Northwestern Europe Explained

Northwestern Europe, or Northwest Europe, is a loosely defined subregion of Europe, overlapping Northern and Western Europe. The term is used in geographic,[1] history, and military contexts.[2]

Geographic definitions

Geographically, Northwestern Europe is given by some sources as a region which includes Great Britain,[3] Ireland,[3] Belgium,[4] the Netherlands,[4] Luxembourg, Northern France,[4] parts of or all of Germany, Denmark,[3] Norway, Sweden, and Iceland.[5] [6] In some works, Switzerland, Finland, and Austria are also included as part of Northwestern Europe.[7]

Under the Interreg program, funded by the European Regional Development Fund, "North-West Europe" (NWE) is a region of European Territorial Cooperation that includes Belgium, Ireland, Luxembourg, Switzerland, the Netherlands and parts of France and Germany.[8]

Ethnography

During the Reformation, some parts of Northwestern Europe converted to Protestantism,[9] in a manner which differentiated the region from its Catholic neighbors elsewhere in Europe.[10] [11]

A definition of Northwestern Europe was used by some late 19th to mid 20th century anthropologists, eugenicists, and Nordicists, who used the term as a shorthand term for the part of Europe with a predominantly Nordic population.[12] [13] [14] [15] For example, Arthur de Gobineau, the 19th-century aristocrat who published works on the pseudoscience of scientific racism, included parts of Northwestern Europe in what Leon Baradat described as his "Aryan heaven".[16]

Genetics

There is close genetic affinity among some Northwest European populations,[17] with some of these populations descending from Bell Beaker populations carrying steppe ancestry. For example, the Beaker people of the lower Rhine overturned 90% of Great Britain's gene pools, replacing the Basque-like neolithic populations present prior.[18]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Pounds . Norman J. G. . Northwest Europe in the Ninth Century; Its Geography in Light of the Polyptyques . Annals of the Association of American Geographers . 57 . 3 . September 1967 . 439–461 . Taylor & Francis Ltd . 10.1111/j.1467-8306.1967.tb00615.x . 2561644.
  2. Book: Oxford Companion to Military History . Oxford University Press . 2001 . 9780198606963 . North-West Europe campaign (1944–5) .
  3. Book: Barnes. R. J.. Barnes. Richard S. K.. The Brackish-Water Fauna of Northwestern Europe. 1994. Cambridge University. 9780521455565 . the area covered is northwestern Europe [..including..] the Atlantic coasts of Britain, Ireland and northern France, together with all English Channel coastlines and the fringes of the North Sea as far east as Skagerrak, and as far north as [..] Bergen in Norway .
  4. Book: Verhulst, Adriaan . The Rise of Cities in North-West Europe . Cambridge University Press . 1999 . 9782735108176 .
  5. Book: Loveluck. Christopher. Northwest Europe in the Early Middle Ages, c.AD 600–1150. 2013. Cambridge University Press. 9781107037632.
  6. Book: The World and Its Peoples. 2014. Marshall Cavendish.
  7. Book: Boje. David M.. Organizational Change and Global Standardization: Solutions to Standards and Norms Overwhelming Organizations. 2015. Routledge. 9781317633105 . Northwestern Europe: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Scotland, United Kingdom, Switzerland .
  8. Web site: Interreg North-West Europe . nweurope.eu. Interreg NWE . 17 August 2023 . The North-West Europe area [..] programme covers Belgium, Ireland, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Switzerland as well as parts of France and Germany .
  9. Book: Boettiger. Louis Angelo. Fundamentals of Sociology. 1938. Ronald Press. 325 . Protestantism swept over those countries of northwestern Europe which have large proportions of Nordic elements represented in their populations .
  10. Book: J. Richard. Carl. The Battle for the American Mind: A Brief History of a Nation's Thought. 2006. Rowman & Littlefield. 15 April 2015. 9780742534360 . 20 . Most of northwestern Europe converted to Protestantism, while most of southwestern Europe remained Catholic. Whether climate or ethnicity (northwestern Europe was more Germanic, southwestern Europe more latin) was the greater factor in this division remains a matter of dispute .
  11. Book: Ciment. James. Radzilowski. John. American Immigration: An Encyclopedia of Political, Social, and Cultural Change. 2015. Routledge. 9781317477174 . The old immigrants, from northwestern Europe (Ireland, Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, the German states, and Scandinavia) [..] were primarily Protestants (except the Irish, who were mostly Catholic).
  12. Book: Hayes. Patrick J.. The Making of Modern Immigration: An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas: An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas. 2012. ABC-CLIO. 9780313392030.
  13. Book: Porterfield. Austin Larimore. Wait the Withering Rain?. 1953. Leo Potishman Foundation. 9780912646374. 15 April 2015.
  14. Book: Hutton. Christopher. Race and the Third Reich: Linguistics, Racial Anthropology and Genetics in the Dialectic of Volk. 2005. Polity. 9780745631776. 15 April 2015.
  15. Book: d'Alroy Jones. Peter. Since Columbus: Poverty and Pluralism in the History of the Americas. 1975. Heinemann. 9780435315252. 15 April 2015.
  16. Book: Baradat. Leon P.. Political Ideologies . 2015. Routledge. 9781317345558. Extending across northwestern Europe, Gobineau's Aryan heaven included Ireland, England, northern France [..], the Benelux countries and Scandinavia .
  17. 10.1038/nature07331. 18758442. 2735096. Genes mirror geography within Europe. Nature. 456. 7218. 98–101. 2008. Novembre. John. Johnson. Toby. Bryc. Katarzyna. Kutalik. Zoltán. Boyko. Adam R.. Auton. Adam. Indap. Amit. King. Karen S.. Bergmann. Sven. Nelson. Matthew R.. Stephens. Matthew. Bustamante. Carlos D.. 4 . 2008Natur.456...98N . A statistical summary of genetic data from 1,387 Europeans based on principal component axis one (PC1) [..] may reflect a special role for this geographic axis in the demographic history of Europeans [..] PC1 aligns north-northwest/south-southeast .
  18. 10.1038/nature25738. 29466337. 5973796. The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe. Nature. 555. 7695. 190–196. 2018. Olalde. Iñigo. Brace. Selina. Allentoft. Morten E.. Armit. Ian. Kristiansen. Kristian. Booth. Thomas. Rohland. Nadin. Mallick. Swapan. Szécsényi-Nagy. Anna. Mittnik. Alissa. Altena. Eveline. Lipson. Mark. Lazaridis. Iosif. Harper. Thomas K.. Patterson. Nick. Broomandkhoshbacht. Nasreen. Diekmann. Yoan. Faltyskova. Zuzana. Fernandes. Daniel. Ferry. Matthew. Harney. Eadaoin. De Knijff. Peter. Michel. Megan. Oppenheimer. Jonas. Stewardson. Kristin. Barclay. Alistair. Alt. Kurt Werner. Liesau. Corina. Ríos. Patricia. Blasco. Concepción. 4. 2018Natur.555..190O . migration played a key role in the further dissemination of the Beaker Complex, a phenomenon we document most clearly in Britain, where the spread of the Beaker Complex [..] was associated with a replacement of ~90% of Britain’s gene pool within a few hundred years .

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