List of oldest trees explained

This is a list of the oldest-known trees, as reported in reliable sources. Definitions of what constitutes an individual tree vary. In addition, tree ages are derived from a variety of sources, including documented "tree-ring" (dendrochronological) count core samples, and from estimates. For these reasons, this article presents three lists of "oldest trees," each using varying criteria.

There are three tables of trees, which are listed by age and species. The first table includes trees for which a minimum age has been directly determined, either through counting or cross-referencing tree rings or through radiocarbon dating. Many of these trees may be even older than their listed ages, but the oldest wood in the tree has rotted away. For some old trees, so much of the center is missing that their age cannot be directly determined. Instead, estimates are made based on the tree's size and presumed growth rate. The second table includes trees with these estimated ages. The last table lists clonal colonies in which no individual tree trunks may be remarkably old but in which the organism as a whole is thought to be very old.

The current record-holders for individual, non-clonal trees are the Great Basin bristlecone pine trees from California and Nevada, in the United States. Through tree-ring cross-referencing, they have been shown to be almost five millennia old.[1]

A clonal colony can survive for much longer than an individual tree. A colony of 48,000 quaking aspen trees (nicknamed Pando), covering in the Fishlake National Forest of Utah, is considered one of the oldest and largest organisms in the world. Recent estimates set the colony's age at several thousand (up to 14,000) years, although tree ring samples date individual stems at rarely more than 130 years.[2] [3] [4] [5] [6] A colony of Huon pine trees covering on Mount Read (Tasmania) is estimated to be around 10,000 years old, as determined by DNA samples taken from pollen collected from the sediment of a nearby lake. Individual trees in this group date to no more than 4,000 years old, as determined by tree ring samples.[7]

Trees with verified ages

Name Age
(years) 		Year GerminatedSpecies Location Country Notes
Prometheus
(WPN-114) 		2,900+ BCEGreat Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva 		Cut down by Donald Rusk Currey in 1964.[8]
2,832 BCEGreat Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva 		It is the oldest known living (non-clonal) tree in the world.[9]
–5,484 1,630+ BCEPatagonian cypress
Fitzroya cupressoides 		Alive.[10] New unconfirmed estimation of 5,484 years would make it the oldest (non-clonal) tree in the world.[11] Located within Alerce Costero National Park.[12]
CBR26 1,245 BCEGiant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum 		Dead.
D-21 1,199 BCEGiant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum 		Dead.
D-23 1,054 BCEGiant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum 		Dead.
CMC 3 1,012 BCEGiant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum 		Dead.
Scofield Juniper 654 BCESierra juniper
Juniperus grandis[13] 		Dead.
BLK227 626 BCEBald cypress
Taxodium distichum 		[14]
CB-90-11 443 BCERocky Mountain bristlecone pine
Pinus aristata 		[15]
Panke Baobab 398 BCEAfrican baobab
Adansonia digitata 		Matabeleland North Died in 2011; the oldest non-clonal angiosperm ever documented.[16]
287 BCESacred fig
Ficus religiosa 		A sapling claimed to be from the Bodhi tree, the legendary tree under which the Buddha is said to have become enlightened. It was brought to its current location and planted at around 288 BCE by Sanghamitra, daughter of Emperor Ashoka. It is the oldest living human-planted tree in the world with a known planting date.[17]
? 209 BCEQilian juniper
Juniperus przewalskii
? 179 BCECoast redwood
Sequoia sempervirens 		Dead.
179 BCESierra juniper
Juniperus grandis
SHP 7 89 BCEFoxtail pine
Pinus balfouriana
BLK232 68 BCEBald cypress
Taxodium distichum
? 74Subalpine larch
Larix lyallii 		[18]
CRE 175 133Rocky Mountain juniper
Juniperus scopulorum
Miles Juniper 189Sierra juniper
Juniperus grandis 		[19]
212Sugi
Cryptomeria japonica 		Japan[20]
KET 3996 298Limber pine
Pinus flexilis 		[21]
BFR-46 325Limber pine
Pinus flexilis
FL117 339Northern whitecedar
Thuja occidentalis 		[22]
ERE 352Limber pine
Pinus flexilis
RCR 1 356Foxtail pine
Pinus balfouriana
? 361Limber pine
Pinus flexilis
BBL 2 373Foxtail pine
Pinus balfouriana
BCK 69 376Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum 		[23]
? 386Nootka cypress
Callitropsis nootkatensis
FL101 455Northern whitecedar
Thuja occidentalis
? 480Limber pine
Pinus flexilis
Italus 788Heldreich's pine
Pinus heldreichii 		Alive. Oldest tree in Europe with verified age (radiocarbon calibrated tree-ring procedure).[24]

Trees with estimated ages

Note: The ages of the trees in this list are speculative and only serve as estimates.

Name Age
(years) 		Species Location Country Notes
Old Tjikko9,565
(years)		Norway spruce
Picea abies		Fulufjället, DalarnaSweden
"The Sisters" or "Sisters Olive Trees of Noah"6,000[25] Olive
Olea europaea		Bchaaleh, North GovernorateLebanonFolk legend also ascribes The Sisters as the source of the olive branch returned to Noah's Ark at the waning of the Biblical Flood.[26] [27] [28] The trees still produce olives.
5,484Patagonian cypress
Fitzroya cupressoides
| Cordillera Pelada, Los Ríos | Chile |A new 2022 estimation of 5,484 years expands on a previous minimum age based on incomplete tree rings of .[11] [12] |-| ? || ||Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva || White Mountains (California) || United States || Tree cored by Edmund Schulman, age determined by Tom Harlan. However, core is missing and date is unconfirmed.[9] [29] |-| Llangernyw Yew || 4,000–5,000 || Common yew
Taxus baccata || Llangernyw, Conwy || United Kingdom|| Girth of 10.75 m. Situated in the churchyard of St Dygain's Church in Llangernyw village, Wales. One of the 50 Great British Trees.|-| Sarv-e Abarkuh || 4,500 || Mediterranean cypress
Cupressus sempervirens || Abarkuh, Yazd || Iran || Also called "Zoroastrian Sarv".[30] [31] |-| Gümeli Porsuğu || 4,115 || Yew
Taxus baccata || Zonguldak || Turkey || Alive, found in 2016.[32] [33] |-|The Ancient Yew || 4,000 || Yew
Taxus baccata || Tisbury, Wiltshire || United Kingdom || 37 feet in circumference. Situated in the churchyard of St John's, Tisbury. Carbon dated by David Bellamy.[34] |-| The Senator || 3,500 || Pond cypress
Taxodium ascendens || Longwood, Florida || United States || Died in January 2012 from human-caused fire.[35] [36] |-|Oliveira do Mouchão (KNJ1/601)|3,350|European olive treeOlea europea L. var. europaea|Mouriscas, Abrantes|Portugal|Alive.[37] [38] |-| Great Camphor of Takeo || 3,000+ || Cinnamomum camphora
"Camphor Tree" || Takeo, Saga || Japan || A large Camphor tree reputed to be over 3,000 years old.[39] Worshipped at a Shinto shrine dedicated to the tree, dating back to the 700s C.E.[40] Alive. |-| The President || || Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum || Sierra Nevada, California || United States ||Alive.|-| Fortingall Yew || 3,000 || Common yew
Taxus baccata || Fortingall, Perthshire || United Kingdom || Alive. Possibly the oldest tree in Britain.[41] [42] |-| Alishan Sacred Tree || 3,000 || Formosan cypress
Chamaecyparis formosensis || Alishan National Scenic Area, Chiayi || Taiwan || Collapsed on July 1, 1997, following heavy rainstorms.[43] |-| S'Ozzastru || 3,000–4,000 || Olive
Olea europaea || Luras, Sardinia || Italy ||[44] |-| || 3,020 || Jequitibá-rosaCariniana legalis| Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, São Paulo || Brazil || Alive. Probably the oldest non-conifer in Brazil. Its name translates as "Patriarch of the Forest". Located at the Vassununga State Park.[45] |-| Raintree || 3,000 || Great Basin bristlecone pine || Spring Mountains, Nevada || United States || Great Basin Bristlecone Pine located near Kyle Canyon in the Spring Mountain range in Southern Nevada, USA. Estimated 3000 years old but never cored.|-| || 2,850 || Olive
Olea europaea ||, Loures, Lisbon || Portugal || Magnificent Olive tree, probably the last one from a large olive grove. Studied by UTAD University and now classified "Public interest tree" by the Portuguese National Forest Authority; Tree ID[46] |-| Mother of the Forest || || Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum || Sierra Nevada, Calaveras Big Trees State Park, California || United States ||Dead.|-| Sarv Zibad || 2,500 || Mediterranean cypress
Cupressus sempervirens || Sarv Zibad, Khorasan || Iran || Also called "holly Sarv".[30] [31] |-|General Sherman|2,300–2,700|Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum|Giant Forest, Sequoia National Park, California| United States|Alive with a height of 83.8 meters (275 ft), a diameter of 11 m (36 ft) at its base, and an estimated bole volume of 1,487 m3 (52,513 cu ft), it is the largest known living single-stem tree, and among the tallest, widest, and longest-lived of all trees on the planet.[47] [48] |-| Kayano Ōsugi ||2,300 || Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica || Yamanaka Onsen, Ishikawa || Japan || Girth of 9.6 m. One of the four trees believed to be sacred in the precincts in a Shinto shrine. Its name translates as "Great Sugi of Kayano".|-| Oliveira de Santa Luzia || 2,210 || Olive
Olea europaea || Santa Luzia, Tavira, Algarve || Portugal ||Alive.[49] |-| Jōmon Sugi || 2,170–7,200 || Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica || Yakushima || Japan || Girth of 16.4 m. Exact dating is made difficult by the rotten core of the trunk. Its name is a reference to the Jōmon period of Japanese prehistory.[50] [51] [52] |-| Koca Katran || || Lebanon cedar
Cedrus libani || Antalya || Turkey || Alive.[53] |-| Ballyconnell Yew || 2,000–5,000 || Yew
Taxus baccata || Ballyconnell, Annagh || Ireland || Oldest tree in Ireland.|-| Elia Vouvon || 2,000–5,000 || Olive
Olea europaea || Kolymvari, Crete || Greece || Its name translates as "Olive Tree of Vouves".[54] |-| Castagnu dê Centu Cavaddi || 2,000–4,000 || Sweet chestnut
Castanea sativa || Sicily || Italy || Its name translates as the "Hundred Horse Chestnut".|-| Ulleungdo Hyangnamu || 2,000–3,000 || Chinese juniper
Juniperus chinensis || Ulleung-gun, Gyeongbuk || South Korea || Girth of 4.5 m. One of the main branch was broken in 1985 by typhoon "Brenda".|-| Lady Liberty || 2,000 || Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum || Longwood, Florida || United States || Sometimes called the "Companion Tree" to 'Senator".|-| Tnjri || 2,000 || Oriental plane
Platanus orientalis || Martuni Region || Artsakh (de facto) / Azerbaijan (de jure) || Oldest tree in de facto Republic of Artsakh, de jure a part of Azerbaijan. Its trunk is hollow. Also known as "Sose's Tree".|-| Stara Maslina || 2,000 || Olive
Olea europaea || Stari Bar, Bar || Montenegro |||-| The Pechanga Great Oak Tree || 2,000 || Coast live oak
Quercus agrifolia || Temecula, California || United States || Oldest oak tree in the United States, possibly in the world.|-| Tejo Milenario || 2,000+ || Yew
Taxus baccata || Cazorla, Jaén || Spain ||Oldest tree in Spain.[55] |-| ? || 2,000 || Olive
Olea europaea || Exo Hora, Zakynthos || Greece ||[56] |-| ? || 2,000 || Yew
Taxus || Sochi, Krasnodar Krai || Russia || A grove known to possess several 2,000-year-old specimens.[57] |-| Houkisugi at Nakagawa || 2,000 || Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica || Nakagawa Settlement, Yamakita, Kanagawa || Japan |||-| Methuselah ||1,800||Coast redwood
Sequoia sempervirens||Woodside, California || United States ||[58] |-|Araucaria Madre ||1,800 ||Araucaria araucana ||Araucanía || Chile ||Located in Parque Nacional Conguillío. 1,800 rings account for at least 1,800 years.[59] |-| Granit oak || 1,700 || Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur || Granit || Bulgaria |||-| Kongeegen || 1,500–2,000 || Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur || Jægerspris Nordskov, Zealand || Denmark || [60] |-| Stelmužė Oak || 1,500–2,000 || Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur || Stelmužė, Zarasai || Lithuania || Oldest tree in the Baltic states. Supposedly oldest oak in Europe.|-| Vilémovice Yew || 1,500–2,000 || Common yew
Taxus baccata || Vilémovice || Czech Republic || in circumference.[61] |-| Aubépines || 1,500 || Common hawthorn
Crataegus monogyna || Saint-Mars-sur-la-Futaie, Mayenne || France || Oldest tree in France.[62] |-| Jardine Juniper || 1,500 || Rocky Mountain juniper
Juniperus scopulorum || Logan Canyon, Utah || United States ||[63] |-| Árbol del Tule || 1,433–1,600 || Montezuma cypress
Taxodium mucronatum || Santa María del Tule, Oaxaca || Mexico || Stoutest tree trunk in the world. Its name translates as the "Tule Tree".|-| Baikushev's pine || 1,300 || Heldreich's pine
Pinus heldreichii || Pirin Mountains || Bulgaria || Oldest known coniferous tree in Bulgaria. It is named after its discoverer, forest ranger Kostadin Baikushev.|-| Te Matua Ngahere || 1,200–4,000 || Kauri
Agathis australis || Waipoua Forest, Northland || New Zealand || Oldest tree in New Zealand. Its name translates as "Father of the Forest".|-| Algarrobo Abuelo || 1,200+ || Algarrobo
Prosopis chilensis || Villa de Merlo, San Luis Province || Argentina || Possibly oldest algarrobo in Argentina.|}

Clonal trees

As with all long-lived plant and fungal species, no individual part of a clonal colony is alive (in the sense of active metabolism) for more than a very small fraction of the life of the entire clone. Some clonal colonies may be fully connected via their root systems, while most are not actually interconnected, but are genetically identical clones which populated an area through vegetative reproduction. Ages for clonal colonies, often based on current growth rates, are estimates.

Name Age
(years) 		Species Location Country Notes
Antarctic Beechless than 70 million years[64] Antarctic beech
Nothofagus moorei 		Repeater Station Road, Springbrook National Park, QueenslandAustraliaThree individuals approximately 2000 years old are the parent trees to others in the surrounding forest; they grow clones by coppicing new shoots radially, forming a ring at the base of the parent tree trunk.[65]
Wollemi Pines60+ million yearsWollemi pine
Wollemia nobilis 		Wollemi National Park, New South WalesAustraliaAccording to Cris Brack and Matthew Brookhouse at the ANU Fenner School of Environment & Society: "Once you accept that a common, genetically identical stock can define a tree, then the absolute “winner” for oldest tree (or the oldest clonal material belonging to a tree) [in Australia] must go to the Wollemi pine (Wollemia nobilis). It may be more than 60 million years old. The Wollemi pine clones itself, forming exact genetic copies. It was thought to be extinct until a tiny remnant population was discovered in Wollemi National Park in 1994... There is also substantial evidence that the tree has been cloning itself and its unique genes ever since it disappeared from the fossil record more than 60 million years ago."[66]
Unknown 43,600–130,000 King's lomatia
Lomatia tasmanica 		Lomatia tasmanica is an endangered species with only one population, consisting of several hundred genetically identical individuals. Although it flowers occasionally, fruit production has never been observed, and it propagates vegetatively. Fossilized leaves are dated as at least 43,600 years old, found in sediments with a maximum age of 130,000.[67]
less than 14,000–80,000[68] Quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides 		Covers 107acres and has around 47,000 stems (aged up to 130 years), which continually die and are renewed by its roots. Is also the heaviest-known organism, weighing 6,000 tonnes.
Jurupa Oak[69] 13,000[70] Palmer oak
Quercus palmeri 		Quercus palmeri Engelm. = Quercus dunnii Kellogg.
9,550 Norway spruce
Picea abies 		The tree's stems live no more than 600 years, but its root system's age[71] [72] was established using carbon dating and genetic matching.[73] Elsewhere in the Fulu mountains, 20 spruces have been found older than 8,000 years.[74]
Old Rasmus 9,500 Norway spruce
Picea abies 		[75]
Mongarlowe mallee 3,000–13,000 Mongarlowe mallee
Eucalyptus recurva 		Alive. A critically endangered species, known only from 6 wild individuals, first described in the 1980s. Based on the size and growth rate of its lignotuber, the largest single specimen is estimated to be 3,000 years old. However, it is possible that two other specimens are actually the result of a split in the original rootstock, and based on their spread of 26m would be estimated at 13,000 years old, potentially the oldest single tree on earth.[76]
unknown 3,000[77] –10,000[78] Huon pine
Lagarostrobos franklinii 		Several genetically identical males that have reproduced vegetatively. Although single trees in this stand may be around 3 to 4 thousand years old, the stand itself as a single organism has existed for 10,000 years.

See also

References

72. National Trust. 2023. Antarctic Beech (Nothofagus moorei). [ONLINE] Available at: https://trusttrees.org.au/tree/QLD/Springbrook/Repeater_Station_Road. [Accessed 8 April 2023].

Notes and References

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