Pantherinae Explained

The Pantherinae is a subfamily of the Felidae; it was named and first described by Reginald Innes Pocock in 1917 as only including the Panthera species,[1] but later also came to include the clouded leopards (genus Neofelis). The Pantherinae genetically diverged from a common ancestor between and .[2] [3]

Characteristics

Pantherinae species are characterised by an imperfectly ossified hyoid bone with elastic tendons that enable their larynx to be mobile.[1] They have a flat rhinarium that only barely reaches the dorsal side of the nose. The area between the nostrils is narrow, and not extended sidewards as in the Felinae.[4]

The Panthera species have a single, rounded, vocal fold with a thick mucosal lining, a large vocalis muscle, and a large cricothyroid muscle with long and narrow membranes. A vocal fold that is longer than 19mm enables all but the snow leopard among them to roar, as it has shorter vocal folds of 9mm that provide a lower resistance to airflow; this distinction was one reason it was proposed to be retained in the genus Uncia.[5] [6]

Evolution

The Felidae originated in Central Asia in the Late Miocene; the subfamily Pantherinae diverged from the Felidae between and .[2] [3] Several fossil Panthera species were described:

Notes and References

  1. Pocock . R. I. . 1917 . The Classification of existing Felidae . The Annals and Magazine of Natural History . Series 8 . XX . 329–350 . 10.1080/00222931709487018 .
  2. Johnson, W. E. . Eizirik, E. . Pecon-Slattery, J. . Murphy, W. J. . Antunes, A. . Teeling, E. . O'Brien, S. J. . amp . The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: a genetic assessment . 2006 . Science . 311 . 5757 . 73–77 . 16400146 . 10.1126/science.1122277 . 2006Sci...311...73J . 41672825 .
  3. Li, G. . Davis, B. W. . Eizirik, E. . Murphy, W. J. . amp . 2016 . Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae) . Genome Research . 26 . 1 . 1–11 . 10.1101/gr.186668.114 . 26518481 . 4691742.
  4. Hemmer . H. . 1966 . Untersuchungen zur Stammesgeschichte der Pantherkatzen (Pantherinae). Teil I . Researching the phylogenetic history of the Pantherinae. Part I . Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung München . 11 . 1–121 .
  5. Hast . M. H. . 1989 . The larynx of roaring and non-roaring cats . Journal of Anatomy . 163 . 117–121 . 1256521 . 2606766.
  6. Weissengruber . G. E. . G. . Forstenpointner . G. . Peters . A. . Kübber-Heiss . W. T. . Fitch . Hyoid apparatus and pharynx in the lion (Panthera leo), jaguar (Panthera onca), tiger (Panthera tigris), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) and domestic cat (Felis silvestris f. catus) . Journal of Anatomy . 195–209 . 2002 . 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00088.x . 1570911 . 201 . 3 . 12363272.
  7. Tseng . Z.J. . Wang . X. . Slater . G.J. . Takeuchi . G.T. . Li . Q. . Liu . J. . Xie . G. . amp . 2014 . Himalayan fossils of the oldest known pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats . Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . 281 . 1774 . 20132686 . 10.1098/rspb.2013.2686 . 24225466 . 3843846.
  8. Hemmer. H.. 29 March 2023. The evolution of the palaeopantherine cats, Palaeopanthera gen. nov. blytheae (Tseng et al., 2014) and Palaeopanthera pamiri (Ozansoy, 1959) comb. nov. (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae). Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 10.1007/s12549-023-00571-5. 257842190 .
  9. Mazák, J. H. . Christiansen, P. . Kitchener, A. C. . amp . 2011 . Oldest Known Pantherine Skull and Evolution of the Tiger . PLOS ONE . 6 . 10 . e25483 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0025483 . free . 22016768 . 3189913 . 2011PLoSO...625483M.
  10. Marciszak. A. . Presence of Panthera gombaszoegensis (Kretzoi, 1938) in the late Middle Pleistocene of Biśnik Cave, Poland, with an overview of Eurasian jaguar size variability . Quaternary International . 326-327 . 2014 . 105–113 . 10.1016/j.quaint.2013.12.029 . 2014QuInt.326..105M.
  11. Sotnikova, M.V. . Foronova, I.V. . amp . 2014 . First Asian record of Panthera (Leo) fossilis (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) in the Early Pleistocene of Western Siberia, Russia . Integrative Zoology . 9 . 4 . 517–530 . 10.1111/1749-4877.12082 . 24382145.
  12. Burger . J. . Rosendahl . W. . Loreille . O. . Hemmer . H. . Eriksson . T. . Götherström . A. . Hiller . J. . Collins . M. J. . Wess . T. . Alt . K. W. . amp . Molecular phylogeny of the extinct cave lion Panthera leo spelaea . . 30 . 3 . 841–849 . 2004 . 10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.020 . 15012963.
  13. Christiansen. P. . Harris . J. M. . amp . Craniomandibular morphology and phylogenetic affinities of Panthera atrox: implications for the evolution and paleobiology of the lion lineage . 2009 . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 29 . 3 . 934–945 . 10.1671/039.029.0314. 85975640 .
  14. Sabol, M. . 2011 . Masters of the lost world: a hypothetical look at the temporal and spatial distribution of lion-like felids . Quaternaire . 4 . Hors-série . 229–236 .
  15. Stinnesbeck, S. R.. Stinnesbeck, W. . Frey, E. . Avilés Olguín, J. . Rojas Sandoval, C. . Velázquez Morlet, A. . González, A. H. . 2019 . Panthera balamoides and other Pleistocene felids from the submerged caves of Tulum, Quintana Roo, Mexico . Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology . 32 . 7 . 930–939 . 10.1080/08912963.2018.1556649 . 92328512.
  16. Schubert, B. W. . Chatters, J. C. . Arroyo-Cabrales, J. . Samuels, J. X. . Soibelzon, L. H. . Prevosti, F. J. . Widga, C. . Nava, A. . Rissolo, D. . Erreguerena, P. L. . 2019 . Yucatán carnivorans shed light on the Great American Biotic Interchange . Biology Letters . 15 . 5 . Article ID 20190148 . 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0148 . 31039726 . 6548739 .
  17. Ruiz-Ramoni, D. . Montellano-Ballesteros, M. . Arroyo-Cabrales, J. . Caso, A. . Carvajal-Villarreal, S. . 2019. The large jaguar that lived in the past of Mexico: a forgotten fossil . Therya . 11 . 1 . 33–40 . 10.12933/therya-20-821 . free . 11336/143724 . free.
  18. Kretzoi, M.. 1938 . Die Raubtiere von Gombaszo ̈g nebst einer Ubersicht der Gesamtfauna . Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici . 3.
  19. Wei . L. . Wu . X. . Jiang . Z. . amp . 2008 . The complete mitochondrial genome structure of snow leopard Panthera uncia . Molecular Biology Reports . 36 . 5 . 871–878 . 10.1007/s11033-008-9257-9. 18431688 . 22736941.
  20. Yu . L. . Qing-wei . L. . Ryder . O.A. . Ya-ping . Z. . amp . 2004 . Phylogenetic relationships within mammalian order Carnivora indicated by sequences of two nuclear DNA genes . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 33 . 3. 694–705 . 10.1016/j.ympev.2004.08.001 . 15522797 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110707030924/http://www.ymf.ynu.edu.cn/SCI/2004SCI/2004/Li%20Yu(2004-2M.P.E).pdf . 2011-07-07.
  21. Yu, L. . Zhang, Y. P. . 2005 . Phylogenetic studies of pantherine cats (Felidae) based on multiple genes, with novel application of nuclear beta fibrinogen intron 7 to carnivores . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 35 . 2 . 483–495 . 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.01.017. 15804417.
  22. Geraads, D. . Peigné, S. . 2016 . Re-Appraisal of Felis pamiri Ozansoy, 1959 (Carnivora, Felidae) from the Upper Miocene of Turkey: the Earliest Pantherine Cat? . Journal of Mammalian Evolution . 24 . 4 . 415–425 . 10.1007/s10914-016-9349-6 . 207195894 .
  23. Kitchener . A. C. . Breitenmoser-Würsten . C. . Eizirik . E. . Gentry . A. . Werdelin . L. . Wilting . A. . Yamaguchi . N. . Abramov . A. V. . Christiansen . P. . Driscoll . C. . Duckworth . J. W. . Johnson . W. . Luo . S.-J. . Meijaard . E. . O'Donoghue . P. . Sanderson . J. . Seymour . K. . Bruford . M. . Groves . C. . Hoffmann . M. . Nowell . K. . Timmons . Z. . Tobe . S. . 2017 . A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group . Cat News . Special Issue 11 . 64−75 .
  24. Geraads, D. . Peigné, S . Re-appraisal of Felis' pamiri Ozansoy 1959 (Carnivora, Felidae) from the upper Miocene of Turkey: the earliest pantherine cat? |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=415–425 |year=2017 |url=https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01675275/document |doi=10.1007/s10914-016-9349-6|s2cid=207195894 }}[8]

    An additional fossil genus Leontoceryx was described in 1938.[18]

    There is evidence of distinct markers for the mitochondrial genome for Felidae.[19] [20]

    Results of a DNA-based study indicate that the tiger (Panthera tigris) branched off first, followed by the jaguar (P. onca), the lion (P. leo), then the leopard (P. pardus) and snow leopard (P. uncia).[21]

    Felis pamiri, formerly referred to as Metailurus, is now considered a probable relative of extant Pantherinae and was moved to the genus Miopanthera.[22]

    Taxonomy

    Pocock originally defined the Pantherinae as comprising the genera Panthera and Uncia. Today, Uncia has been subsumed into Panthera, and the genus Neofelis is also included.[23]

    Living genera

    The following table shows the extant taxa within the Pantherinae, grouped according to the traditional phenotypical classification.

    See also

    External links

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