Olive-backed woodpecker explained

The olive-backed woodpecker (Gecinulus rafflesii) is a species of bird in the woodpecker family Picidae that is found in Southeast Asia.

Taxonomy

The olive-backed woodpecker was described by the Irish zoologist Nicholas Aylward Vigors in 1830 from a specimen collected by Stamford Raffles. Vigors coined the binomial name Picus rafflesii,^{[1] [2]} with the specific epithet chosen to honour the memory of Raffles.^[3] The type location is Sumatra.^[4] The species is now placed in the genus Dinopium that was introduced by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1814.^{[5] [6]}

A large phylogenetic study of the woodpecker family Picidae published in 2017 found that the olive-backed woodpecker (Gecinulus rafflesii) is more closely related to the pale-headed woodpecker (Gecinulus grantia).^[7] It may, therefore, be more appropriately assigned to the genus Chloropicoides.^[8]

Two subspecies are recognised:^[6]

• G. r. rafflesii (Vigors, 1830) – south Myanmar, southwest Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Bangka Island (east of Sumatra)
• G. r. dulitense Delacour, 1946 – Borneo

Description

The olive-backed woodpecker has yellow-green upperparts and gray-olive underparts. The side of the head has two black and white stripes. The male has a large red crest, the female has a smaller black crest.^[9]

Distribution and habitat

The olive-backed woodpecker has a wide range in Southeast Asia, occurring in Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, and Indonesia (on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra). Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland, mangrove and montane forests; the species avoids clearings and secondary forest.^[10]

Conservation

Gecinulus rafflesii is threatened by illegal deforestation due to the development of palm oil plantations and the deliberate targeting of primary forest wood. These practices of deforestation even continue in protected areas. The total population of this bird is unknown but it is thought to be uncommon. It is currently classified as Near threatened by the IUCN.

Notes and References

1. Book: Raffles, Sophia . Sophia Hull . 1830 . Memoir of the life and public services of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles . London . John Murray . 669 .
2. Bruce . M.D. . 2003 . Systematic notes on Asian birds. 40. The authorship of the new bird names proposed in the 'Memoir of the Life of Raffles' by his widow, Lady Sophia Raffles (1830) . Zoologische Verhandelingen . 344 . 111–115 [113].
3. Book: Jobling, James A. . 2010. The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . limited . Christopher Helm . London . 978-1-4081-2501-4 . 330 .
4. Book: Peters . James Lee . James L. Peters . 1948 . Check-List of Birds of the World . 6 . Harvard University Press . Cambridge, Massachusetts . 146 .
5. Book: Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel . Constantine Samuel Rafinesque . 1814 . Principes Fondamentaux de Somiologie . fr . Palerme . Inside front cover .
6. Web site: Gill . Frank . Frank Gill (ornithologist) . Donsker . David . Rasmussen . Pamela . Pamela Rasmussen . 2020 . Woodpeckers . IOC World Bird List Version 10.1 . International Ornithologists' Union . 22 May 2020 .
7. Shakya . S.B. . Fuchs . J. . Pons . J.-M. . Sheldon . F.H. . 2017 . Tapping the woodpecker tree for evolutionary insight . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 116 . 182–191 . 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.09.005. 28890006 . free .
8. Kirwan . G.M. . Collar . N.J. . 2020 . Picus Rafflesii Vigors, 1830, re-assigned to Chloropicoides Malherbe, 1849 . Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club . 140 . 2 . 147–150 . 10.25226/bboc.v140i2.2020.a5. free .
9. Book: Short, Lester L. . 1982 . Woodpeckers of the World . Monograph Series 4 . Greenville, Delaware . Delaware Museum of Natural History . 489–490 . 0-913176-05-2 .
10. Web site: Olive-backed woodpecker - Dinopium rafflesii. BirdLife International.