . https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111936/http://brooklyn.news12.com/news/coney-island-parachute-jump-to-have-own-new-year-s-eve-ball-drop-1.9726511 . April 2, 2015.
  134. Web site: Coney Island to welcome 2019 with fireworks, carousel rides . Paula . Katinas . December 20, 2018 . Brooklyn Eagle . en-US . July 22, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190722160406/https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2018/12/20/coney-island-to-welcome-2019-with-fireworks-carousel-rides/ . July 22, 2019 . live.
  135. Web site: Coney Islanders light Parachute Jump blue for World Autism Awareness Day . McShane . Julianne . Brooklyn Paper . en . April 4, 2019 . July 22, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190722160415/https://www.brooklynpaper.com/stories/42/14/bn-coney-island-parachute-jump-autism-awareness-2019-04-05-bk.html . July 22, 2019 . live.
  136. Web site: Coney Island Parachute Jump Lights T.E.A.L. for Ovarian Cancer Awareness Month . McGoldrick . Meaghan . September 5, 2018 . The Brooklyn Home Reporter . en-US . July 22, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190722160411/https://brooklynreporter.com/2018/09/coney-island-parachute-jump-lights-t-e-a-l-for-ovarian-cancer-awareness-month/ . July 22, 2019 . live.
  137. Web site: Coney Island pays tribute to Kobe Bryant . DeJesus . Jaime . January 31, 2020 . The Brooklyn Home Reporter . March 6, 2020 . March 31, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200331204319/https://brooklynreporter.com/2020/01/coney-island-pays-tribute-to-kobe-bryant/ . live.
  138. News: 1939-04-27 . Oddities to Awe Throngs at Fair . newspapers.com . 2024-08-05 . The Daily Times . 12.
  139. Web site: Frigand . Sid . December 23, 2015 . Coney Island Memories . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230410135152/https://www.city-journal.org/html/coney-island-memories-12594.html . April 10, 2023 . August 11, 2020 . City Journal . en.
  140. Web site: July 10, 2006 . Movie Shot at Coney Island List . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200728221527/https://www.westland.net/coneyisland/articles/movielist.htm . July 28, 2020 . August 11, 2020 . Coney Island.

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