Oliguria Explained

Oliguria
Synonyms:Hypouresis
Field:Urology

Oliguria or hypouresis is the low output of urine specifically more than 80 ml/day but less than 400ml/day.[1] The decreased output of urine may be a sign of dehydration, kidney failure, hypovolemic shock, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS), multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, urinary obstruction/urinary retention, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), pre-eclampsia, and urinary tract infections, among other conditions.

Beyond oliguria is anuria, which represents an absence of urine, clinically classified as below 80 or 100 ml/day.[1]

The term oliguria is derived from oligo-meaning "small, little," + -uria, from the Greek word ouron, meaning "urine".[2]

Definition

Oliguria is defined as a urine output that is less than 1 mL/kg/h in infants,[3] less than 0.5 mL/kg/h in children,[3] and less than 400 mL[3] or 500 mL[4] per 24h in adults - this equals 17 or 21 mL/hour. For example, in an adult weighing 70 kg it equals 0.24 or 0.3 mL/kg/h. Alternatively, however, the value of 0.5 mL/kg/h is commonly used to define oliguria in adults as well.[4]

Diagnostic approach

Perform ultrasound examination of the kidney to rule out obstructive processes.

The mechanisms causing oliguria can be categorized globally in three different categories:

Postoperative oliguria

Patients usually have a decrease in urine output after a major operation that may be a normal physiological response to:

Babies

Oliguria, when defined as less than 1 mL/kg/h, in infants is not attributed to kidney failure.[5]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Boon et al, Davidson's Principles & Practice of Medicine (20th Ed), p475
  2. Web site: Oliguria Origin and meaning of oliguria by Online Etymology Dictionary. www.etymonline.com. en. 2020-03-02.
  3. Klahr S, Miller S . Acute oliguria . N Engl J Med . 338 . 10 . 671–5 . 1998 . 9486997 . 10.1056/NEJM199803053381007. Free Full Text.
  4. http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec06/ch063/ch063f.html Merck manuals > Oliguria
  5. Arant B . Postnatal development of renal function during the first year of life . Pediatr Nephrol . 1 . 3 . 308–13 . 1987 . 3153294 . 10.1007/BF00849229. 9166918 .