Nothrotheriidae Explained

Nothrotheriidae is a family of extinct ground sloths that lived from approximately 17.5 mya—10,000 years ago, existing for approximately .[1] Previously placed within the tribe Nothrotheriini or subfamily Nothrotheriinae within Megatheriidae, they are now usually placed in their own family, Nothrotheriidae.[2] Nothrotheriids appeared in the Burdigalian, some 19.8 million years ago, in South America. The group includes the comparatively slightly built Nothrotheriops, which reached a length of about 2.75m (09.02feet). While nothrotheriids were small compared to some of their megatheriid relatives, their claws provided an effective defense against predators, like those of larger anteaters today.

Evolution

During the late Miocene and Pliocene, the sloth genus Thalassocnus of the west coast of South America became adapted to a shallow-water marine lifestyle.[2] [3] [4] However, the family placement of Thalassocnus has been disputed; while long considered a nothrotheriid, one 2017 analysis moves it to Megatheriidae,[5] while another retains it in a basal position within Nothrotheriidae.[6]

The only known nothrotheriid in North America was Nothrotheriops, which appeared at the beginning of the Pleistocene, about 2.6 Ma ago.[7] Nothrotherium reached Mexico (Nuevo Leon) by the late Pleistocene.[8]

The last ground sloths in North America belonging to Nothrotheriidae, the Shasta ground sloth (Nothrotheriops shastensis), died so recently that their dried subfossilized dung has remained undisturbed in some cavessuch as the Rampart Cave, located on the Arizona side of the Lake Mead National Recreation Area as if it were just recently deposited. A Shasta ground sloth skeleton, found in a lava tube at Aden Crater in New Mexico, still had skin and hair preserved, and is now at the Yale Peabody Museum. The largest samples of Nothrotheriops dung can be found in the collections of the National Museum of Natural History.

Phylogeny

Here is a more detailed phylogeny of the Nothrotheriidae based on Varela et al. 2018.[9]

Notes and References

  1. http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicTaxonInfo&taxon_no=134631 PaleoBiology Database: Nothrotheriidae, basic info
  2. Muizon . C. de . McDonald, H. G. . Salas, R. . Urbina, M. . The Youngest Species of the Aquatic Sloth Thalassocnus and a Reassessment of the Relationships of the Nothrothere Sloths (Mammalia: Xenarthra) . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 24 . 2 . 387–397 . . June 2004 . 10.1671/2429a . 2004JVPal..24..387D . 83732878 .
  3. de Muizon . C. . McDonald, H. G. . Salas, R. . Urbina, M. . The evolution of feeding adaptations of the aquatic sloth Thalassocnus . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 24 . 2 . 398–410 . June 2004 . . 10.1671/2429b . 4524727 . 2004JVPal..24..398D . 83859607 .
  4. Amson . E. . de Muizon . C. . Laurin . M. . Argot . C. . Buffrénil . V. de . Gradual adaptation of bone structure to aquatic lifestyle in extinct sloths from Peru . Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . 281 . 1782 . 20140192. 2014 . . 10.1098/rspb.2014.0192 . 24621950 . 3973278.
  5. E.. Amson . C.. de Muizon . T. J.. Gaudin . 2017 . A reappraisal of the phylogeny of the Megatheria (Mammalia: Tardigrada), with an emphasis on the relationships of the Thalassocninae, the marine sloths . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society . 179 . 1 . 217–236 . 10.1111/zoj.12450 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163956/https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01331193/file/Amson_2016_A_reappraisal_of.pdf . 2018-06-12 . free .
  6. Varela. L.. Tambusso. P.S.. McDonald. H.G.. Fariña. R.A.. Fieldman. M.. Phylogeny, Macroevolutionary Trends and Historical Biogeography of Sloths: Insights From a Bayesian Morphological Clock Analysis. Systematic Biology. 68. 2. 2019. 204–218. 10.1093/sysbio/syy058. 30239971.
  7. http://www.paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=43617 PaleoBiology Database: Nothrotheriops, basic info
  8. http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=43618 PaleoBiology Database: Nothrotherium, basic info
  9. Varela. L.. Tambusso. P. S.. McDonald. H. G.. Fariña. R. A.. Phylogeny, Macroevolutionary Trends and Historical Biogeography of Sloths: Insights From a Bayesian Morphological Clock Analysis. 68. 2. 204–218. Systematic Biology. 2018. 10.1093/sysbio/syy058. 30239971.

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