Papabile Explained

Italian: Papabile (^{[1] [2]} pronounced as /it/; Italian: papabili;) is an unofficial Italian term first coined by Vaticanologists and now used internationally in many languages to describe a Catholic man, in practice always a cardinal, who is thought a likely or possible candidate to be elected pope.

In some cases the cardinals will choose a Italian: papabile candidate. Among the Italian: papabili cardinals who have been elected pope are Eugenio Pacelli (Pius XII), Giovanni Battista Montini (Paul VI), and Joseph Ratzinger (Benedict XVI) and Jorge Mario Bergoglio (Francis). However, at times the College of Cardinals elects a man who was not considered Italian: papabile by most Vatican watchers. In recent years those who were elected pope though not considered Italian: papabile include John XXIII, John Paul I, and John Paul II.

The list of Italian: papabili changes as cardinals age. For instance, Carlo Maria Martini was thought to be Italian: papabile until he retired from his see upon reaching 75 years of age. There is a saying among Vaticanologists: "He who enters the conclave as pope, leaves it as a cardinal."^[3] This is a popular proverb in Italy as well, indicating one should never be too sure of oneself.

Terminology

The term Italian: papabile is at least as old as the 15th century, since it is found in the Latin: [[Catholicon Anglicum]].^[4]

In Italian, the word Italian: papabile is also used in non-Church contexts. This includes usage in reference to short list candidates, i.e. those who, among the available candidates, are most likely to get elected or appointed to a specific position.^[5]

Italian: Papabili elected pope

• Francesco Saverio Castiglioni (elected as Pius VIII in 1829) was Italian: papabile at both the 1823 conclave and at the 1829 conclave.^{[6] [7]} Pope Pius VII during his lifetime called Cardinal Castiglioni "Pope Pius VIII" and at the 1823 conclave, the cardinal ultimately elected as Pope Leo XII stated that Cardinal Castiglioni would someday be Pope Pius VIII. Castiglioni came close to being elected at the 1823 conclave but lost support due to being identified as being close to Cardinal Ercole Consalvi, a moderate and Secretary of State of the late Pope Pius VII. Consalvi later died during Leo XII's pontificate and Castiglioni, a Italian: papabile once more when Leo XII himself died, was subsequently elected Pope at the 1829 conclave. His election was facilitated in that of the other Italian: papabili, Bartolomeo Pacca was opposed by France while the other Italian: papabile Emmanuele de Gregorio failed to get the support of the majority of the other cardinals. Upon his election, Castiglioni took the name Pius VIII, given that his two immediate predecessors had previously called him by that name.
• Gioachino Pecci (elected as Leo XIII in 1878).^[8] The majority of the cardinals who headed to Rome for the 1878 conclave had already decided to support Pecci who was Camerlengo. Pecci was also perceived to be the opposite of the recently deceased Pius IX.
• Giacomo della Chiesa (elected as Benedict XV in 1914)^{[9] [10]}
• Eugenio Pacelli (elected as Pius XII in 1939).^[11] Pope Pius XI prior to his death strongly hinted that he favored Cardinal Pacelli as his successor.^[11] On 15 December 1937, during his last consistory, Pius XI strongly hinted to the cardinals that he expected Pacelli to be his successor, saying "He is in your midst."^{[12] [13]} He had previously been quoted as saying: "When today the Pope dies, you'll get another one tomorrow, because the Church continues. It would be a much bigger tragedy, if Cardinal Pacelli dies, because there is only one. I pray every day, God may send another one into one of our seminaries, but as of today, there is only one in this world."^[14]
• Giovanni Battista Montini (elected as Paul VI in 1963). Montini had been discussed as a Italian: papabile candidate in the 1958 conclave despite not having been a cardinal at the time; Cardinal Giuseppe Siri during the discussion about Montini was furious that a non-cardinal would even be considered. It was also rumored some of the French cardinals voted in favor of Montini during that conclave. John XXIII had sent vague signals during his reign that he believed his friend Montini (whom he made a cardinal) would be his successor.^[15]
• Joseph Ratzinger (elected as Benedict XVI in 2005).^[16] On 2 January 2005, Time magazine quoted unnamed Vatican sources as saying that Ratzinger was a front runner to succeed John Paul II should he die or become too ill to continue as pope. On the death of John Paul II, the Financial Times gave the odds of Ratzinger becoming pope as 7–1, the lead position, but close to his rivals on the liberal wing of the church. In April 2005, before his election as pope, he was identified as one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time.^[17] At the conclave, "it was, if not Ratzinger, who? And as they came to know him, the question became, why not Ratzinger?"^[18] On 19 April 2005, he was elected on the second day after four ballots.^[18]
• Jorge Mario Bergoglio (elected as Francis in 2013).^{[19] [20] [21]} Bergoglio was a Italian: papabile at the 2005 conclave^[22] and was also considered a contender at the 2013 conclave^{[19] [20] [22]} due to his being the reported "second-place finisher" at the 2005 conclave.^{[19] [22]} According to John L. Allen Jr., some of the participants in the 2005 conclave who were also participating in the 2013 conclave were "getting another bite at the apple".^[22] Despite this, his election still came as a surprise because some of the commentators who considered him Italian: papabile made the observation that there were "compelling reasons to believe that Bergoglio's window of opportunity to be pope has already closed"^[22] and that "his 'moment' seems to be over".^[19]

Italian: Papabili not elected

Being seen as Italian: papabile is no guarantee of election, and is sometimes seen as a handicap. (Although the following candidates were widely discussed as candidates publicly, the actual vote results described below are frequently based on rumours and sourced, if at all, from off-the-record reports of individual cardinals.)

• Emmanuele de Gregorio - expected to succeed Leo XII and Pius VIII, but never did.
• Bartolomeo Pacca – an experienced diplomat under Pius VII, he was a candidate in 1823 and favored to win in 1829 but was vetoed by France. Cardinal Castiglioni was elected as Pius VIII.
• Mariano Rampolla – Leo XIII's Secretary of State. He was headed for victory in the 1903 conclave only to be vetoed by Kraków Cardinal Jan Puzyna de Kosielsko on behalf of Austro-Hungarian Emperor Franz Joseph I. With Rampolla blocked, Giuseppe Sarto was elected and became Pius X. One of Pius X's first acts was to abolish the rights of states to veto.
• Rafael Merry del Val was a widely considered candidate during the conclaves of 1914 and 1922 which eventually elected Benedict XV and Pius XI respectively, although he never garnered enough votes to be in serious contention.
• Giuseppe Siri was widely expected to be elected pope in the 1958 and 1963 conclaves and continued to be a prime contender in both 1978 conclaves. On the first of these occasions, Angelo Roncalli, an unexpected choice, was elected and became Pope John XXIII.
• Giovanni Benelli was widely expected to be elected pope in both the August and October 1978 conclaves. In fact he was defeated in both (narrowly the second time). In August, a candidate few saw as Italian: papabile, Albino Luciani, was elected and became Pope John Paul I–with the support of Benelli himself. In October, another such candidate, Karol Wojtyła, was elected as John Paul II.
• Carlo Maria Martini – Jesuit, biblical exegete, Archbishop of Milan from 1980 to 2002. Considered to be the most likely successor to John Paul II for much of the 1980s and 1990s but was already suffering from Parkinson's disease by the time the 2005 papal conclave was convened.
• Francis Arinze – speculated by some media reports as a highly favoured successor to John Paul II but did not gain a substantial number of votes in the 2005 papal conclave.^[23]

Italian: Papabili at the 2013 conclave

The following cardinals, as noted in the cited references, were also considered Italian: papabili at the 2013 conclave, which elected Jorge Mario Cardinal Bergoglio, who took the name Francis.

• Angelo Bagnasco, Archbishop of Genoa^{[19] [20]}
• Timothy M. Dolan, Archbishop of New York^{[24] [25]}
• Péter Erdő, Archbishop of Esztergom-Budapest^{[26] [27]}
• Seán Patrick O'Malley, Archbishop of Boston^[28]
• Marc Ouellet, Prefect of the Congregation for Bishops^[29]
• Gianfranco Ravasi, President of the Pontifical Council for Culture^{[30] [31]}
• Leonardo Sandri, Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches^[32]
• Odilo Pedro Scherer, Archbishop of São Paulo^[33]
• Christoph Schönborn, Archbishop of Vienna^[30]
• Angelo Scola, Archbishop of Milan^{[34] [35]}
• Luis Antonio Tagle, Archbishop of Manila^[36]
• Peter Turkson, President of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace^{[37] [38]}

Italian: Papabili in future conclave - The Next Pope (2020)

Edward Pentin, Rome correspondent for the National Catholic Register, released a book in August 2020 entitled The Next Pope: The Leading Cardinal Candidates, listing 19 Cardinals he considered Italian: papabili for a future conclave after Pope Francis. Some of them have turned 80 since the publication of the book and thus will not be part of a future conclave (but could still be elected pope). Several others are due to reach the age of 80 in the next couple of years. The nineteen listed:^{[39] [40]}

Country	Name	Age		Notes
Italy				Will not be part of a future conclave. Also Italian: papabile in 2013. If elected, would be the oldest pope since before Clement X in 1670
United States
Czech Republic				Will not be part of a future conclave. If elected, would be the oldest pope since before Clement X in 1670
Hungary				Also Italian: papabile in 2013.
				Will not be part of a future conclave. If elected, would be the oldest pope since before Clement X in 1670
				Will not be part of a future conclave. Also Italian: papabile in 2013. If elected, would be the oldest pope since Clement X in 1670
				Will not be part of a future conclave. Also Italian: papabile in 2013. If elected, would be the oldest pope since Clement X in 1670
				If elected, would be the oldest pope since Clement X in 1670
Sri Lanka
				Will not be part of a future conclave. Also Italian: papabile in 2013. If elected, would be the oldest pope since before Clement X in 1670
				If elected, would be the oldest pope since Clement X in 1670
				Also Italian: papabile in 2013. If elected, would be the oldest pope since Clement X in 1670
				Will not be part of a future conclave. Also Italian: papabile in 2013. If elected, would be the oldest pope since before Clement X in 1670
				Also Italian: papabile in 2013.
				Also Italian: papabile in 2013.

Non-Italian: papabili elected pope

• Barnaba Chiaramonti (elected as Pius VII in 1800) was not considered Italian: papabile but emerged as an alternative candidate following months of deadlock. Chiaramonti was well-regarded among many of the cardinals, but tried to dissuade them from electing him since he was content with being a bishop. Cardinal Jean-Sifrein Maury first proposed Chiaramonti as a compromise candidate to break the stalemate.^[41]
• Annibale della Genga (elected as Leo XII in 1823) was not considered Italian: papabile due to his physical infirmities and the cardinal himself at the conclave tried to discourage the other electors from voting for him. However, he was elected because the conclave received information about secret societies who were perceived to have grown in strength during the Latin: [[sede vacante]] period, and some cardinals wanted a quick conclusion to the conclave; his physical condition made some cardinals think that his pontificate would not last long.^[6]
• Bartolomeo Alberto Mauro Cappellari's (elected as Gregory XVI in 1831) election was unexpected and had been influenced by the fact that the most Italian: papabile candidate, Giacomo Giustiniani, had been vetoed, therefore resulting in a deadlock.^[42]
• Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto (elected as Pius X in 1903) emerged as an alternative candidate after the veto of Mariano Rampolla.
• Achille Ratti (elected as Pius XI in 1922) was elected as a compromise candidate between the conservative faction headed by Rafael Merry del Val and the moderate faction headed by Pietro Gasparri. Gasparri also threw his support behind Ratti and urged his supporters to vote for Ratti.^[43]
• Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (elected as John XXIII in 1958). Some commentators like William Doino dispute the contention that Roncalli was a non-Italian: papabile and argue that "[b]y the time of Pius XII's death, in 1958, Cardinal Roncalli 'contrary to the idea he came out of nowhere to become pope' was actually one of those favored to be elected. He was well known, well liked and trusted."^[44]
• Albino Luciani (elected as John Paul I in 1978). Although Luciani was not considered Italian: papabile, one of the Italian: papabile cardinals, Giovanni Benelli, used his influence to persuade the others to elect Luciani at the conclave.^{[45] [46]}
• Karol Wojtyła (elected as John Paul II in 1978) was elected as a compromise candidate due to the failure of the leading Italian: papabili Giuseppe Siri and Giovanni Benelli to obtain the requisite majority and the only other viable Italian compromise candidate Giovanni Colombo announced to the cardinal-electors at the conclave that he would decline the papacy if elected.^[47]

Prior to 1978, no non-Italian had been elected Pope since the 1522 conclave that chose the short-lived Dutch Pope Adrian VI.

See also

• Conclave capitulation
• Elective monarchy
• Holy See
• Index of Vatican City-related articles
• List of papal elections
• Papal appointment
• Papal primacy
• Papal conclave
  • Papal conclave, 2005
  • Papal conclave, 2013
• Papal coronation

Bibliography

News articles

• News: Lawler . Phil . 11 December 2019 . Who is most likely to succeed Pope Francis? . . 8 December 2020 . 3 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210103185306/https://www.catholicculture.org/commentary/who-is-most-likely-to-succeed-pope-francis/ . live .
• News: Magister . Sandro . 11 December 2019 . Conclave Rehearsals. The Next Pope Will Take His Name From Sant'Egidio . 29 July 2021 . 29 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210729191716/http://magister.blogautore.espresso.repubblica.it/2019/12/11/conclave-rehearsals-the-next-pope-will-take-his-name-from-sant%E2%80%99egidio/ . live .

External links

• Papabili list for 2009 at "Popes-and-Papacy"
• Site ranking potential papabili
• BBC News: Bets open on Benedict's successor

Notes and References

1. 3 June 2019.
2. https://web.archive.org/web/20190603184422/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/papabile "papabile"
3. Web site: Allen Jr. . John L. . 2013-03-13 . Papabile of the Day: The Men Who Could Be Pope . 2023-10-16 . National Catholic Reporter . en.
4. Book: Herrtage, Sidney John Hervon. Catholicon Anglicum: An English-Latin Wordbook, Dated 1483. 1882. By E. Pickard Hall, M.A. and J.H. Stacy. 268. en. 21 December 2021. 12 December 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221212193801/https://books.google.com/books?id=I7wKAAAAYAAJ&q=papabilis. live.
5. Web site: Papabile . Enciclopedia Treccani . Fondazione Treccani . 3 March 2013 . 27 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140327234316/http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/papabile/ . live .
6. Web site: The Triple Crown: An Account of the Papal Conclaves - Leo XII (De la Genga). Valérie Pirie. 21 January 2014. 20 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200820154318/http://www.pickle-publishing.com/papers/triple-crown-leo-xii.htm. live.
7. Web site: The Triple Crown: An Account of the Papal Conclaves - Pius VIII (Castiglione). Valérie Pirie. 21 January 2014. 26 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170626040116/http://www.pickle-publishing.com/papers/triple-crown-pius-viii.htm. live.
8. Web site: The Triple Crown: An Account of the Papal Conclaves - Concluding Chapter: Leo XIII and His Successors. Valérie Pirie. 21 January 2014. 4 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093934/http://www.pickle-publishing.com/papers/triple-crown-concluding-chapter.htm. live.
9. Book: Encyclopedia of Modern Christian Politics: Benedict XV (Giacomo della Chisa). Domenico, Roy Palmer. 9780313323621. January 2006. 2 November 2020. 12 January 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230112150412/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8ZixRcQfV8C&q=giacomo+della+chiesa+papabile&pg=PA49. live.
10. News: Lorenzo Cappelletti. Lay that is Christian. 30 Days in the Church and the World. August 2006. 31 January 2014. 3 February 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140203021019/http://www.30giorni.it/articoli_id_10413_l3.htm. live.
11. The Madison Catholic Herald Online. Conclaves: Surprises abound in the Sistine Chapel. Weigel. George. 21 April 2005. 13 February 2014. 15 February 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120215010639/http://www.madisoncatholicherald.org/2005-04-21/columns.html. live.
12. "Medius vestrum stetit quem vos nescetis. Everybody knew what the pope meant". Domenico Cardinale Tardini, Pio XII, Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, 1960, p. 105
13. Book: Lehnert, Pascalina . Ich durfte Ihm Dienen: Erinnerungen an Papst Pius XII . Naumann . Würzburg . 1986 . 57 . 3885670410 . de.
14. Book: Lehnert, Pascalina . Ich durfte Ihm Dienen: Erinnerungen an Papst Pius XII . Naumann . Würzburg . 1986 . 49 . 3885670410 . de.
15. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-orhFzr2xeY Conclave A.D. 1963 - Election of Pope Paul VI
16. News: Oaks. Tammy. Bookmakers lay odds on new pope. 15 March 2013. CNN International. April 19, 2005. 3 February 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140203115347/http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/04/18/pope.betting/index.html?iref=allsearch. live.
17. News: Time 100 2005 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100618214719/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1972656_1972691_1973018,00.html . dead . 18 June 2010 . Time . 18 April 2005 . 3 April 2013 . Sullivan, Andrew.
18. Goodstein, Laurie and Elisabetta Povoledo. "Before Smoke Rises at Vatican, It's Romans vs. the Reformers," The New York Times. 11 March 2013; Ivereigh, Austen. "Does cardinal confusion spell a long conclave?" Our Sunday Visitor. 11 March By Austen Ivereigh; excerpt, "A former communications director to the Archbishop emeritus of Westminster (England), Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor, he accompanied the cardinal to Rome in 2005 for the funeral of Pope John Paul II and election of Pope Benedict XVI". Retrieved 12 March 2013.
19. Web site: . One Of These Men Will Be The Next Pope . 11 February 2013 . 15 February 2013 . 14 March 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130314045351/http://www.businessinsider.com/meet-the-man-who-will-be-the-next-pope-2012-4?op=1 . live .
20. https://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/mar/12/choose-your-own-pope-pontifficator "Choose your own pope – with our interactive Pontifficator"
21. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/10/papabile-2013-top-contenders_n_2847774.html Huffington Post Papabile 2013: Top Contenders To Be Next Pope As We Enter Conclave
22. News: Allen Jr.. John L.. Handicapping the conclave. 15 March 2013. National Catholic Reporter. 14 April 2005. 6 August 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120806032925/http://www.nationalcatholicreporter.org/update/conclave/pt041405a.htm. live.
23. News: Donadio . Rachel . Povoledo . Elisabetta . Pope Resigns with Church at Crossroads . . A1–A11 . 12 February 2013 . 12 February 2013 . 14 September 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170914081738/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/12/world/europe/with-popes-resignation-focus-shifts-to-a-successor.html?ref=todayspaper&gwh=DFA34D8E491A91B1FE3CF6D98D0C4497 . live .
24. News: Donadio . Rachel . Povoledo . Elisabetta . Pope Resigns with Church at Crossroads . New York Times. A1 A11. 12 February 2013 . 12 February 2013.
25. Web site: New pontiff by March says Vatican . . 11 February 2013 . 20 March 2013 . 11 February 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130211171143/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2013/0211/breaking31.html . live .
26. Web site: Mögliche Nachfolger: Wer hat die größten Chancen den Platz von Joseph Ratzinger einzunehmen? . NewsAT . 11 February 2013 . 20 March 2013 . 14 February 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130214022959/http://www.news.at/a/papst-benedikt-xvi-moegliche-nachfolger . dead .
27. Web site: Hungarian Erdo "favourite as next pope" - papal entourage . The Italian Insider . 11 February 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130216041627/http://www.italianinsider.it/?q=node%2F1357 . 16 February 2013 . dmy-all .
28. Web site: Boston's sandal-wearing Cardinal O'Malley getting papal buzz . NBC News . 20 February 2013 . 20 February 2013 . Connor . Tracy . 23 February 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130223235928/http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/02/20/17031704-bostons-sandal-wearing-cardinal-omalley-getting-papal-buzz?lite&ocid=msnhp&pos=1 . live .
29. Web site: Canadian Cardinal Marc Ouellet among frontrunners to replace Pope Benedict XVI . National Post . 11 February 2013.
30. News: Cardinals start to winnow down papal candidates lists. Reuters. March 1, 2013. 18 March 2013. Tom Heneghan. 12 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160312125511/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-succession-candidates-idUSBRE9200QK20130301. live.
31. News: CARDINAL GIANFRANCO RAVASI. USA Today. March 10, 2013. 18 March 2013. Katharine Lackey. 16 March 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130316032635/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/03/10/cardinal-gianfranco-ravasi/1976911/. live.
32. Web site: Argentine Cardinal Possible Successor To Pope Benedict XVI . . Leonardo . Sandri . 11 February 2013 . 20 March 2013 . 15 February 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130215100600/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/11/leonardo-sandri-argentine-argentina-pope-benedict-resigns_n_2663615.html . live .
33. News: Un ticket per votare il primo Papa latinoamericano. La Stampa. March 2, 2013. 18 March 2013. Gerard O'Connell, Andrea Tornielli. 10 March 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130310043509/http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/the-vatican/detail/articolo/22983/. dead.
34. Web site: Who Will Take Up the Keys of Peter=Sandro Magister. 14 February 2013. 15 March 2013. 17 February 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130217074510/http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/1350433?eng=y. live.
35. News: Donadio . Rachel . Pope Benedict XVI Says He Will Resign . 11 February 2013 . The New York Times . 11 February 2013 . Alan Cowell . 7 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200607114513/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/12/world/europe/pope-benedict-xvi-says-he-will-retire.html . live .
36. News: A look at possible papal contenders . CNN . 2 March 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130302034551/http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2013/02/world/pope-contenders/index.html?hpt=hp_bn2 . 2 March 2013 .
37. News: Scola becomes "papabile" again: The Americans are also with him . . March 3, 2013 . 18 March 2013 . Andrea Tornielli . 10 March 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130310043509/http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/the-vatican/detail/articolo/22983/ . dead .
38. Web site: Austrian Cardinal Schoenborn a favored papal candidate _ but mom does not want him in the job . . March 12, 2013 . 18 March 2013 . Associated Press . 17 March 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130317201646/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/03/12/austrian-cardinal-schoenborn-favored-papal-candidate-but-mom-does-not-want-him/ . live .
39. Web site: The Next Pope Book Review: A conclave form guide. 3 October 2020 . The Catholic Weekly. 15 October 2020. 19 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201019080651/https://www.catholicweekly.com.au/the-next-pope-book-review-a-conclave-form-guide/. live. Retrieved on 15 October 2020.
40. Web site: Is the Next Pope on This List of Possibilities?. 22 July 2020 . National Catholic Register. 15 October 2020. 17 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201017112351/https://www.ncregister.com/features/is-the-next-pope-on-this-list-of-possibilities. live.
41. Web site: 29 September 2015. John Paul Adams. Sede Vacante 1799-1800. 31 January 2019. 21 February 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140221142203/http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1800.html. live.
42. Web site: Gregory XVI (Cappellari). Pickle Publishing. 2005. 31 January 2019. 31 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190131040233/http://www.pickle-publishing.com/papers/triple-crown-gregory-xvi.htm. live.
43. Book: Kertzer, David I.. David Kertzer. The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe. 2014. Oxford University Press. 9780198716167. 7 September 2017. 12 January 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230112150430/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc3QAgAAQBAJ. live.
44. First Things. Pope John XXIII: Conserver of Tradition. Doino. William Jr.. 2 July 2012. 28 April 2014. 28 April 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140428003418/http://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2012/07/pope-john-xxiii-conserver-of-tradition. live.
45. Time Magazine. In Rome, a Week off Suspense 28 August 1978
46. Time Magazine. A Swift, Stunning Choice 4 September 1978
47. Book: Inside the Vatican: The Politics and Organization of the Catholic Church . Thomas Reese, S.J. . Harvard University Press . 1998 . 978-0-674-93261-6 . 91 & 99.