Non-pharmacological intervention explained

non-pharmacological intervention (NPI) is any type of healthcare intervention which is not primarily based on medication. Some examples include exercise,[1] sleep improvement,[2] and dietary habits.

Non-pharmacological interventions may be intended to prevent or treat (ameliorate or cure) diseases or other health-related conditions, or to improve public health. They can be educational and may involve a variety of lifestyle or environmental changes.[3] Complex or multicomponent interventions use multiple strategies,[4] and they often involve the participation of several types of care providers.

Non-pharmacological interventions can call on various fields of expertise, such as surgery, medical devices, rehabilitation, psychotherapy, and behavioral interventions.[5]

Examples

Hypertension

The first line of treatment for hypertension is lifestyle changes, including dietary changes, physical exercise, and weight loss. Although these have all been recommended in scientific advisories,[6] a Cochrane systematic review of available relevant studies found that although weigh-loss diets did reduce body weight and blood pressure, beneficial effects of those changes could not be demonstrated, owing to the small number of participants and studies, and that therefore the impact of weigh loss on mortality and morbidity is unknown.[7] Their potential effectiveness is similar to and at times exceeds a single medication.[8] If the blood pressure is high enough to justify immediate use of medications, lifestyle changes are still recommended in conjunction. Dietary changes shown to reduce blood pressure include diets containing low amounts of sodium,[9] [10] the DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension),[11] vegetarian diets,[12] and green tea consumption.[13] [14] [15] [16] Physical exercise regimens that reduce blood pressure include isometric resistance exercise, aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and device-guided breathing.[17]

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Hilfiker. Roger. Meichtry. Andre. Eicher. Manuela. Nilsson Balfe. Lina. Knols. Ruud H.. Verra. Martin L.. Taeymans. Jan. 2018. Exercise and other non-pharmaceutical interventions for cancer-related fatigue in patients during or after cancer treatment: a systematic review incorporating an indirect-comparisons meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 52. 10. 651–658. 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096422. 1473-0480. 5931245. 28501804.
  2. Zoremba. N.. Coburn. M.. Schälte. G.. 2018. [Delirium in intensive care patients: A multiprofessional challenge]]. Der Anaesthesist. 67. 11. 811–820. 10.1007/s00101-018-0497-3. 1432-055X. 30298270.
  3. Abraha I, Rimland JM, Trotta FM, et al . Systematic review of systematic reviews of non-pharmacological interventions to treat behavioural disturbances in older patients with dementia. The SENATOR-OnTop series . BMJ Open . 7 . 3 . e012759 . 2017 . 28302633 . 5372076 . 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012759 .
  4. Book: Boutron I, Ravaud P . Randomized clinical trials of nonpharmacological treatments . Boutron I, Ravaud P, Moher D . Introduction . xi–xii . 2012 . CRC Press . Boca Raton . 9781420088021.
  5. Boutron I, Altman DG, Moher D, Schulz KF, Ravaud P . CONSORT Statement for Randomized Trials of Nonpharmacologic Treatments: A 2017 Update and a CONSORT Extension for Nonpharmacologic Trial Abstracts . Annals of Internal Medicine . 167 . 1 . 40–47 . 2017 . 28630973 . 10.7326/M17-0046 . free.
  6. Go AS, Bauman MA, Coleman King SM, Fonarow GC, Lawrence W, Williams KA, Sanchez E . An effective approach to high blood pressure control: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Hypertension . 63 . 4 . 878–85 . April 2014 . 24243703 . 10.1161/HYP.0000000000000003 . 10280688 . dmy-all . free .
  7. Semlitsch. Thomas. Krenn. Cornelia. Jeitler. Klaus. Berghold. Andrea. Horvath. Karl. Siebenhofer. Andrea. 2021-02-08. Long-term effects of weight-reducing diets in people with hypertension. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021. 2. CD008274. 10.1002/14651858.CD008274.pub4. 1469-493X. 33555049. 8093137.
  8. Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, Redon J, Zanchetti A, Böhm M, etal . 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) . European Heart Journal . 34 . 28 . 2159–219 . July 2013 . 23771844 . 10.1093/eurheartj/eht151 . free . 1854/LU-4127523 . free .
  9. He FJ, Li J, Macgregor GA. April 2013. Effect of longer-term modest salt reduction on blood pressure. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis. 30. 4. CD004937. 10.1002/14651858.CD004937.pub2. 23633321. 23522004.
  10. Huang. Liping. Trieu. Kathy. Yoshimura. Sohei. Neal. Bruce. Woodward. Mark. Campbell. Norm R C. Li. Qiang. Lackland. Daniel T. Leung. Alexander A. Anderson. Cheryl A M. MacGr 2020. Effect of dose and duration of reduction in dietary sodium on blood pressure levels: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ. 368. m315. 10.1136/bmj.m315. 7190039. 32094151. free. He. Feng J. 2020 .
  11. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D, Obarzanek E, Conlin PR, Miller ER, Simons-Morton DG, Karanja N, Lin PH. January 2001. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. The New England Journal of Medicine. 344. 1. 3–10. 10.1056/NEJM200101043440101. 11136953. free.
  12. Yokoyama Y, Nishimura K, Barnard ND, Takegami M, Watanabe M, Sekikawa A, Okamura T, Miyamoto Y. April 2014. Vegetarian diets and blood pressure: a meta-analysis. JAMA Internal Medicine. 174. 4. 577–87. 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.14547. 24566947.
  13. Hartley L, Flowers N, Holmes J, Clarke A, Stranges S, Hooper L, Rees K. June 2013. Green and black tea for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. live. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. 2013. 6. CD009934. 10.1002/14651858.CD009934.pub2. 7433290. 23780706. https://web.archive.org/web/20180703075548/https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/43043/1/Cochrane_Tea_review.pdf. 3 July 2018. 3 July 2018.
  14. Liu G, Mi XN, Zheng XX, Xu YL, Lu J, Huang XH. October 2014. Effects of tea intake on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. The British Journal of Nutrition. Meta-Analysis. 112. 7. 1043–54. 10.1017/S0007114514001731. 25137341. free.
  15. Khalesi S, Sun J, Buys N, Jamshidi A, Nikbakht-Nasrabadi E, Khosravi-Boroujeni H. September 2014. Green tea catechins and blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. European Journal of Nutrition. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. 53. 6. 1299–311. 10.1007/s00394-014-0720-1. 24861099. free. 10018/1239907. 206969226.
  16. Peng X, Zhou R, Wang B, Yu X, Yang X, Liu K, Mi M. September 2014. Effect of green tea consumption on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of 13 randomized controlled trials. Scientific Reports. Meta-Analysis. 4. 6251. 2014NatSR...4E6251P. 10.1038/srep06251. 4150247. 25176280.
  17. Brook RD, Appel LJ, Rubenfire M, Ogedegbe G, Bisognano JD, Elliott WJ, Fuchs FD, Hughes JW, Lackland DT, Staffileno BA, Townsend RR, Rajagopalan S. June 2013. Beyond medications and diet: alternative approaches to lowering blood pressure: a scientific statement from the american heart association. Hypertension. 61. 6. 1360–83. 10.1161/HYP.0b013e318293645f. 23608661. free.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Non-pharmacological intervention".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.