Palmatine Explained

Palmatine is a protoberberine alkaloid found in several plants including Phellodendron amurense, Coptis Chinensis[1] (Rhizoma coptidis, chinese goldthread) and Corydalis yanhusuo,[2] Tinospora cordifolia[3] (gurjo, heart-leaved moonseed), Tinospora sagittata,[4] Phellodendron amurense[5] (amur cork tree), Stephania yunnanensis.[6]

It is the major component of the protoberberine extract from Enantia chlorantha.[7]

It has been studied for its potential use in the treatment of jaundice, dysentery, hypertension, inflammation, and liver-related diseases.[8] This compound also has weak in vitro activity against flavivirus.[9]

Pharmacology

Neuroprotective activity

Palmatine can be used to treat Alzheimer’s disease, mainly by inhibiting the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and neuraminidase-1 (NA-1). It was found, that the positively charged nitrogen on palmatine binds in the gorge of active sire of AChE.[10]

Research show that palmatine had antidepressant effect. It was achieved by regulating brain catalase levels, monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) activity, lipid peroxidation, plasma nitrite and corticosterone levels.[11]

Regulating blood lipid activity

Palmatine achieved hypoglycemic effects by inducing insulin release and insulin-mimicking activity.[12] [13] In addition, studies found that palmatine also inhibited the activity of lens aldose reductase,[14] sucrase and maltase.[15] In vivo research showed that palmatine reduced serum total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) and increased serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.[16]

Anticancer activity

Research showed that palmatine had broad anti-cancer activity. Palmatine had significant growth inhibitory effects on seven human cancer cell lines: 7701QGY, SMMC7721, HepG2, CEM, CEM/VCR, K III and Lewis.[17] In addition, palmatine also had anti-cancer activity on MCF-7, U251, KB,[18] CHOK-1, HT-29 and SiHacell lines.[19] Palmatine induced apoptosis in human skin epithelial carcinoma cells (A431) in a concentration- and time-dependent manner via damaging severely to DNA and inhibiting the activity of Bcl-2 protein.[20] [21] [22] In addition, palmatine can inhibit the proliferation and infiltration of cancer cells.

Antibacterial and antiviral activity

Palmitine has inhibitory effect on Gram-positive bacteria which is significantly stronger than that on Gram-negative bacteria,[23] and 9-O-substituted palmatine derivatives exhibited stronger antibacterial activity.[24] [25]

Anti-inflammatory activity

Studies have shown that palmatine can decrease the production of pro-inflammatory factors and increase the production of anti-inflammatory factors.[26]

Other pharmacological activity

Studies have shown that palmatine chave antioxidant activity,[27] [28] had a protective effect on gastric ulcer,[29] derivatives of palmatine were more effective against ulcerative colitis, including low cytotoxicity to intestinal epithelial cells.[30] In addition, palmatine might have the antiarrhythmic effect,[31] and provideprotection from myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.[32]

Toxicity

A large number of studies have shown that palmatine has a complex effect on the metabolism of enzymes in the liver, and that palmatine has significant DNA toxicity.[33] However, some 9-O-substituted palmatine derivatives exhibited less toxic than palmatine.[34] In addition, palmatine had higher affinity to nucleic acids than serum proteins, which make them suitable candidates for delivery by serum proteins.[35]

See also

References

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