Eurasia Explained

Eurasia
Area:	55000000km2
Population:	5.4 billion (As of 2023)^[1] ^[2]
Density:	93/km2
Demonym:	Eurasian
Countries:	~93 countries
Dependencies:	9 dependencies
Time:	UTC−1 to UTC+12
Part Of:	Afro-Eurasia

Eurasia is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia.^{[3] [4]} According to some geographers, physiographically, Eurasia is a single continent.^[4] The concepts of Europe and Asia as distinct continents date back to antiquity, but their borders have historically been subject to change. For example to the ancient Greeks, Asia originally included Africa but they classified Europe^[5] as separate land. Eurasia is connected to Africa at the Suez Canal, and the two are sometimes combined to describe the largest contiguous landmass on Earth, Afro-Eurasia.^[6]

Geography

Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, Eurasia spans from Iceland and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Russian Far East, and from the Russian Far North to Maritime Southeast Asia in the south, but other specific geographical limits of Eurasia states that the southern limit is in the Weber's line. Eurasia is bordered by Africa to the southwest, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the east, and the Indian Ocean to the south. The division between Europe and Asia as two continents is a historical social construct, as neither fits the usual definition; thus, in some parts of the world, Eurasia is recognized as the largest of the six, five, or four continents on Earth.^[4]

Eurasia covers around 55e6km2, or around 36.2% of the Earth's total land area. The landmass contains well over 5 billion people, equating to approximately 70% of the human population. Humans first settled in Eurasia from Africa 125,000 years ago.

Eurasia contains many peninsulas, including the Arabian Peninsula, Korean Peninsula, Indian subcontinent, Anatolia Peninsula, Kamchatka Peninsula, and Europe, which itself contains peninsulas such as the Italian or Iberian Peninsula.

Due to its vast size and differences in latitude, Eurasia exhibits all types of climates under the Köppen classification, including the harshest types of hot and cold temperatures, high and low precipitation, and various types of ecosystems.

Eurasia is considered a supercontinent, part of the supercontinent of Afro-Eurasia or simply a continent in its own right.^[7] In plate tectonics, the Eurasian Plate includes Europe and most of Asia but not the Indian subcontinent, the Arabian Peninsula or the area of the Russian Far East east of the Chersky Range.

From the point of view of history and culture, Eurasia can be loosely subdivided into Western Eurasia and Eastern Eurasia.^[8]

Geology

In geology, Eurasia is often considered as a single rigid megablock, but this is debated.^{[9] [10]} Eurasia formed between 375 and 325 million years ago with the merging of Siberia, Kazakhstania, and Baltica, which was joined to Laurentia (now North America), to form Euramerica.

Rivers

This is a list of the longest rivers in Eurasia. Included are all rivers over 3000km (2,000miles).

	River	Countries	Length
			km	mi
1	Yangtze (Cháng Jiāng 长江)^[11]	China	6300km (3,900miles)
2	Yellow River (Huáng Hé 黄河)	China	5464km (3,395miles)
3			4909km (3,050miles)
4	Lena (Лена)^[12]	Russia	4294km (2,668miles)
5	Irtysh (Иртыш)^[13]	Mongolia, China, Kazakhstan, Russia	4248km (2,640miles)
6	Brahmaputra (ब्रह्मपुत्र)		3969km (2,466miles)
7	Ob (Обь)	Russia	3700km (2,300miles)
8	Volga (Во́лга)	Russia	3531km (2,194miles)
9	Yenisey (Енисей)^[14]	Mongolia, Russia	3487km (2,167miles)
10	Indus (सिन्धु/Síndhu/سندھ/سند/سنڌوءَ)	China, India, Pakistan	3150km (1,960miles)

Mountains

All of the 100 highest mountains on Earth are in Eurasia, in the Himalaya, Karakoram, Hindu Kush, Pamir, Hengduan, and Tian Shan mountain ranges, and all peaks above 7,000 metres are in these ranges and the Transhimalaya. Other high ranges include the Kunlun, Hindu Raj, and Caucasus Mountains. The Alpide belt stretches 15,000 km across southern Eurasia, from Java in Maritime Southeast Asia to the Iberian Peninsula in Western Europe, including the ranges of the Himalayas, Karakoram, Hindu Kush, Alborz, Caucasus, and the Alps. Long ranges outside the Alpide Belt include the East Siberian, Altai, Scandinavian, Qinling, Western Ghats, Vindhya, Byrranga, and Annamite Ranges.

Islands

The largest Eurasian islands by area are Borneo, Sumatra, Honshu, Great Britain, Sulawesi, Java, Luzon, Iceland, Mindanao, Ireland, Hokkaido, Sakhalin, and Sri Lanka. The five most-populated islands in the world are Java, Honshu, Great Britain, Luzon, and Sumatra. Other Eurasian islands with large populations include Mindanao, Taiwan, Salsette, Borneo, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Kyushu, and Hainan. The most densely-populated islands in Eurasia are Caubian Gamay Island, Ap Lei Chau, and Navotas Island. In the Arctic Ocean, Severny Island, Nordaustlandet, October Revolution Island, and Bolshevik Island are Eurasia's largest uninhabited islands, and Kotelny Island, Alexandra Land, and Spitsbergen are the least-densely populated.

History

See main article: article and History of Eurasia. Eurasia has been the host of many ancient civilizations, including those based in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley and China. In the Axial Age (mid-first millennium BCE), a continuous belt of civilizations stretched through the Eurasian subtropical zone from the Atlantic to the Pacific. This belt became the mainstream of world history for two millennia.

Russian geopolitical ideology

See main article: Eurasianism. Originally, "Eurasia" is a geographical notion: in this sense, it is simply the biggest continent; the combined landmass of Europe and Asia. However, geopolitically, the word has several meanings, reflecting specific geopolitical interests.^[15] "Eurasia" is one of the most important geopolitical concepts and it figures prominently in the commentaries on the ideas of Halford Mackinder. As Zbigniew Brzezinski observed on Eurasia:

The Russian "Eurasianism" corresponded initially more or less to the land area of Imperial Russia in 1914, including parts of Eastern Europe.^[16] One of Russia's main geopolitical interests lies in ever closer integration with those countries that it considers part of "Eurasia."^[17]

The term Eurasia gained geopolitical reputation as one of the three superstates in 1984,^[18] George Orwell's^[19] novel where constant surveillance and propaganda are strategic elements (introduced as reflexive antagonists) of the heterogeneous dispositif such metapolitical constructs used to control and exercise power.^[20]

Regional organisations and alliances

Across Eurasia, several single markets have emerged, including the Eurasian Economic Space, European Single Market, ASEAN Economic Community, and the Gulf Cooperation Council. There are also several international organizations and initiatives which seek to promote integration throughout Eurasia, including:

Asia-Europe Meeting

• Every two years since 1996 a meeting of most Asian and European countries is organised as the Asia–Europe Meeting (ASEM).

Commonwealth of Independent States

See main article: Commonwealth of Independent States.

• The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a political and economic association of 10 post-Soviet republics in Eurasia formed following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. It has an estimated population of 239,796,010. The CIS encourages cooperation in economic, political, and military affairs and has certain powers to coordinate trade, finance, lawmaking and security. In addition, six members of the CIS have joined the Collective Security Treaty Organization, an intergovernmental military alliance that was founded in 1992.

Eurasian Economic Union

See also: Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union.

• Similar in concept to the European Union, the Eurasian Economic Union is an economic union established in 2015 including Russia, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and observer members Moldova, Uzbekistan, and Cuba. It is headquartered in Moscow, Russia and Minsk, Belarus. The union promotes economic integration among members and is theoretically open to enlargement to include any country in Europe or Asia.

Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges

• The Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges (FEAS) is an international organization headquartered in Yerevan, comprising the main stock exchanges in Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia. The purpose of the Federation is to contribute to the cooperation, development, support and promotion of capital markets in the Eurasian region.

Russia-EU Common Spaces

• The Russia – EU Four Common Spaces Initiative, is a joint European Union and Russian agreement to closer integrate Russia and the EU, remove barriers to trade and investment and promote reforms and competitiveness. In 2010, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin called for common economic space, free-trade area or more advanced economic integration, stretching from Lisbon to Vladivostok. However, no significant progress was made and the project was put on hold after Russia-EU relations deteriorated following the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014.

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

See main article: Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.

• The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation is a Eurasian political, economic and security alliance, the creation of which was announced on 15 June 2001 in Shanghai, China. It is the largest regional organisation in the world in terms of geographical coverage and population, covering three-fifths of the Eurasian continent and nearly half of the human population.

Use of term

History of the Europe–Asia division

In ancient times, the Greeks classified Europe (derived from the mythological Phoenician princess Europa) and Asia which to the Greeks originally included Africa^[21] (derived from Asia, a woman in Greek mythology) as separate "lands". Where to draw the dividing line between the two regions is still a matter of discussion. Especially whether the Kuma-Manych Depression or the Caucasus Mountains form the southeast boundary is disputed, since Mount Elbrus would be part of Europe in the latter case, making it (and not Mont Blanc) Europe's highest mountain. Most accepted is probably the boundary as defined by Philip Johan von Strahlenberg in the 18th century. He defined the dividing line along the Aegean Sea, Dardanelles, Sea of Marmara, Bosporus, Black Sea, Kuma–Manych Depression, Caspian Sea, Ural River, and the Ural Mountains. However, at least part of this definition has been subject to criticism by many modern analytical geographers like Halford Mackinder, who saw little validity in the Ural Mountains as a boundary between continents.^[22]

Soviet states after decentralization

Nineteenth-century Russian philosopher Nikolai Danilevsky defined Eurasia as an entity separate from Europe and Asia, bounded by the Himalayas, the Caucasus, the Alps, the Arctic, the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, a definition that has been influential in Russia and other parts of the former Soviet Union.^[23] Nowadays, partly inspired by this usage, the term Eurasia is sometimes used to refer to the post-Soviet space – in particular Russia, the Central Asian republics, and the Transcaucasus republics – and sometimes also adjacent regions such as Turkey and Mongolia.

The word "Eurasia" is often used in Kazakhstan to describe its location. Numerous Kazakh institutions have the term in their names, like the L. N. Gumilev Eurasian National University (Kazakh: [[:kk:Еуразия ұлттық университеті|Л. Н. Гумилёв атындағы Еуразия Ұлттық университеті]]; Russian: [[:ru:Евразийский Национальный университет имени Л. Н. Гумилёва|Евразийский Национальный университет имени Л. Н. Гумилёва]])^[24] (Lev Gumilev's Eurasianism ideas having been popularized in Kazakhstan by Olzhas Suleimenov), the Eurasian Media Forum,^[25] the Eurasian Cultural Foundation (Russian: [[:ru:Евразийский фонд культуры|Евразийский фонд культуры]]), the Eurasian Development Bank (Russian: [[:ru:Евразийский банк развития|Евразийский банк развития]]),^[26] and the Eurasian Bank.^[27] In 2007 Kazakhstan's president, Nursultan Nazarbayev, proposed building a "Eurasia Canal" to connect the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea via Russia's Kuma-Manych Depression to provide Kazakhstan and other Caspian-basin countries with a more efficient path to the ocean than the existing Volga–Don Canal.^[28]

This usage can also be seen in the names of Eurasianet,^[29] The Journal of Eurasian Studies,^[30] and the Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies,^[31] as well as the titles of numerous academic programmes at US universities.^{[32] [33] [34] [35] [36]}

This usage is comparable to how Americans use "Western Hemisphere" to describe concepts and organizations dealing with the Americas (e.g., Council on Hemispheric Affairs, Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation).

See also

• Asia-Europe Foundation
• Asia–Europe Meeting
• Borders of the continents
• Council of Europe
• Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations
• Eastern European Group
• Eastern Partnership
• Eurasia (Nineteen Eighty-Four)
• Eurasian (disambiguation)
• Eurasian Economic Community
• Eurasia Tunnel
• Eurasia Canal
• Eurasian Economic Union
• European Union
• Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
• Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges
• Intermediate Region
• Laurasia – a geological supercontinent joining Eurasia and North America
• List of Eurasian countries by population
• Marmaray – railway tunnel links Europe to Asia
• Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
• Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
  • Palearctic Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
• Silk Road
• United States of Eurasia
• Vega expedition – the first voyage to circumnavigate Eurasia

Further reading

• The Dawn of Eurasia: On the Trail of the New World Order by Bruno Maçães, Publisher: Allen Lane
• Book: Institutions, Ideas and Leadership in Russian Politics . Julie . Newton . William . Tompson . 9780230282940 . 10.1057/9780230282940 . Palgrave Macmillan . 2010.
• D. Lane, V. Samokhvalov, The Eurasian Project and Europe Regional Discontinuities and Geopolitics, Palgrave: Basingstoke (2015)
• V. Samokhvalov, The new Eurasia: post-Soviet space between Russia, Europe and China, European Politics and Society, Volume 17, 2016 – Issue sup1: The Eurasian Project in Global Perspective (Journal homepage)
• Book: Lewis . Martin W. . Kären E. . Wigen . Kären Wigen. The Myth of Continents: a Critique of Metageography . 1997 . University of California Press . Berkeley . . 978-0-520-20743-1 .

External links

50°N 80°W

Notes and References

1. Web site: Population of Europe (2023) - Worldometers . www.worldometers.info . 1 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230101205654/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/europe-population/ . 1 January 2023 . live.
2. Web site: Population of Asia (2023) - Worldometers . www.worldometers.info . 9 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221004041159/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/asia-population/ . 4 October 2022 . live.
3. Web site: Nield . Ted . Continental Divide . Geological Society . 8 August 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005136/http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/en/Education%20and%20Careers/Ask%20a%20Geologist/Continents%20Supercontinents%20and%20the%20Earths%20Crust/Continental%20Divide . 3 December 2013 . live.
4. Web site: McDaniel . Melissa . Sprout . Erin . Boudreau . Diane . Turgeon . Andrew . 2 . 20 September 2011 . How many continents are there? . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20190716045120/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/continent/ . 16 July 2019 . 27 July 2017 . Continent . . By convention there are seven continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Europe, Australia, and Antarctica. Some geographers list only six continents, combining Europe and Asia into Eurasia. In parts of the world, students learn that there are just five continents: Eurasia, Australia (Oceania), Africa, Antarctica, and the Americas..
5. Book: Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. . Early Modern Europe, 1450–1789 . Merry Wiesner-Hanks . . 2006 . 2 . 9780521005210 . 5 August 2022 . 8 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231208133726/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zw7d4sZuYl0C&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false . live .
6. Book: 'continents' – Encyclopedia of World Geography, Volume 1 . R. W. . McColl . 2005 . Golson Books Ltd. . 9780816072293 . 215 . 26 June 2012 . And since Africa and Asia are connected at the Suez Peninsula, Europe, Africa, and Asia are sometimes combined as Afro-Eurasia or Eurafrasia. . https://web.archive.org/web/20160609201429/https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA215 . 9 June 2016 . live.
7. Web site: Pangaea Supercontinent . Geology.com . 19 February 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110113222321/http://geology.com/articles/supercontinent.shtml . 13 January 2011 . live.
8. Book: Sengupta, Anita . Anthropologically, historically and linguistically Eurasia is more appropriately, though vaguely subdivided into West Eurasia (often including North Africa) and East Eurasia . Heartlands of Eurasia: The Geopolitics of Political Space . . 2009 . 25.
9. Pavlov . V. E. . 9 October 2012 . Siberian paleomagnetic data and the problem of rigidity of the Northern Eurasian continent in the post-Paleozoic . Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth . 48 . 9–10 . 721–737 . 2012IzPSE..48..721P . 10.1134/S1069351312080022 . 12 October 2022 . SpringerLink . 129745964 . 12 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221012153205/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1069351312080022 . live .
10. Li . Yong-Xiang . Shu . Liangshu . Wen . Bin . Yang . Zhenyu . Ali . Jason R. . 2 . 13 July 2013 . Magnetic inclination shallowing problem and the issue of Eurasia's rigidity: insights following a palaeomagnetic study of upper Cretaceous basalts and redbeds from SE China . . 194 . 3 . 1374–1389 . 2013GeoJI.194.1374L . 10.1093/gji/ggt181 . 0956-540X . 12 October 2022 . free . 12 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221012153205/https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/194/3/1374/646274?login=true . live .
11. https://world-meters.com/articles/geography/longest-rivers-in-asia/ Longest Rivers in Asia
12. Web site: Государственный водный реестр: река Лена. textual.ru. 13 January 2023. 3 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200803075808/http://textual.ru/gvr/index.php?card=253823. live.
13. Web site: Государственный водный реестр: река ИРТЫШ. textual.ru. 13 January 2023. 31 October 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131031131447/http://textual.ru/gvr/index.php?card=194621. live.
14. Web site: Государственный водный реестр: река ЕНИСЕЙ. textual.ru. 13 January 2023. 14 December 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221214214119/http://textual.ru/gvr/index.php?card=212155. live.
15. Web site: Andreen . Finn . The Concept of Eurasia. Blogger.com / . Comment and Outlook . 6 June 2014 . 2014-04-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140606223433/http://commentandoutlook.blogspot.fr/2014/04/the-concept-of-eurasia-part-i.html . 6 June 2014 . live.
16. Book: Nartov. N. A.. Geopolitika : [učebnik]. 2004. Edinstvo. Moskva. 978-5238006826. Part 2.4, p. 50. 3rd.
17. Web site: Andreen. Finn. The Concept of Eurasia. Blogger.com. Commentary and Outlook. 6 June 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20160130030446/http://commentandoutlook.blogspot.fr/search/label/Russia. 30 January 2016. live.
18. Book: Tovy, Tal . 2015 . The changing nature of geostrategy, 1900-2000: the evolution of a new paradigm . Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama . Air University Press. Air Force Research Institute . 19 . 978-1-58566-253-1 . 8 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190807104101/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1003655.pdf . 7 August 2019 . live .
19. Web site: The Maps are Too Small: Geography, Strategy and the National Interest . Porter . Patrick . 27 February 2012 . Foreign & Commonwealth Office . Government Digital Service . 8 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190727230105/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-maps-are-too-small-geography-strategy-and-the-national-interest/the-maps-are-too-small-geography-strategy-and-the-national-interest . 27 July 2019 . live .
20. Ingram . Alan . 2017 . Art, Geopolitics and Metapolitics at Tate Galleries London . Geopolitics . 22 . 3 . 719–739 . 10.1080/14650045.2016.1263186 . 151769284 . 3 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190412055558/http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1532789/1/AM.pdf . 12 April 2019 . live .
21. Book: Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. . Early Modern Europe, 1450–1789 . Merry Wiesner-Hanks . . 2006 . 2 . 9780521005210 . 5 August 2022 . 8 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231208133726/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zw7d4sZuYl0C&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false . live .
22. Book: Europe: A History. 8. 23 August 2010. 978-0-19-820171-7. 1996. Davies. Norman. Oxford University Press. 8 December 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231208133729/https://books.google.com/books?id=jrVW9W9eiYMC&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false. live.
23. Schmidt . Matthew . Is Putin Pursuing a Policy of Eurasianism? . Demokratizatsiya . 2005 . 1 . 13 . 90.
24. Web site: L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University . Emu.kz . 29 July 2010 . 7 August 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090228233409/http://www.emu.kz/ . 28 February 2009 . live .
25. Web site: The Eurasian Media Forum . Eamedia.org . 7 August 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100409212419/http://www.eamedia.org/about . 9 April 2010 . dead .
26. Web site: Eurasian Development Bank . Eabr.org . 7 August 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100524164422/http://www.eabr.org/eng/ . 24 May 2010 . dmy-all .
27. Web site: Eurasian Bank . Eurasian-bank.kz . 7 August 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101124054745/http://www.eurasian-bank.kz/ . 24 November 2010 . live .
28. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article2002408.ece Canal will link Caspian Sea to world
29. Web site: Eurasianet . 13 March 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191001034029/https://eurasianet.org/ . 1 October 2019 . live.
30. Book: Journal of Eurasian Studies . . 13 March 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170313215418/https://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-eurasian-studies/ . 13 March 2017 . live.
31. Web site: About ASEEES . Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies . 13 March 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170323175022/http://www.aseees.org/about . 23 March 2017 . live.
32. Web site: Slavic and Eurasian Studies . Duke Graduate School . 13 March 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170313221145/https://gradschool.duke.edu/academics/programs-degrees/slavic-and-eurasian-studies . 13 March 2017 . live.
33. Web site: Russian and Eurasian Studies . . 13 March 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170118060402/http://russianstudies.gmu.edu/ . 18 January 2017 . live.
34. Web site: Department of Slavic and Eurasian Studies . . 13 March 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170313220103/https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/slavic/ . 13 March 2017 . live.
35. Web site: Center for Russian, East European and Eurasian Studies . . 13 March 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170313195134/https://creees.stanford.edu/ . 13 March 2017 . live.
36. Web site: Institute of Slavic, East European and Eurasian Studies . . 13 March 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170214052705/http://iseees.berkeley.edu/ . 14 February 2017 . live.