Panglima (Jawi script: Malay: {{Script/Arabic|ڤڠليما) a military title used in Indonesia and Malaysia, and historically in the Philippines. It means 'a commander of a body of troops'.[1] In the past it is used to call some prominent military leaders in Malay world. In modern times it is reserved for the chiefs of the armed forces of Indonesia and Malaysia and some other posts.
As stipulated in article 10 of Indonesian Constitution, the President of Indonesia is the Supreme Commander of Indonesian Armed Forces (Indonesian: Panglima Tertinggi Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia).[2] Essentially it is parallel to the title 'Commander-in-Chief' in other countries, e.g. the United States.
During the Old Order era, this title is included into many honorific titles that were often mentioned each time Sukarno's name was written or read in speeches, edicts, or news.
In Indonesian National Armed Forces the highest position overseeing the three branches - Army, Navy, Air Force - is called Indonesian: Panglima Tentara National Indonesia ('Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces'). Before the separation of the National Police from the Armed forces in 2000, the Armed Forces consisted of four branches. The Armed Forces were named Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia, which comprised TNI and the Police. The commander of the Armed Forces was called Indonesian: Panglima ABRI accordingly, or usually known with the acronym Indonesian: Pangab.
According to the revised Constitution Indonesian: Panglima TNI is appointed by the President after confirmed by DPR. Before the Constitution was amended in 2002, the President had the prerogative right to appoint or dismiss the 'Panglima' at his pleasure.
The honorific title Indonesian: Panglima Besar, meaning 'Grand Commander' was bestowed informally upon Sudirman, the first Commander of the Armed Forces and legendary leader of guerilla war during Indonesian National Revolution (1945–1949).
Beside the use for 'Panglima TNI', the title 'Panglima' is also used for many formations within the Armed Forces.
The commander of Kostrad, a formation within the Indonesian Army, is called Indonesian: Panglima Kostrad. One of such notable Indonesian: Panglima Kostrad is the first, Suharto, who later became a President of Indonesia (1968–1998), and the second, Umar Wirahadikusumah, who became Vice President of Indonesia (1983–1988).
Each commander of Regional Military Commands (Indonesian: Komando Daerah Militer, usually known with the acronym Indonesian: Kodam) has the title Indonesian: Panglima Daerah Militer or Indonesian: Pangdam. There are 15 Kodam, each with one Pangdam.
Each commander of the three Fleet Commands is given title 'Panglima'. The commander of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Fleet Command (Indonesian: Komando Armada I/II/III), are known as Indonesian: Panglima Armada I/II/III or Indonesian: Pangarmada I/II/III.
Similar to the Navy, each commander of the three Air Force Operations Commands is also given title 'Panglima'. The commander of Air Force Operations Command - 1/2/3 (Indonesian: Komando Operasi TNI Angkatan Udara I/II/II or Koopsau I/II/III), are known as Indonesian: Panglima Koopsau I/II/III.
The highest position in Military Sea-lift Command (Indonesian: Komando Lintas Laut Militer / Kolinlamil) are given the title of 'Panglima', which is Indonesian: Panglima Kolinlamil.
Upon the formation of the Fourth Working Cabinet (19 November 1963), the title 'Panglima' was used for the commander of each branch of Indonesian Armed Forces.[3] They were also members of the Cabinet. Therefore, they were given the title Indonesian: Menteri (Minister), appointed directly by the President. As such, their titles were:
This use was discontinued in the New Order era, replaced with the title Indonesian: Kepala Staf (Chief of Staff) for the commander of three branches and Indonesian: Kepala (Chief) for the Chief of National Police.
Prior to January 2022, National Air Defence Forces Command (Indonesian: Komando Pertahanan Udara Nasional / Kohanudnas) also use the title of 'Panglima' for its highest position, which is Indonesian: Panglima Kohanudnas and for its each Commander of Air Defense Sector (Indonesian: Panglima Komando Sektor Pertahanan Udara Nasional or Indonesian: Pangkosek Hanudnas).
In Malaysian Armed Forces (Angkatan Tentera Malaysia) the highest position overseeing the branches - Army, Navy, Air Force - is called [[Chief of Defence Forces (Malaysia)|Panglima Angkatan Tentera Malaysia]] (in official English translation: Chief of Defence Force).
Each branch of Malaysian Armed Forces has a Panglima at its head. Chief of Army is Panglima Tentera Darat, Chief of Navy is Panglima Tentera Laut, and Chief of Air Force is Panglima Tentera Udara. Each of them also has a deputy commander, called Timbalan Panglima (Deputy Chief).
The word 'Panglima' is used for several titles in the orders and decorations of Malaysia, such as Panglima Mangku Negara (P.M.N), Panglima Setia Mahkota (P.S.M.), Panglima Jasa Negara (P.J.N.), and Panglima Setia Diraja (P.S.D.).
PASKAL, Royal Malaysian Navy's special operation force, is also known as Panglima Hitam.