| Ipa Symbol: | p |
| Ipa Number: | 101 |
| Decimal: | 112 |
| Xsampa: | p |
| Braille: | p |
The voiceless bilabial plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in most spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is (IPA|p), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is p.
Features of the voiceless bilabial plosive:
| IPA | Description | |
|---|---|---|
| pronounced as /p/ | plain p | |
| pronounced as /pʰ/ | aspirated p | |
| pronounced as /pˠ/ | velarized p | |
| pronounced as /pʲ/ | palatalized p | |
| pronounced as /pʷ/ | labialized p | |
| pronounced as /p̚/ | p with no audible release | |
| pronounced as /p̌/ | voiced p | |
| pronounced as /p͈/ | tense p | |
| pronounced as /pʼ/ | ejective p |
Research has shown that incidental learning positively impacts the acquisition of the /p/ sound for Arabic speakers and other EFL learners.[1] [2] This is particularly interesting given that the stop pronounced as //p// is missing from about 10% of languages that have a pronounced as //b//. (See voiced velar stop for another such gap.) This is an areal feature of the circum-Saharan zone (Africa north of the equator plus the Arabian Peninsula). It is not known how old this areal feature is, and whether it might be a recent phenomenon due to Arabic as a prestige language (Arabic shifted pronounced as //p// to pronounced as //f// but the timing of this change is not known), or whether Arabic was itself affected by a more ancient areal pattern. It is found in other areas as well; for example, Fijian, Onge, and many Papuan languages have pronounced as //b// but no pronounced as //p//.
Nonetheless, the pronounced as //p// sound is very common cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain pronounced as //p//, and some distinguish more than one variety. Many Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindustani, have a two-way contrast between the aspirated pronounced as //pʰ// and the plain pronounced as //p// (also transcribed as pronounced as /[p˭]/ in extensions to the IPA).
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe; Adygei: [[Cyrillic script|'''п'''аӏо]]/paio | 'hat' | |||||
| Pushto; Pashto: [[Perso-Arabic alphabet|پاپيش]]|rtl=yes/pāpīš | pronounced as /[paːpiːʃ]/ | 'beautiful girls' | ||||
| Hejazi | بول|rtl=yes/پول|rtl=yes/pōl | pronounced as /[po̞ːl]/ | 'Paul' | Only used in loanwords, transcribed and pronounced as (IPA|ب) by many speakers. | ||
| Egyptian | كبش|rtl=yes/kabš | pronounced as /[kɛpʃ]/ | 'ram' | Allophone of [b] before unvoiced consonants. Also used in loanwords. | ||
| Armenian | Eastern | Armenian: [[Armenian alphabet|'''պ'''ապիկ]]/papik | 'grandpa' | Contrasts with aspirated form | ||
| Assyrian | ܦܬܐ [[Syriac alphabet|'''p'''ata]] | pronounced as /[pata]/ | 'face' | |||
| Basque | Basa: [[Basque alphabet|harra'''p'''atu]] | pronounced as /[(h)arapatu]/ | 'to catch' | |||
| পথ | pronounced as /[pɔtʰ]/ | 'road' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | |||
| Catalan; Valencian: [[Catalan orthography|'''p'''or]] | pronounced as /[ˈpɔ(ɾ)]/ | 'fear' | See Catalan phonology | |||
| Chuvash | путене/putene | [put̬ʲɛ'nɛ] | 'quail' | |||
| Czech: [[Czech orthography|'''p'''es]] | pronounced as /[pɛs]/ | 'dog' | See Czech phonology | |||
| Standard | Danish: [[Danish alphabet|'''b'''og]] | pronounced as /[ˈpɔ̽wˀ]/ | 'book' | Usually transcribed in IPA with (IPA|b̥) or (IPA|b). It may be partially voiced pronounced as /link/ in the intervocalic position. It contrasts with aspirated form, which is usually transcribed in IPA with (IPA|pʰ) or (IPA|p). See Danish phonology | ||
| Dutch; Flemish: [[Dutch orthography|'''p'''licht]] | pronounced as /[plɪxt]/ | 'duty' | See Dutch phonology | |||
| pronounced as /[pʰæk]/ | 'pack' | See English phonology | ||||
| Esperanto: [[Esperanto orthography|tem'''p'''o]] | pronounced as /[ˈtempo]/ | 'time' | See Esperanto phonology | |||
| Filipino; Pilipino: [[Filipino alphabet|'''p'''ato]] | pronounced as /[paˈto]/ | 'duck' | ||||
| Finnish: [[Finnish orthography|'''p'''a'''pp'''a]] | pronounced as /[ˈpɑpːɑ]/ | 'grandpa' | See Finnish phonology | |||
| French: [[French orthography|'''p'''omme]] | pronounced as /[pɔm]/ | 'apple' | See French phonology | |||
| Gan Chinese | Nanchangnese | [[Chinese characters|把戲]] | pronounced as /[pa˨˩ ɕi˩]/ | 'magic' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nanchangnese phonology | |
| German: [[German orthography|'''P'''ack]] | pronounced as /[pʰak]/ | 'pile' | ||||
| Greek, Modern (1453-);: [[Greek alphabet|'''π'''όδι]] / [[Romanization of Greek|'''p'''ódi]] | pronounced as /[ˈpo̞ði]/ | 'leg' | See Modern Greek phonology | |||
| Gujarati: [[Gujarati alphabet|'''પ'''ગ]]/pag | pronounced as /[pəɡ]/ | 'foot' | See Gujarati phonology | |||
| Hakka Chinese | Meizhounese | [[Chinese characters|河壩]] / ho² ba⁴ | pronounced as /[ho˩ pa˥]/ | 'river' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Meizhounese phonology | |
| Hebrew | Hebrew: [[Hebrew alphabet|'''פּ'''קיד]]|rtl=yes/pakid | pronounced as /[pakid]/ | 'clerk' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | ||
| Urdu | پل/pal | pronounced as /[pəl]/ | 'moment' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology | ||
| Hindi | Hindi: [[Devanāgarī|पल]] / pal | |||||
| Hungarian: [[Hungarian orthography|'''p'''á'''p'''a]] | pronounced as /[ˈpaːpɒ]/ | 'pope' | See Hungarian phonology | |||
| Italian: [[Italian alphabet|'''p'''a'''p'''à]] | pronounced as /[paˈpa]/ | 'dad' | See Italian phonology | |||
| Japanese: [[katakana|ポスト]] / Japanese: [[Romanization of Japanese|'''p'''osuto]] | pronounced as /[posɯto]/ | 'mailbox' | See Japanese phonology | |||
| Kabardian: [[Cyrillic script|'''п'''э]]/pė | 'nose' | |||||
| Central Khmer: [[Khmer script|ពន្យល់]] / | pronounced as /[pɔnjɔl]/ | 'to explain' | See Khmer phonology | |||
| Korean: [[Hangul|빛]] / [[Romanization of Korean|'''b'''it]] | pronounced as /[pit̚]/ | 'light' | See Korean phonology | |||
| Kurdish | Northern | Kurdish: [[Kurdish alphabet|'''p'''or]] | pronounced as /[ˈpʰoːɾ]/ | 'hair' | See Kurdish phonology | |
| Central | Kurdish: [[Kurdish alphabet|پیرۆزە]]/píroze | pronounced as /[pʰiːɾoːzæ]/ | 'lammergeier' | |||
| Southern | Kurdish: [[Kurdish alphabet|پۊنگه]]/pûûnga | pronounced as /[pʰʉːŋa]/ | 'pennyroyal' | |||
| púza | pronounced as /[ˈpʊza]/ | 'dry' | ||||
| Lithuanian | pastatas | [ˈpaːstɐtɐs] | 'building' | See Lithuanian phonology | ||
| Luxembourgish; Letzeburgesch: '''b'''ëlleg | pronounced as /[ˈpələɕ]/ | 'cheap' | Less often voiced pronounced as /link/. It is usually transcribed pronounced as //b//, and contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed pronounced as //p//. See Luxembourgish phonology | |||
| пее/pee | pronounced as /[pɛː]/ | 'sing' | See Macedonian phonology | |||
| pronounced as /[pänäs]/ | 'hot' | Often unreleased in syllable codas so /p/ is read as [{{IPA link|p̚}}] instead in lembap pronounced as /[ləmbap̚]/ 'damp'. See Malay phonology | ||||
| Norwegian: [[Maltese alphabet|a'''p'''tit]] | pronounced as /[apˈtit]/ | 'appetite' | ||||
| Mandarin | Dungan | pronounced as /[pɑŋ˨˦ t͡sʰou˨˦]/ | 'to assist' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Dungan phonology | ||
| Nanjingnese | [[Chinese characters|半大子]] | pronounced as /[pɑŋ˦ tɑ˦ tsz̩]/ | 'teenager' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nanjingnese phonology | ||
| Sichuanese | [[Chinese characters|不算事]] / bu² suan⁴ si⁴ | pronounced as /[pu˨˩ suan˨˩˧ sz̩˨˩˧]/ | 'ineffective' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Sichuanese phonology | ||
| Standard | [[Chinese characters|爆炸]] / bàozhà | 'to explode' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Standard Chinese phonology | |||
| Xi'annese | [[Chinese characters|迸]] | pronounced as /[pəŋ˦]/ | 'mattock' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Xi'annese phonology | ||
| Marathi: [[Devanāgarī|पाऊस]]/paa'uus/pā'ūs | pronounced as /[pɑːˈuːs]/ | 'rain' | See Marathi phonology | |||
| Min Chinese | Hokkien | [[Chinese characters|咖啡]] / ko-pi | pronounced as /[ko˨ pi˦]/ | 'coffee' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hokkien phonology | |
| Teochew | [[Chinese characters|僻]] / piah4 | pronounced as /[pʰiaʔ˨]/ | 'remote' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Teochew phonology | ||
| Fuzhounese | [[Chinese characters|白撞]] / băh-dâung | pronounced as /[paʔ˨˩ lɑuŋ˨˦˨]/ | 'trespasser' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Fuzhounese phonology | ||
| '''p'''o·čor | pronounced as /[poːt͡ʃor]/ | 'a sore' | ||||
| [[Devanāgarī|'''पि'''ता]]/pitā | pronounced as /[pit̪ä]/ | 'father' | See Nepali phonology | |||
| Norwegian: [[Norwegian alphabet|'''p'''a'''pp'''a]] | pronounced as /[pɑpːɑ]/ | 'dad' | See Norwegian phonology | |||
| Oriya: [[Odia script|'''ପ'''ଥର]]/pathara | pronounced as /[pɔʈʰɔrɔ]/ | 'stone' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |||
| Pushto; Pashto: [[Perso-Arabic alphabet|پانير]]|rtl=yes/pa'nir | pronounced as /[pɑˈnir]/ | 'cheese' | ||||
| Persian | پول/pul | pronounced as /[pul]/ | 'money' | |||
| '''p'''ibaóí | pronounced as /[ˈpìbàóí̯]/ | 'otter' | ||||
| Polish: [[Polish orthography|'''p'''as]] | 'belt' | See Polish phonology | ||||
| Portuguese: [[Portuguese orthography|'''p'''ai]] | pronounced as /[paj]/ | 'father' | See Portuguese phonology | |||
| Punjabi | ਪੱਤਾ/pattaa/pattā | pronounced as /[pət̪ːäː]/ | 'leaf' | |||
| Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: [[Romanian alphabet|'''p'''as]] | pronounced as /[pas]/ | 'step' | See Romanian phonology | |||
| Russian: [[Russian orthography|'''п'''лод]]/plod | pronounced as /[pɫot̪]/ | 'fruit' | Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology | |||
| [[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|'''п'''иће]] / [[Gaj's Latin alphabet|'''p'''iće]] | pronounced as /[pǐːt͡ɕě]/ | 'drink' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |||
| Slovak: [[Slovak alphabet|'''p'''es]] | pronounced as /[pɛ̝s]/ | 'dog' | ||||
| Slovene | Slovenian: [[Slovene orthography|'''p'''es]] | pronounced as /[pə̂s̪]/ | 'dog' | See Slovene phonology | ||
| Spanish; Castilian: [[Spanish orthography|'''p'''eso]] | pronounced as /[ˈpe̞so̞]/ | 'weight' | See Spanish phonology | |||
| Swahili | pombe | pronounced as /[ˈpoᵐbɛ]/ | 'beer' | |||
| Swedish: [[Swedish alphabet|a'''p'''a]] | pronounced as /[ˈɑːˌpa]/ | 'monkey' | See Swedish phonology | |||
| Telugu: [[Telugu script|పని]] | pronounced as /[pani]/ | 'work' | Contrasts with aspirated form in old Telugu. However aspirated form is almost always pronounced as voiceless labiodental fricative in modern Telugu. | |||
| Thai | / | [pɛ̂ːŋ] | 'powder' | See Thai phonology | ||
| пу/pu | pronounced as /[pʰu]/ | 'side' | Contrasts with ejective form. | |||
| Turkish: [[Turkish alphabet|ka'''p''']] | pronounced as /[ˈkʰɑp]/ | 'pot' | See Turkish phonology | |||
| Ukrainian: [[Ukrainian alphabet|'''п'''авук]]/pavuk | pronounced as /[pɐˈβ̞uk]/ | 'spider' | See Ukrainian phonology | |||
| Vietnamese | Vietnamese: [[Vietnamese alphabet|nhí'''p''']] | pronounced as /[ɲip˧ˀ˥]/ | 'tweezers' | See Vietnamese phonology | ||
| Welsh | siop | [ʃɔp] | 'shop' | See Welsh phonology | ||
| West Frisian | Western Frisian: '''p'''anne | pronounced as /[ˈpɔnə]/ | 'pan' | |||
| Wu Chinese | Shanghainese | [[Chinese characters|司必靈]] / sy-piq-lin | pronounced as /[sz̩˧ pi̯ɪʔ˦ lin˨]/ | 'spring' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Shanghainese phonology | |
| Suzhounese | [[Chinese characters|標緻]] / piau¹-tsyu⁵ | pronounced as /[pi̯æ˥ tsz̩ʷ˨˩]/ | 'pretty' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Suzhounese phonology | ||
| Wenzhounese | [[Chinese characters|眼淚八汁]] / nga⁴-lei⁶-po⁷-tsai⁷ | pronounced as /[ŋa lei̯ po˥˧ tsai̯˩˨]/ | 'tear' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Wenzhounese phonology | ||
| Yi | Sichuan Yi; Nuosu: [[Yi script|ꀠ]] / Sichuan Yi; Nuosu: '''b'''a | pronounced as /[pa˧]/ | 'exchange' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. | ||
| Yue Chinese | Cantonese | [[Chinese characters|豬頭丙]] / zyu¹ tau⁴ bing² | pronounced as /[t͡ʃyː˥ tʰɐu̯˨˩ pɪŋ˧˥]/ | 'blockhead' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Cantonese phonology | |
| Taishanese | [[Chinese characters|白]] | pronounced as /[pak̚˧˩]/ | 'white' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Taishanese phonology | ||
| Central Alaskan Yup'ik | '''p'''anik | pronounced as /[panik]/ | 'daughter' | |||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan | pan | pronounced as /[paŋ]/ | 'bread' | ||
pronounced as /navigation/