Octopamine Explained

Verifiedfields:changed
Verifiedrevid:408985899
Iupac Name:(RS)-4-(2-amino-1-hydroxy-ethyl)phenol
Drug Name:Octopamine
Alt2:Ball-and-stick model of the octopamine molecule
Legal Us:Prohibited from use in food or supplements.[1]
Legal Status:Rx / Uncontrolled / Banned by World Anti-Doping Agency
Routes Of Administration:Oral
Bioavailability:99.42 %
Metabolism:p-hydroxymandelic acid;[2] [3] N-acetyltransferases; phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
Elimination Half-Life:15 minutes in insects. Between 76 and 175 minutes in humans
Excretion:Up to 93% of ingested octopamine is eliminated via the urinary route within 24 hours
Cas Number:104-14-3
Atc Prefix:C01
Atc Suffix:CA18
Pubchem:4581
Iuphar Ligand:2149
Chemspiderid:4420
Unii:14O50WS8JD
Kegg:C04227
Chebi:17134
Chembl:53929
C:8
H:11
N:1
O:2
Smiles:OC(c1ccc(O)cc1)CN
Stdinchi:1S/C8H11NO2/c9-5-8(11)6-1-3-7(10)4-2-6/h1-4,8,10-11H,5,9H2
Stdinchikey:QHGUCRYDKWKLMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Synonyms:OCT, Norsympathol, Norsynephrine, para-Octopamine, beta-Hydroxytyramine, para-hydroxy-phenyl-ethanolamine, α-(Aminomethyl)-4 hydroxybenzenemethanol, 1-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-aminoethanol
Source Tissues:invertebrate nervous systems; trace amine in vertebrates
Target Tissues:system-wide in invertebrates
Receptors:TAAR1 (mammals)
OctαR, OctβR, TyrR (invertebrates), Oct-TyrR
Agonists:Formamidines (amitraz (AMZ) and chlordimeform (CDM))
Antagonists:epinastine (3-amino-9, 13b-dihydro-1H-dibenz(c,f)imidazo(1,5a)azepine hydrochloride)
Precursor:tyramine
Biosynthesis:tyramine β-hydroxylase
dopamine β-hydroxylase

Octopamine (molecular formula C8H11NO2; also known as OA, and also norsynephrine, para-octopamine and others) is an organic chemical closely related to norepinephrine, and synthesized biologically by a homologous pathway. Octopamine is often considered the major "fight-or-flight" neurohormone of invertebrates. Its name is derived from the fact that it was first identified in the salivary glands of the octopus.

In many types of invertebrates octopamine is an important neurotransmitter and hormone. In protostomes—arthropods, molluscs, and several types of worms—it substitutes for norepinephrine and performs functions apparently similar to those of norepinephrine in mammals, functions that have been described as mobilizing the body and nervous system for action. In mammals octopamine is found only in trace amounts, and no biological function has been solidly established for it. It is also found naturally in numerous plants, including bitter orange.[4] [5] Octopamine has been sold under trade names such as Epirenor, Norden, and Norfen for use as a sympathomimetic drug, available by prescription.

Functions

Cellular effects

Octopamine exerts its effects by binding to and activating receptors located on the surface of cells. These receptors have mainly been studied in insects, where they can be divided into distinct types:

  1. OctαR (alpha-adrenergic-like), are structurally and functionally similar to noradrenergic alpha-1 receptors in mammals. There are multiple subtypes of the OctαR receptor. For example, the kissing bug (Rhodnius prolixus) has Octα1-R, Octα2R.[6]
  2. OctβR (beta-adrenergic-like), are structurally and functionally similar to noradrenergic beta receptors in mammals. There are multiple subtypes of the OctβR receptor. For example, the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) has DmOctβ1R, DmOctβ2R, and DmOctβ3R.[7]
  3. OAMB. The diversity of this receptor is relatively unknown. The fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) has two distinct isoforms which are functionally distinct: OambK3 and OambAS.[8]
  4. TyrR (mixed octopamine/tyramine receptors), which are structurally and functionally similar to noradrenergic alpha-2 receptors in mammals.[9] Receptors in the TyrR class, however, are generally more strongly activated by tyramine than by octopamine.

Phylogenetic studies claim that in ancient bilaterians such as Platynereis dumerilii there is a co-existence of norepinephrine, tyramine and octopamine receptor signaling. However, due to partial overlapping in their signalling functionality tyramine and octopamine receptors have been lost in vertebrates.[10]

In vertebrates no octopamine-specific receptors have been identified. Octopamine binds weakly to receptors for norepinephrine and epinephrine, but it is not clear whether this has any functional significance. It binds more strongly to trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), especially TAAR1.

Invertebrates

Octopamine was first discovered by Italian scientist Vittorio Erspamer in 1948[11] in the salivary glands of the octopus and has since been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone and neuromodulator in invertebrates. Although Erspamer discovered its natural occurrence and named it, octopamine had actually existed for many years as a pharmaceutical product.[12] It is widely used in energy-demanding behaviors by all insects, crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, crayfish), and spiders. Such behaviors include modulating muscle tension,[13] flying,[14] ovulation and egg-laying,[15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] and jumping.[21] [22]

In non-insect invertebrates

In lobsters, octopamine seems to direct and coordinate neurohormones to some extent in the central nervous system, and it was observed that injecting octopamine into a lobster and crayfish resulted in limb and abdomen extension.[23]

In the nematode, octopamine is found in high concentrations in adults, decreasing egg-laying and pharyngeal pumping behaviors with an antagonistic effect to serotonin.[24]

Octopaminergic nerves in the mollusc may be present in the heart, with high concentrations in the nervous system.[25]

In non-Drosophila insects

In insects, octopamine is released by a select number of neurons, but acts broadly throughout the central brain, on all sense organs, and on several non-neuronal tissues.[26] In the thoracic ganglia, octopamine is primarily released by DUM (dorsal unpaired median) and VUM (ventral unpaired median) neurons, which release octopamine onto neural, muscular, and peripheral targets.[27] [28] These neurons are important for mediating energy-demanding motor behaviors, such as escape-induced jumping and flight. For example, the locust DUMeti neuron releases octopamine onto the extensor tibia muscle to increase muscle tension and increase relaxation rate. These actions promote efficient leg muscle contraction for jumping. During flight, DUM neurons are also active and release octopamine throughout the body to synchronize energy metabolism, respiration, muscle activity and flight interneuron activity. Octopamine in locusts is four times more concentrated in the axon than in the soma, and decreases the locust's myogenic rhythm.[29]

In the honey bee, octopamine has a major role in learning and memory. In the firefly, octopamine release leads to light production in the lantern.[30] [31]

In larvae of the oriental armyworm, octopamine is immunologically beneficial, increasing survival rates in high-density populations.[32]

The emerald cockroach wasp stings the host for its larvae (a cockroach) in the head ganglion (brain). The venom blocks octopamine receptors[33] and the cockroach fails to show normal escape responses, grooming itself excessively. It becomes docile and the wasp leads it to the wasp's den by pulling its antenna like a leash.[34]

In Drosophila

Octopamine affects almost every process of the fruit fly and is widely present in both the adult and larval fly. A non-exhaustive list of some of the areas in which Octopamine modulates:

Vertebrates

In vertebrates, octopamine replaces norepinephrine in sympathetic neurons with chronic use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. It may be responsible for the common side effect of orthostatic hypotension with these agents, though there is also evidence that it is actually mediated by increased levels of N-acetylserotonin.

One study noted that octopamine might be an important amine that influences the therapeutic effects of inhibitors such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors, especially because a large increase in octopamine levels was observed when animals were treated with this inhibitor. Octopamine was positively identified in the urine samples of mammals such as humans, rats, and rabbits treated with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Very small amounts of octopamine were also found in certain animal tissues. It was observed that within a rabbit's body, the heart and kidney held the highest concentrations of octopamine. Octopamine was found to be 93% eluted by urine within 24 hours of being produced in the body as a byproduct of Iproniazid in rabbits.

Pharmacology

Octopamine has been sold under trade names such as Epirenor, Norden, and Norfen for use in medicine as a sympathomimetic drug, available by prescription. However, very little information exists concerning its clinical usefulness or safety.[59]

In mammals, octopamine may mobilize the release of fat from adipocytes (fat cells), which has led to its promotion on the internet as a slimming aid. However, the released fat is likely to be promptly taken up into other cells, and there is no evidence that octopamine facilitates weight loss. Octopamine may also increase blood pressure significantly when combined with other stimulants, as in some weight loss supplements.[60]

The World Anti-Doping Agency lists octopamine as a banned substance for in competition use, as a "specified stimulant"[61] on the 2019 Prohibited List.

Insecticides

The octopamine receptor is a target of insecticides, as its blockage leads to decreased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels. Essential oils can have such a neuro-insecticidal effect,[62] and this octopamine-receptor mechanism is naturally utilized by plants with active insecticidal phytochemicals.[63]

Biochemical mechanisms

Mammals

Octopamine is one of four primary endogenous agonists of human trace amine-associated receptor 1 together with 3-iodothyronamine, dopamine and tyramine.[64] [65]

Invertebrates

Octopamine binds to its respective G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) to initiate a cell signal transduction pathway. At least three groups of octopamine GPCR have been defined. OctαR (OCTOPAMINE1 receptors) are more closely related to α-adrenergic receptors, while OctβR (OCTOPAMINE2 receptors) are more closely related to β-adrenergic receptors. The Octopamine/Tyramine receptors (including Oct-TyrR) can bind both ligands, and display agonist-specific coupling. Oct-TyrR is listed in both OCTOPAMINE and TYRAMINE RECEPTORS gene groups.[66]

Biosynthesis

In insects

Octopamine acts as the insect equivalent of norepinephrine and has been implicated in regulating aggression in invertebrates, with different effects on different species. Studies have shown that reducing the neurotransmitter octopamine and preventing coding of tyramine beta hydroxylase (an enzyme that converts tyramine to octopamine) decreases aggression in Drosophila without influencing other behaviors.[67]

In humans

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: FDA's New Dietary Supplement Ingredient Directory Foley & Lardner LLP . 2023-06-10 . www.foley.com . 5 June 2023 . en.
  2. Hengstmann JH, Konen W, Konen C, Eichelbaum M, Dengler HJ . The physiological disposition of p-octopamine in man . Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology . 283 . 1 . 93–106 . 1974 . 4277715 . 10.1007/bf00500148 . 35523412 .
  3. D'Andrea G, Nordera G, Pizzolato G, Bolner A, Colavito D, Flaibani R, Leon A . Trace amine metabolism in Parkinson's disease: low circulating levels of octopamine in early disease stages . Neuroscience Letters . 469 . 3 . 348–351 . January 2010 . 20026245 . 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.12.025 . 12797090 .
  4. Tang F, Tao L, Luo X, Ding L, Guo M, Nie L, Yao S . Determination of octopamine, synephrine and tyramine in Citrus herbs by ionic liquid improved 'green' chromatography . Journal of Chromatography A . 1125 . 2 . 182–188 . September 2006 . 16781718 . 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.05.049 .
  5. Jagiełło-Wójtowicz E . Mechanism of central action of octopamine . Polish Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacy . 31 . 5 . 509–516 . 1979 . 121158 .
  6. Hana S, Lange AB . Cloning and Functional Characterization of Octβ2-Receptor and Tyr1-Receptor in the Chagas Disease Vector, Rhodnius prolixus . Frontiers in Physiology . 8 . 744 . 2017-09-26 . 29018364 . 5623054 . 10.3389/fphys.2017.00744 . free .
  7. Maqueira B, Chatwin H, Evans PD . Identification and characterization of a novel family of Drosophila beta-adrenergic-like octopamine G-protein coupled receptors . Journal of Neurochemistry . 94 . 2 . 547–560 . July 2005 . 15998303 . 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03251.x . 83666118 .
  8. Lee HG, Rohila S, Han KA . The octopamine receptor OAMB mediates ovulation via Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in the Drosophila oviduct epithelium . PLOS ONE . 4 . 3 . e4716 . 2009-03-05 . 19262750 . 2650798 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0004716 . free . 2009PLoSO...4.4716L .
  9. Pflüger HJ, Stevensonb PA. 2005. Evolutionary aspects of octopaminergic systems with emphasis on arthropods. Arthropod Structure & Development. 34. 3. 379–396. 10.1016/j.asd.2005.04.004.
  10. Bauknecht P, Jékely G . Ancient coexistence of norepinephrine, tyramine, and octopamine signaling in bilaterians . BMC Biology . 15 . 1 . 6 . January 2017 . 28137258 . 5282848 . 10.1186/s12915-016-0341-7 . free .
  11. Erspamer V . 2009. Active Substances in the Posterior Salivary Glands of Octopoda. II. Tyramine and Octopamine (Oxyoctopamine). Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica. 4. 3–4. 224–47. 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1948.tb03345.x.
  12. Kakimoto Y, Armstrong MD . On the identification of octopamine in mammals . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 237 . 2 . 422–427 . February 1962 . 14453200 . 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)93937-2 . free .
  13. Ormerod KG, Hadden JK, Deady LD, Mercier AJ, Krans JL . Action of octopamine and tyramine on muscles of Drosophila melanogaster larvae . Journal of Neurophysiology . 110 . 8 . 1984–1996 . October 2013 . 23904495 . 10.1152/jn.00431.2013 . free . 10464/6361 .
  14. Orchard I, Ramirez JM, Lange AB . January 1993. A Multifunctional Role for Octopamine in Locust Flight. Annual Review of Entomology. en. 38. 1. 227–249. 10.1146/annurev.en.38.010193.001303. 0066-4170.
  15. Lee HG, Seong CS, Kim YC, Davis RL, Han KA . Octopamine receptor OAMB is required for ovulation in Drosophila melanogaster . Developmental Biology . 264 . 1 . 179–190 . December 2003 . 14623240 . 10.1016/j.ydbio.2003.07.018 . free .
  16. Li Y, Fink C, El-Kholy S, Roeder T . The octopamine receptor octß2R is essential for ovulation and fertilization in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster . Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology . 88 . 3 . 168–178 . March 2015 . 25353988 . 10.1002/arch.21211 .
  17. Lim J, Sabandal PR, Fernandez A, Sabandal JM, Lee HG, Evans P, Han KA . The octopamine receptor Octβ2R regulates ovulation in Drosophila melanogaster . PLOS ONE . 9 . 8 . e104441 . 2014-08-06 . 25099506 . 4123956 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0104441 . 2014PLoSO...9j4441L . free . Broughton S .
  18. Lee HG, Rohila S, Han KA . The octopamine receptor OAMB mediates ovulation via Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in the Drosophila oviduct epithelium . PLOS ONE . 4 . 3 . e4716 . 2009-03-05 . 19262750 . 2650798 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0004716 . 2009PLoSO...4.4716L . free . Louis M .
  19. Monastirioti M . Distinct octopamine cell population residing in the CNS abdominal ganglion controls ovulation in Drosophila melanogaster . Developmental Biology . 264 . 1 . 38–49 . December 2003 . 14623230 . 10.1016/j.ydbio.2003.07.019 . free .
  20. Deady LD, Sun J . A Follicle Rupture Assay Reveals an Essential Role for Follicular Adrenergic Signaling in Drosophila Ovulation . PLOS Genetics . 11 . 10 . e1005604 . October 2015 . 26473732 . 4608792 . 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005604 . Wolfner MF . free .
  21. Pollack AJ, Ritzmann RE, Westin J . Activation of DUM cell interneurons by ventral giant interneurons in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana . Journal of Neurobiology . 19 . 6 . 489–497 . September 1988 . 3171574 . 10.1002/neu.480190602 .
  22. Orchard I . 1982-04-01. Octopamine in insects: neurotransmitter, neurohormone, and neuromodulator. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 60. 4. 659–669. 10.1139/z82-095. 0008-4301.
  23. Livingstone MS, Harris-Warrick RM, Kravitz EA . Serotonin and octopamine produce opposite postures in lobsters . Science . 208 . 4439 . 76–79 . April 1980 . 17731572 . 10.1126/science.208.4439.76 . 1980Sci...208...76L . 32141532 .
  24. Horvitz HR, Chalfie M, Trent C, Sulston JE, Evans PD . Serotonin and octopamine in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans . Science . 216 . 4549 . 1012–1014 . May 1982 . 6805073 . 10.1126/science.6805073 . 1982Sci...216.1012H .
  25. Dougan DF, Duffield PH, Wade DN, Duffield AM . January 1981 . Occurrence and synthesis of octopamine in the heart and ganglia of the mollusc Tapes watlingi . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology . en . 70 . 2 . 277–280 . 10.1016/0306-4492(81)90064-2 . 0306-4492.
  26. Roeder T . Octopamine in invertebrates . Progress in Neurobiology . 59 . 5 . 533–561 . December 1999 . 10515667 . 10.1016/s0301-0082(99)00016-7 . 25654298 .
  27. Eckert M, Rapus J, Nürnberger A, Penzlin H . A new specific antibody reveals octopamine-like immunoreactivity in cockroach ventral nerve cord . fr . The Journal of Comparative Neurology . 322 . 1 . 1–15 . August 1992 . 1430305 . 10.1002/cne.903220102 . 41099770 .
  28. Sinakevitch IG, Geffard M, Pelhate M, Lapied B . April 1994. Octopamine-like immunoreactivity in the dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurons innervating the accessory gland of the male cockroach Periplaneta americana. Cell and Tissue Research. 276. 1. 15–21. 10.1007/bf00354779. 23485136. 0302-766X.
  29. Evans PD, O'Shea M . The identification of an octopaminergic neurone and the modulation of a myogenic rhythm in the locust . The Journal of Experimental Biology . 73 . 235–260 . April 1978 . 25941 . 10.1242/jeb.73.1.235 .
  30. Greenfield MD . Missing link in firefly bioluminescence revealed: NO regulation of photocyte respiration . BioEssays . 23 . 11 . 992–995 . November 2001 . 11746215 . 10.1002/bies.1144 .
  31. Trimmer BA, Aprille JR, Dudzinski DM, Lagace CJ, Lewis SM, Michel T, Qazi S, Zayas RM . Nitric oxide and the control of firefly flashing . Science . 292 . 5526 . 2486–2488 . June 2001 . 11431567 . 10.1126/science.1059833 . 1095642 .
  32. Kong H, Yuan L, Dong C, Zheng M, Jing W, Tian Z, Hou Q, Cheng Y, Zhang L, Jiang X, Luo L . Immunological regulation by a β-adrenergic-like octopamine receptor gene in crowded larvae of the oriental Armyworm, Mythmina separata . Developmental and Comparative Immunology . 113 . 103802 . December 2020 . 32712170 . 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103802 . 220797641 .
  33. Hopkin M . 2007 . How to make a zombie cockroach . Nature . 10.1038/news.2007.312.
  34. Gal R, Rosenberg LA, Libersat F . Parasitoid wasp uses a venom cocktail injected into the brain to manipulate the behavior and metabolism of its cockroach prey . Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology . 60 . 4 . 198–208 . December 2005 . 16304619 . 10.1002/arch.20092 .
  35. Sabandal JM, Sabandal PR, Kim YC, Han KA . Concerted Actions of Octopamine and Dopamine Receptors Drive Olfactory Learning . The Journal of Neuroscience . 40 . 21 . 4240–4250 . May 2020 . 32277043 . 7244198 . 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1756-19.2020 .
  36. Burke CJ, Huetteroth W, Owald D, Perisse E, Krashes MJ, Das G, Gohl D, Silies M, Certel S, Waddell S . Layered reward signalling through octopamine and dopamine in Drosophila . Nature . 492 . 7429 . 433–437 . December 2012 . 23103875 . 3528794 . 10.1038/nature11614 . 2012Natur.492..433B .
  37. Schwaerzel M, Monastirioti M, Scholz H, Friggi-Grelin F, Birman S, Heisenberg M . Dopamine and octopamine differentiate between aversive and appetitive olfactory memories in Drosophila . The Journal of Neuroscience . 23 . 33 . 10495–10502 . November 2003 . 14627633 . 6740930 . 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-33-10495.2003 .
  38. Schützler N, Girwert C, Hügli I, Mohana G, Roignant JY, Ryglewski S, Duch C . Tyramine action on motoneuron excitability and adaptable tyramine/octopamine ratios adjust Drosophila locomotion to nutritional state . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 116 . 9 . 3805–3810 . February 2019 . 30808766 . 6397572 . 10.1073/pnas.1813554116 . free .
  39. Selcho M, Pauls D, El Jundi B, Stocker RF, Thum AS . The role of octopamine and tyramine in Drosophila larval locomotion . The Journal of Comparative Neurology . 520 . 16 . 3764–3785 . November 2012 . 22627970 . 10.1002/cne.23152 . 17014658 .
  40. Saraswati S, Fox LE, Soll DR, Wu CF . Tyramine and octopamine have opposite effects on the locomotion of Drosophila larvae . Journal of Neurobiology . 58 . 4 . 425–441 . March 2004 . 14978721 . 10.1002/neu.10298 .
  41. Ormerod KG, Jung J, Mercier AJ . Modulation of neuromuscular synapses and contraction in Drosophila 3rd instar larvae . Journal of Neurogenetics . 32 . 3 . 183–194 . September 2018 . 30303434 . 10.1080/01677063.2018.1502761 . 52948972 . free .
  42. Andrews JC, Fernández MP, Yu Q, Leary GP, Leung AK, Kavanaugh MP, Kravitz EA, Certel SJ . Octopamine neuromodulation regulates Gr32a-linked aggression and courtship pathways in Drosophila males . PLOS Genetics . 10 . 5 . e1004356 . May 2014 . 24852170 . 4031044 . 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004356 . Clandinin T . free .
  43. Luo J, Lushchak OV, Goergen P, Williams MJ, Nässel DR . Drosophila insulin-producing cells are differentially modulated by serotonin and octopamine receptors and affect social behavior . PLOS ONE . 9 . 6 . e99732 . 2014-06-12 . 24923784 . 4055686 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0099732 . 2014PLoSO...999732L . free . Broughton S .
  44. Williams MJ, Goergen P, Rajendran J, Klockars A, Kasagiannis A, Fredriksson R, Schiöth HB . Regulation of aggression by obesity-linked genes TfAP-2 and Twz through octopamine signaling in Drosophila . Genetics . 196 . 1 . 349–362 . January 2014 . 24142897 . 3872196 . 10.1534/genetics.113.158402 .
  45. Heberlein U, Wolf FW, Rothenfluh A, Guarnieri DJ . Molecular Genetic Analysis of Ethanol Intoxication in Drosophila melanogaster . Integrative and Comparative Biology . 44 . 4 . 269–274 . August 2004 . 21676709 . 10.1093/icb/44.4.269 . 14762870 . 10.1.1.536.262 .
  46. Tecott LH, Heberlein U . Y do we drink? . Cell . 95 . 6 . 733–735 . December 1998 . 9865690 . 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81695-5 . free .
  47. Web site: Bar Flies: What our insect relatives can teach us about alcohol tolerance. Williams R . June 22, 2005. Naked Scientist.
  48. Web site: 'Hangover gene' is key to alcohol tolerance. Vince G . 22 August 2005. New Scientist.
  49. Selcho M, Pauls D . Linking physiological processes and feeding behaviors by octopamine . Current Opinion in Insect Science . 36 . 125–130 . December 2019 . 31606580 . 10.1016/j.cois.2019.09.002 . 203470883 .
  50. Sayin S, De Backer JF, Siju KP, Wosniack ME, Lewis LP, Frisch LM, Gansen B, Schlegel P, Edmondson-Stait A, Sharifi N, Fisher CB, Calle-Schuler SA, Lauritzen JS, Bock DD, Costa M, Jefferis GS, Gjorgjieva J, Grunwald Kadow IC . A Neural Circuit Arbitrates between Persistence and Withdrawal in Hungry Drosophila . Neuron . 104 . 3 . 544–558.e6 . November 2019 . 31471123 . 6839618 . 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.07.028 .
  51. Jia Y, Jin S, Hu K, Geng L, Han C, Kang R, Pang Y, Ling E, Tan EK, Pan Y, Liu W . Gut microbiome modulates Drosophila aggression through octopamine signaling . Nature Communications . 12 . 1 . 2698 . May 2021 . 33976215 . 8113466 . 10.1038/s41467-021-23041-y . 2021NatCo..12.2698J .
  52. Schretter CE, Vielmetter J, Bartos I, Marka Z, Marka S, Argade S, Mazmanian SK . A gut microbial factor modulates locomotor behaviour in Drosophila . Nature . 563 . 7731 . 402–406 . November 2018 . 30356215 . 6237646 . 10.1038/s41586-018-0634-9 . 2018Natur.563..402S .
  53. Nall A, Sehgal A . Monoamines and sleep in Drosophila . Behavioral Neuroscience . 128 . 3 . 264–272 . June 2014 . 24886188 . 10.1037/a0036209 .
  54. Erion R, DiAngelo JR, Crocker A, Sehgal A . Interaction between sleep and metabolism in Drosophila with altered octopamine signaling . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 287 . 39 . 32406–32414 . September 2012 . 22829591 . 3463357 . 10.1074/jbc.M112.360875 . free .
  55. Sujkowski A, Gretzinger A, Soave N, Todi SV, Wessells R . Alpha- and beta-adrenergic octopamine receptors in muscle and heart are required for Drosophila exercise adaptations . PLOS Genetics . 16 . 6 . e1008778 . June 2020 . 32579604 . 7351206 . 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008778 . Bai H . free .
  56. Cobb T, Sujkowski A, Morton C, Ramesh D, Wessells R . Variation in mobility and exercise adaptations between Drosophila species . Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 206 . 4 . 611–621 . July 2020 . 32335730 . 7314734 . 10.1007/s00359-020-01421-x .
  57. Ahmed MA, Vogel CF . Hazardous effects of octopamine receptor agonists on altering metabolism-related genes and behavior of Drosophila melanogaster . Chemosphere . 253 . 126629 . August 2020 . 32283422 . 9888421 . 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126629 . 215757990 . 2020Chmsp.25326629A .
  58. Li Y, Hoffmann J, Li Y, Stephano F, Bruchhaus I, Fink C, Roeder T . Octopamine controls starvation resistance, life span and metabolic traits in Drosophila . Scientific Reports . 6 . 1 . 35359 . October 2016 . 27759117 . 5069482 . 10.1038/srep35359 . 2016NatSR...635359L .
  59. Stohs SJ . Physiological functions and pharmacological and toxicological effects of p-octopamine . Drug and Chemical Toxicology . 38 . 1 . 106–112 . January 2015 . 24654910 . 10.3109/01480545.2014.900069 . 21901553 .
  60. Haller CA, Benowitz NL, Jacob P . Hemodynamic effects of ephedra-free weight-loss supplements in humans . The American Journal of Medicine . 118 . 9 . 998–1003 . September 2005 . 16164886 . 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.02.034 .
  61. Web site: Prohibited In Competition – Stimulants. WADA. 6 May 2019. 6 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190506173946/https://www.wada-ama.org/en/content/what-is-prohibited/prohibited-in-competition/stimulants. dead.
  62. Enan E . Insecticidal activity of essential oils: octopaminergic sites of action . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Toxicology & Pharmacology . 130 . 3 . 325–337 . November 2001 . 11701389 . 10.1016/S1532-0456(01)00255-1 .
  63. Rattan RS . 2010-09-01. Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin . Crop Protection. en. 29. 9. 913–920. 10.1016/j.cropro.2010.05.008. 0261-2194.
  64. Web site: Trace amine receptor: TA1 receptor . IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY . International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology . Maguire JJ, Davenport AP . 20 February 2018 . 16 July 2018.
  65. Heffernan ML, Herman LW, Brown S, Jones PG, Shao L, Hewitt MC, Campbell JE, Dedic N, Hopkins SC, Koblan KS, Xie L . Ulotaront: A TAAR1 Agonist for the Treatment of Schizophrenia . ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters . 13 . 1 . 92–98 . January 2022 . 35047111 . 8762745 . 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00527 . December 6, 2021 .
  66. Web site: Gene Group : OCTOPAMINE RECEPTORS . FlyBase . 16 October 2018 .
  67. Zhou C, Rao Y, Rao Y . A subset of octopaminergic neurons are important for Drosophila aggression . Nature Neuroscience . 11 . 9 . 1059–1067 . September 2008 . 19160504 . 10.1038/nn.2164 . 1134848 .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Octopamine".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.