Occupational cancer explained

Occupational cancer is cancer caused by occupational hazards. Several cancers have been directly tied to occupational hazards, including chimney sweeps' carcinoma, mesothelioma, and others.

Types of hazards

Occupational exposure to chemicals, dusts, radiation, and certain industrial processes have been tied to occupational cancer. Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals (carcinogens) may cause mutations that allow cells to grow out of control, causing cancer. Carcinogens in the workplace may include chemicals like anilines, chromates, dinitrotoluenes, arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds, beryllium and beryllium compounds, cadmium compounds, and nickel compounds.[1] Dusts that can cause cancer leather or wood dusts, asbestos,[2] crystalline forms of silica, coal tar pitch volatiles, coke oven emissions, diesel exhaust and environmental tobacco smoke. sunlight; radon gas; and industrial, medical, or other exposure to ionizing radiation can all cause cancer in the workplace. Industrial processes associated with cancer include aluminum production; iron and steel founding; and underground mining with exposure to uranium or radon. Shift work, which can disturb the circadian rhythm, has also been identified as a risk factor for some forms of cancer, in particular for breast cancer. [3] [4] [5] Other risk factors for cancer include:[6] [7] [8]

Types of cancers

Common cancers and their exposures and occupations include:

CancerSourceExamples of Occupations
BladderBenzidine, beta-naphthylamine,

4-aminobiphenyl, arsenic

Rubber, leather, paving, roofing,

printing and textile industries; paint/

dyeing products; chimney sweeping;

machinists; hairdressers and barbers;

truck drivers

KidneyCadmium, trichloroethylene, herbicides,

wood dust

Painting; metalworking; petroleum,

plastics, and textile industries

LarynxAsbestos, wood dust, paint fumesMetal working; petroleum, rubber,

plastics, and textile industries

LeukemiaFormaldehyde, benzene, ethylene

oxide, pesticides

Rubber manufacturing; oil refining;

shoemaking, funeral embalming

LiverArsenic, vinyl chloride, aflatoxinsPlastic manufacturing
LungRadon, secondhand smoke, asbestos,

arsenic, cadmium, chromium compounds,

diesel exhaust, sulfur mustard

Rubber manufacturing, paving,

roofing, painting, chimney sweeping,

iron and steel foundry work, welding

LymphomaBenzene, 1, 3-butadiene, ethylene

oxide, herbicides, insecticides

Rubber manufacturing, painting,

hairdresser or barber

MesotheliomaAsbestosMining, railroad, automotive,

plumbing, painting and construction

industries; factory workers

Nasal cavity and sinusMustard gas, nickel dust, chromium

dust, leather dust, wood dust, radium

Textile and baking industry, flour

milling, nickel refining, furniture and

cabinet builders, shoemaking

SkinArsenic, coal tars, paraffin, certain oils,

sunlight

Chimney sweeping; outside jobs that

involve a lot of sun exposure

Occupations at higher risk

Firefighters

Firefighters have shown higher rates of certain types of cancer (respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems), and of all cancers combined, when compared to the general U.S. population.[9] This is linked to many aspects of the firefighting occupation such as exposure to smoke and other products of combustion that are known carcinogens, as well as being exposed to chemicals in the gear worn to protect the firefighter. [10]

Due to the lack of central and comprehensive sources of data, research on cancer rates amongst firefighters has been challenging.[11] [12] [13] [14] On July 7, 2018, Congress passed the Firefighter Cancer Registry Act of 2018 requiring the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to create the National Firefighter Registry designed to collect data on cancer rates among U.S. firefighters.[15] [16] [17]

Construction workers

Construction workers are at a higher risk of developing cancer from exposures at work compared to other occupations.[18] [19] [20]

The increased levels of dust and chemicals like asbestos at construction sites leads to workers being exposed. These long term exposures have been linked to the development of lung cancer. Other factors related to construction work can also put the workers at an elevated risk of cancer such as sun exposure. Construction workers are often required to spend long hours working in the sun. Long periods of exposure to radiation from the sun can cause skin cancer.[21]

Agricultural workers

Agricultural workers face higher rates of cancer development due to exposures on the job.[22]

Similar to construction workers, agricultural workers are exposed too many chemicals including known carcinogens. Workers in the agricultural field are also subject to long periods of exposure to radiation from the sun. All of these factors combine put the workers at and increased risk of developing cancers such as prostate cancer, multiple myeloma, and melanoma of the skin.

Epidemiology

An estimated 48,000 cancers are diagnosed yearly in the US that come from occupational causes; this represents approximately 4-10% of total cancer in the United States.[23] It is estimated that 19% of cancers globally are attributed to environmental exposures (including work-related exposures).[24] It is estimated that there are approximately 120,000 work-related cancer cases annually in the EU due to exposure to carcinogens at work.[25]

Prevention

Many occupational cancers are preventable. Personal protective gear, workplace controls, and worker education can prevent exposure to carcinogens in the workplace. Tobacco smoking has also been shown to increase the risk of work-related cancers; decreasing or abstaining from smoking can decrease cancer risk.

Agencies like the US Food and Drug Administration, Environmental Protection Agency, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and Occupational Safety and Health Administration have developed safety standards and limits for chemical and radiation exposure. International Labour Organization has also adopted Occupation Cancer Convention (C139) in 1979 for improvement of workplace safety conditions.

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 2 May 2012 . Carcinogen List . 5 January 2014 . National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
  2. Web site: January 2016 . Occupation and Cancer . 12 February 2016 . American Cancer Society.
  3. Fritschi L . Shift work and cancer . BMJ . 339 . b2653 . July 2009 . 19605423 . 10.1136/bmj.b2653 . 36132408 .
  4. Stevens RG, Hansen J, Costa G, Haus E, Kauppinen T, Aronson KJ, Castaño-Vinyals G, Davis S, Frings-Dresen MH, Fritschi L, Kogevinas M, Kogi K, Lie JA, Lowden A, Peplonska B, Pesch B, Pukkala E, Schernhammer E, Travis RC, Vermeulen R, Zheng T, Cogliano V, Straif K . 6 . Considerations of circadian impact for defining 'shift work' in cancer studies: IARC Working Group Report . Occupational and Environmental Medicine . 68 . 2 . 154–162 . February 2011 . 20962033 . 10.1136/oem.2009.053512 . 16553063 .
  5. Megdal SP, Kroenke CH, Laden F, Pukkala E, Schernhammer ES . Night work and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis . European Journal of Cancer . 41 . 13 . 2023–2032 . September 2005 . 16084719 . 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.05.010 .
  6. Web site: CDC - Cancer Policy - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic. www.cdc.gov. 2016-02-12.
  7. Web site: 2021-12-01 . Risk Factors and Cancer CDC . 2022-03-14 . www.cdc.gov . en-us.
  8. Web site: 2015-04-29 . Risk Factors for Cancer - National Cancer Institute . 2022-03-14 . www.cancer.gov . en.
  9. Daniels RD, Kubale TL, Yiin JH, Dahm MM, Hales TR, Baris D, Zahm SH, Beaumont JJ, Waters KM, Pinkerton LE . 6 . Mortality and cancer incidence in a pooled cohort of US firefighters from San Francisco, Chicago and Philadelphia (1950-2009) . Occupational and Environmental Medicine . 71 . 6 . 388–397 . June 2014 . 24142974 . 4499779 . 10.1136/oemed-2013-101662 .
  10. 2024-01-16 . Wear and Tear May Cause Firefighter Gear to Release More 'Forever Chemicals' . NIST . en.
  11. Daniels . Robert D . Kubale . Travis L . Yiin . James H . Dahm . Matthew M . Hales . Thomas R . Baris . Dalsu . Zahm . Shelia H . Beaumont . James J . Waters . Kathleen M . Pinkerton . Lynne E . June 2014 . Mortality and cancer incidence in a pooled cohort of US firefighters from San Francisco, Chicago and Philadelphia (1950–2009) . Occupational and Environmental Medicine . en . 71 . 6 . 388–397 . 10.1136/oemed-2013-101662 . 1351-0711 . 4499779 . 24142974.
  12. Tsai . Rebecca J. . Luckhaupt . Sara E. . Schumacher . Pam . Cress . Rosemary D. . Deapen . Dennis M. . Calvert . Geoffrey M. . May 6, 2015 . Risk of cancer among firefighters in California, 1988-2007 . American Journal of Industrial Medicine . 58 . 7 . 715–729 . 10.1002/ajim.22466 . 0271-3586 . 4527530 . 25943908.
  13. Lee . David J. . Koru-Sengul . Tulay . Hernandez . Monique N. . Caban-Martinez . Alberto J. . McClure . Laura A. . Mackinnon . Jill A. . Kobetz . Erin N. . April 2020 . Cancer risk among career male and female Florida firefighters: Evidence from the Florida Firefighter Cancer Registry (1981-2014) . American Journal of Industrial Medicine . 63 . 4 . 285–299 . 10.1002/ajim.23086 . 1097-0274 . 31930542 . 210191181.
  14. Ma . Fangchao . Fleming . Lora E. . Lee . David J. . Trapido . Edward . Gerace . Terence A. . September 2006 . Cancer incidence in Florida professional firefighters, 1981 to 1999 . Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine . 48 . 9 . 883–888 . 10.1097/01.jom.0000235862.12518.04 . 1076-2752 . 16966954 . 45179842.
  15. Web site: Firefighter Cancer Registry Act of 2018 (2018 - H.R. 931) . May 9, 2022 . GovTrack.us . en.
  16. Web site: 2022-09-19 . National Firefighter Registry . 2022-11-08 . U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health . en-us.
  17. Web site: The National Firefighter Registry: An update on the plan to track firefighter cancer . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220407003328/https://www.firerescue1.com/cancer/articles/the-national-firefighter-registry-an-update-on-the-plan-to-track-firefighter-cancer-NQ5oPnbOKPDtfWiO/ . April 7, 2022 . September 30, 2022 . FireRescue1 . en.
  18. Dement . John M. . Ringen . Knut . Hines . Stella . Cranford . Kim . Quinn . Patricia . January 29, 2020 . Lung cancer mortality among construction workers: implications for early detection . Occupational and Environmental Medicine . 77 . 4 . 207–213 . 10.1136/oemed-2019-106196 . 1470-7926 . 31996473.
  19. Web site: 2023-04-20 . Construction Workers at Increased Risk for Life-Threatening Lung Disease, Study Finds . 2024-04-08 . Duke Duke Department of Family Medicine and Community Health . en.
  20. Web site: D.O . John J. Pierce . 2023-07-07 . Increased Cancer Rates Among Construction Workers . 2024-04-08 . Preventative Diagnostic Center . en-US.
  21. Web site: HSM MAGAZINE - Skin cancer risk for construction workers . 2024-04-08 . www.hsmsearch.com.
  22. Togawa . Kayo . Leon . Maria E. . Lebailly . Pierre . Beane Freeman . Laura E. . Nordby . Karl-Christian . Baldi . Isabelle . MacFarlane . Ewan . Shin . Aesun . Park . Sue . Greenlee . Robert T. . Sigsgaard . Torben . Basinas . Ioannis . Hofmann . Jonathan N. . Kjaerheim . Kristina . Douwes . Jeroen . August 27, 2021 . Cancer incidence in agricultural workers: Findings from an international consortium of agricultural cohort studies (AGRICOH) . Environment International . 157 . 106825 . 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106825 . 1873-6750 . 8484858 . 34461377.
  23. Web site: Occupational Cancer . 2 May 2012 . 5 January 2014 . National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
  24. Web site: Environmental and occupational cancers. https://web.archive.org/web/20131204202909/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs350/en/. dead. December 4, 2013. World Health Organization. 2016-02-12. en-GB.
  25. Web site: Work-related cancer Safety and health at work EU-OSHA . 2022-03-14 . osha.europa.eu.

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