1143 papal election explained

Notconclave:true
Month:September
Year:1143
Dates:26 September 1143
Location:Archbasilica of St. John Lateran, Rome
Dean:Corrado Demetri della Suburra
Protopriest:Gerardo Caccianemici
Protodeacon:Gregorio Tarquini
Pope Elected:Guido di Castello
Nametaken:Celestine II
Prevconclave Year:1130
Prevconclave Link:1130 papal election
Nextconclave Year:1144
Nextconclave Link:1144 papal election

The 1143 papal election followed the death of Pope Innocent II and resulted in the election of Pope Celestine II.

Election of Celestine II

Pope Innocent II died on 24 September 1143, at Rome. During the first eight years of his pontificate he faced the schism with Antipope Anacletus II (1130–1138), which finally ended in May 1138 with abdication and submission of Anacletus’ successor Antipope Victor IV (1138). The Second Lateran Council in April 1139 deposed from the ecclesiastical offices all former adherents of the Anacletus. However, despite the triumph over the antipope, the last years of Innocent's pontificate were not successful - papal armies were defeated by King Roger II of Sicily, who had received the crown from Anacletus II and demanded the recognition of his title from Innocent II. After the lost battle of Galluccio on 22 July 1139 the pope was taken prisoner by Roger and was forced to confirm all privileges given to the king by Anacletus II.[1] Soon afterwards new serious problem arose at the city of Rome. In 1143, shortly before Innocent's death, the Roman people created a municipal commune which rejected the secular rule of the Papacy in the Eternal City. The election of Innocent's successor took place in the shadow of this municipal revolution.[2]

The cardinals present at Rome assembled in the Lateran Basilica and on 26 September 1143 elected Cardinal Guido del Castello of S. Marco, who had previously served as legate of Innocent II before king Roger in 1137,[3] and was the first cardinal known to hold the title of magister.[4] He took the name Celestine II and was consecrated on the same day.[5]

Cardinal-electors

There were probably 30 cardinals in the Sacred College of Cardinals in September 1143.[6] Basing on the examination of the subscriptions of the papal bulls in 1143[7] and the available data about the external missions of the cardinals it is possible to establish that no more than 23 cardinals participated in the election:

ElectorCardinalatial TitleElevatedElevatorNotes
Corrado Demetri della SuburraBishop of Sabina1113/14Paschalis IIDean of the College of Cardinals
future Pope Anastasius IV (1153—1154)
Alberic de Beauvais, O.S.B.ClunyBishop of Ostia3 April 1138Innocent II
Étienne de Châlons, O.Cist.Bishop of Palestrina21 February 1141Innocent II
Imar, O.S.B.ClunyBishop of Tusculum13 March 1142Innocent II
PietroBishop of Albano17 September 1143Innocent II
Gerardo Caccianemici, Can.Reg.Priest of S. Croce in Gerusalemme9 March 1123Callixtus IIProtopriest
Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church; future Pope Lucius II (1144—1145)
Guido del CastelloPriest of S. Marco1128/29Honorius IIElected Pope Celestine II
Guido FlorentinusPriest of S. Crisogono1139Innocent II
RainieroPriest of S. Prisca22 December 1139Innocent II
Gregorio della SuburraPriest of S. Maria in Trastevere1 March 1140Innocent II
TommasoPriest of S. Vitale1 March 1140Innocent II
PietroPriest of S. Pudenziana20 September 1140Innocent IIArchpriest of the Vatican Basilica
UbaldoPriest of SS. Giovanni e Paolo19 December 1141Innocent II
Gregorio TarquiniDeacon of SS. Sergio e Bacco9 March 1123Callixtus IIProtodeacon
Odone BonecaseDeacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro4 March 1132Innocent II
UbaldoDeacon of S. Maria in Via Lata21 December 1134Innocent II
GerardoDeacon of S. Maria in Domnica27 May 1138Innocent II
Ottaviano de MonticelliDeacon of S. Nicola in Carcere25 February 1138Innocent IIFuture Antipope Victor IV (1159–1164)
PietroDeacon of S. Maria in Aquiro21 February 1141Innocent II
PietroDeacon of S. Maria in Portico19 September 1141Innocent II
GregorioDeacon of the Holy Roman Church19 December 1141Innocent II
NiccoloDeacon of the Holy Roman Church13 March 1142Innocent II

Eighteen electors were created by Pope Innocent II, two by Pope Callixtus II, one by Pope Honorius II and one by Pope Paschalis II.

Absentees

ElectorCardinalatial TitleElevatedElevatorNotes
Theodwin, O.S.B.Bishop of Santa Rufinaca. 1133Innocent IIPapal legate in Germany[8]
GoizoPriest of S. Cecilia22 December 1139Innocent IIPapal legate in Lombardy[9]
Rainaldo di Collemezzo, O.S.B.Cas.Priest of SS. Marcellino e Pietroca. 1139–1141Innocent IIAbbot of Montecassino (external cardinal[10])
Ubaldo AllucingoliPriest of S. Prassede16 December 1138Innocent IIPapal legate in Lombardy;[11] future Pope Lucius III (1181–1185)
Guido PisanoDeacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano4 March 1132Innocent IIPapal legate in Spain[12]
Adenulf, O.S.B.Deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin16 December 1132Innocent IIAbbot of Farfa (external cardinal[13])
Guido de Castro FicecloDeacon of the Holy Roman Church1139Innocent IIPapal legate in Bohemia and Moravia[14]
GilbertoDeacon of S. Adriano13 March 1142Innocent IIPapal legate in Umbria[15]

Sources

Notes and References

  1. See Robinson, p. 384-387
  2. Robinson, pp. 78 and 453
  3. Cf. Zenker, p. 83-84
  4. Robinson, p. 220-221
  5. Robinson, p. 525; Jaffé, II, p. 1.
  6. Reconstruction is based on Brixius, p. 22 note 2 (number of 34 given by Brixius is apparently a scribal error), but with the following corrections: bishop Rodolfo of Orte, listed by Brixius (p. 46 no. 46), was not a cardinal at that time, see Zenker, pp. 52–53. Additionally, Brixius indicates that also Bernardo da Pisa, future Pope Eugene III, belonged to the College of Cardinals; but see M. Horn: Studien zur Geschichte Papst Eugens III.(1145-1153), Peter Lang Verlag 1992, pp. 42–45.
  7. Jaffé, I, pp. 840–841 and II, p. 1.
  8. Zenker, pp. 28 and 263; he did not subscribe any papal bulls between 18 May 1140 and 26 November 1143 (Jaffé, I, p. 840 and II, p. 1).
  9. He is attested as legate between August 1143 and December 1143 (Paul Kehr, Italia Pontificia, Berlin 1906–1975, vol. VI/1, pp. XXVI–XXVII and vol. VII/1, p. XVIII); he did not subscribe any papal bulls between 14 May 1143 and 28 December 1143 (Jaffé, I, p. 840, and II, p. 1)
  10. Ganzer, pp. 94–97; Ganzer postdated his creation to 1145, see G. Loud, The Latin Church in Norman Italy, Cambridge University Press, 2007, p. 158 note 87
  11. Zenker, p. 23; he did not subscribe any papal bulls between 26 April 1143 and 1 December 1143 (Jaffé, I, p. 840, and II, p. 1)
  12. Zenker, p. 147; he did not subscribe any papal bulls between 30 September 1142 and 17 February 1144 (Jaffé, I, p. 840, and II, p. 1)
  13. Ganzer, pp. 81–83
  14. Luchesius Spätling, Kardinal Guido und seine Legation in Böhmen-Mären, in: Mitteilungen des Instituts für österreichische Geschichtsforschung, Universitäts Wien Institut für Geschichtsforschung und Archivwissenschaft in Wien, 1958, pp. 308–330; Zenker, p. 189; Brixius, pp. 89–90.
  15. Paul Kehr, Italia Pontificia, Berlin 1906–1975, vol. IV, p. 100 no. 5.

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