An officer in The Salvation Army is a Salvationist who is an ordained minister of the Christian faith, but who fulfills many other roles not usually filled by clergy of other denominations. They do so having been trained, ordained and commissioned to serve and lead and given a title which uses the terms of typical military rank.[1]
When applying to become a Salvation Army officer, strict acceptance guidelines must be adhered to before training can commence. Each Salvation Army territory will have similar conditions that applicants must fulfill prior to entry and include the following, they must:
While attending a college for officer training, the training participants are referred to as "cadets". The length of training is normally twenty-two months, but a special dispensation may allow cadets to be commissioned after a shorter period, based on prior experience or training. Once this training is complete, the cadets are commissioned.
Officer training centres are located around the world.
Australia/New Zealand
Canada
United States of America
United Kingdom
PhilippinesOfficers Training College
Commissioning sees the cadets promoted to the rank of lieutenant and formalizes the cadets' first posting (commonly referred to as "marching orders"). These orders can send the new lieutenants anywhere in the territory, and sometimes even see them posted to other territories that could involve overseas service.
Officers have the opportunity to serve within the Salvation Army in many different capacities, and may be posted at a corps, divisional or territorial headquarters, the training college, supplies & purchasing, a recovery and rehabilitation centre, as a chaplain in courts (cancelled in Australia 2020), hospital chaplaincy (cancelled in Australia 2020), prison chaplaincy, Salvation Army 24hr help line (Cancelled in Australia), Missing Person Bureau (Cancelled in Australia), a street level outreach centre, a new corps (a church known as an "outpost" or "plant"), or any number of other need specific ministries or administrative functions.
Officers are regularly posted, officers are given "farewell orders" every two to five years and they are reassigned to different posts.
Officers hold ranks throughout their service and into retirement, and their rank is reflected in their uniform. The uniform of an officer is much like that of a soldier and, like a soldier's, is defined by the region in which the person is serving. The consistent difference between the two uniforms is that the officer's uniform has red epaulettes, while a soldier's epaulettes are black or blue. Officers' epaulettes feature the Salvation "S" in silver, as well as another insignia to designate rank. These insignias may be sewn into the epaulette, or be separate metal pins attached to the epaulettes. Officers in all countries hold no legal or lawful commission as an Officer of any Government organisations; except that of being a public Minister of Religion.
| Epaulet | Rank | Date adopted | Current status | Description | Insignia / epaulettes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General | 1878 | Active | The worldwide leader of The Salvation Army, elected by the most senior Salvation Army officers in the world | Crest with laurel leaves above gold bars on burgundy epaulet | ||
| Chief of the Staff | 1878 | Active | The second-in-command to the general appointed by the general | Crest with laurel leaves above silver bars on burgundy epaulet | ||
| Commissioner | 1880 | Active | The Chief of the Staff of The Salvation Army, the leader of a territory, or international secretaries are also usually given the rank | Crest with laurel leaves above bar with another bar above the "S", upon burgundy epaulet | ||
| Colonel | 1880 | Active | Reserved for territorial and international leaders | Crest above bar with another bar above the "S" upon a red epaulet | ||
| Lieutenant-colonel | Active | Appointed to Salvation Army officers on merit by the General | Crest above bar upon red epaulets | |||
| Brigadier | 1880 | Discontinued | Formerly used to signify 35 years of service. Discontinued in the 1970s, although still used by anyone who earned the rank before its termination. | Two stars and a Crest upon a red epaulet | ||
| Major | 1879 | Active | After 15 years of exemplary service, the officer is eligible to be promoted to the rank of major | Crest upon red epaulet | ||
| Captain | 1877 | Active | After five years of exemplary service, the officer is eligible to be promoted to the rank of captain | Two stars upon red epaulet | ||
| Auxiliary Captain | Active | Serve as officers but are beyond the minimum age for training. Auxiliary Captains never hold the ranks of Lieutenant and Cadet, and they may be promoted to Captain after five years. This rank is used in certain territories only, most notably the Southern Territory of the USA.[5] | Blank red epaulet | |||
| Lieutenant | 1879 | Discontinued (2001) reinstated (2008) | Following successful term at college for officer training, the cadet is commissioned with the rank of lieutenant | One star upon red epaulet | ||
| Cadet-Lieutenant | Active | This rank is rare; it is given to a cadet who is sent into the field as an officer before graduating training. | Two red bars (upon blue epaulet / UK - on black epaulettes)[6] | |||
| 2nd Year Cadet | 1880 | Active | A Salvation Army soldier who is undertaking training to become an officer at a Salvation Army college for officer training | Two (second year) red bars (upon blue epaulet / UK - upon black epaulet) | ||
| 1st Year Cadet | 1880 | Active | A Salvation Army soldier who is undertaking training to become an officer at a Salvation Army college for officer training | One red bar (upon blue epaulet / UK - upon black epaulet) | ||
| Varies | Envoy/Auxiliary-Lieutenant | Active | A non-commissioned officer who works for the Salvation Army in a ministry position | Varies by territory | ||
| Sergeant | Active | A non-commissioned officer who works for the Salvation Army in a ministry position in the USA Southern territory | Three white chevrons upon a blue epaulet | |||
| Candidate | Active | A person undergoing assessment for Salvation Army officership or envoyship | Candidate's pin worn on the left side of the tunic above the heart |
Other notable non-officers ranks (in no particular order):[7]
| Epaulet | Rank | Description | Insignia / epaulettes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Corps Sergeant Major | The lead local officer position, somewhat similar to a chief deacon or elder | Blue Epaulette | |
| Young People Sergeant Major | Young People’s Sergeant Major – responsible for the youth programs of the corps | Blue Epaulette | |
| Bandmaster | In charge of the corps band | Blue epaulette with two white bars | |
| Songster Leader | In charge of the corps songsters | Blue epaulette with two yellow bars (varies by territory) | |
| Rank | Time of service | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cadet | 2 years | Training college rank - after two years, the cadet is promoted to lieutenant. | |
| Lieutenant | 5 years | Typically reserved for corps officers, low-level headquarters staff, or regional/area commanders | |
| Captain | 10 years | ||
| Major | Until retirement or promotion | ||
| Lieutenant Colonel | By appointment only | Typically reserved for divisional leaders and territorial headquarter staff | |
| Colonel | |||
| Commissioner | Typically reserved for territorial commanders | ||
| General | By election only | Reserved for the head of the Salvation Army |
After a lengthy discussion with other Salvation Army leaders, General Shaw Clifton announced in November 2007 that the rank of lieutenant would be reinstated on March 1, 2008. All cadets are now commissioned as lieutenants for a period of five years. The rank of cadet-lieutenant was discontinued on the same date, but was reinstated in the USA Southern territory in June 2014.[8]
All officers serving as lieutenants in the UK Territory now receive the rank of territorial envoy (as opposed to divisional envoy). Territorial envoys are soldiers who wish to work as non-commissioned officers for a limited time, usually three years. This replaced the rank of envoy and auxiliary-captain. Other territories have made other ranks to reflect this status such as feldsergeant in Germany; sergeant-major in the Ukraine; envoy in Russia and corpsenvoy in the Netherlands. In US Central they are simply envoys and in the US Southern territory they are sergeants.
In some jurisdictions officials may also have legal status as the officers of corporations associated with Salvation Army organizations. For example in the United States,[9]