Noggin (protein) explained

Noggin, also known as NOG, is a protein that is involved in the development of many body tissues, including nerve tissue, muscles, and bones. In humans, noggin is encoded by the NOG gene.[1] The amino acid sequence of human noggin is highly homologous to that of rat, mouse, and Xenopus (an aquatic frog genus).

Noggin is an inhibitor of several bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs): it inhibits at least BMP2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, and 14.[2]

The protein's name, which is a slang English-language word for "head", was coined in reference to its ability to produce embryos with large heads when exposed at high concentrations.[3]

Function

Noggin is a signaling molecule that plays an important role in promoting somite patterning in the developing embryo.[4] It is released from the notochord and regulates bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4) during development.[5] The absence of BMP4 will cause the patterning of the neural tube and somites from the neural plate in the developing embryo. It also causes formation of the head and other dorsal structures.[5]

Noggin function is required for correct nervous system, somite, and skeletal development. Experiments in mice have shown that noggin also plays a role in learning, cognition,[6] bone development,[7] and neural tube fusion.[8] Heterozygous missense mutations in the noggin gene can cause deformities such as joint fusions and syndromes such as multiple synostosis syndrome (SYNS1) and proximal symphalangism (SIM1). SYNS1 is different from SYM1 by causing hip and vertebral fusions. The embryo may also develop shorter bones, miss any skeletal elements, or lack multiple articulating joints.

Increased plasma levels of Noggin have been observed in obese mice and in patients with a body mass index over 27.[9] Additionally, it has been shown that Noggin depletion in adipose tissue leads to obesity.[10]

Mechanism of action

The secreted polypeptide noggin, encoded by the NOG gene, binds and inactivates members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily signaling proteins, such as bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4).

By diffusing through extracellular matrices more efficiently than members of the TGF-beta superfamily, noggin may have a principal role in creating morphogenic gradients. Noggin appears to have pleiotropic effects, both early in development and in later stages.

Knockout model

A study of a mouse knockout model tracked the extent to which the absence of noggin affected embryological development. The focus of the study was the formation of the ear and its role in conductive hearing loss. The inner ear underwent multiple deformations affecting the cochlear duct, semicircular canals, and otic capsule portions. Noggin's involvement in the malformations was also shown to be indirect, through its interaction with the notochord and neural axis. The kinking of the notochord and disorientation of the body axis results in a caudal shift in the embryonic body plan of the hindbrain. Major signaling molecules from the rhombomere structures in the hindbrain could not properly induce inner ear formation. This reflected noggin's regulating of BMP as the major source of deformation, rather than noggin directly affecting inner ear development.[11]

Specific knockout models have been created using the Cre-lox system. A model knocking out Noggin specifically in adipocytes has allowed to elucidate that Noggin also plays a role in adipose tissue: its depletion in adipocytes causes alterations in the structure of both brown and white adipose tissue, along with brown fat dysfunction (impaired thermogenesis and β-oxidation) that results in dramatic increases of body weight and percent body fat that causes alterations in the lipid profile and in the liver; the effects vary with gender.

Clinical significance

Noggin proteins play a role in germ layer-specific derivation of specialized cells. The formation of neural tissues, the notochord, hair follicles, and eye structures arise from the ectoderm germ layer. Noggin activity in the mesoderm gives way to the formation of cartilage, bone and muscle growth, and in the endoderm noggin is involved in the development of the lungs.[12]

Early craniofacial development is heavily influenced by the presence of noggin, in accordance with its multiple tissue-specific requirements. Noggin influences the formation and growth of the palate, mandible and skull through its interaction with neural crest cells. Mice with a lack of NOG gene are shown to have an outgrowth of the mandible and a cleft palate. Another craniofacial related deformity due to the absence of noggin is conductive hearing loss caused by uncontrolled outgrowth of the cochlear duct and coiling.[13]

Recently, several heterozygous missense human NOG mutations in unrelated families with proximal symphalangism (SYM1) and multiple synostoses syndrome (SYNS1) have been identified; both SYM1 and SYNS1 have multiple joint fusion as their principal feature, and map to the same region on chromosome 17 (17q22) as NOG. These mutations indicate functional haploinsufficiency where the homozygous forms are embryonically lethal.[12]

All these NOG mutations have altered evolutionarily conserved amino acid residues.

Mutations in this gene have been associated with middle ear abnormalities.[14]

Discovery

Noggin was originally isolated from the aquatic-frog genus Xenopus. The discovery was based on the organism's ability to restore normal dorsal-ventral body axis in embryos that had been artificially ventralized by ultraviolet treatment. Noggin was discovered in the laboratory of Richard M. Harland and William C. Smith at the University of California, Berkeley because of this ability to induce secondary axis formation in frog embryos.[15]

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Entrez Gene: NOG noggin.
  2. Blázquez-Medela AM, Jumabay M, Boström KI . Beyond the bone: Bone morphogenetic protein signaling in adipose tissue . Obesity Reviews . 20 . 5 . 648–658 . May 2019 . 30609449 . 6447448 . 10.1111/obr.12822 .
  3. The Discovery of Noggin . Oppenheimer SB . The American Biology Teacher . 1995 . 57 . 5 . 10.2307/4449989 . 4449989 . 264–266. 10211.2/1126 .
  4. Hirsinger E, Duprez D, Jouve C, Malapert P, Cooke J, Pourquié O . Noggin acts downstream of Wnt and Sonic Hedgehog to antagonize BMP4 in avian somite patterning . Development . 124 . 22 . 4605–14 . November 1997 . 10.1242/dev.124.22.4605 . 9409677 .
  5. Marcelino J, Sciortino CM, Romero MF, Ulatowski LM, Ballock RT, Economides AN, Eimon PM, Harland RM, Warman ML . Human disease-causing NOG missense mutations: effects on noggin secretion, dimer formation, and bone morphogenetic protein binding . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 98 . 20 . 11353–8 . September 2001 . 11562478 . 58733 . 10.1073/pnas.201367598 . 2001PNAS...9811353M . free .
  6. Xu H, Huang W, Wang Y, Sun W, Tang J, Li D, Xu P, Guo L, Yin ZQ, Fan X . The function of BMP4 during neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus in Alzheimer's disease . Ageing Research Reviews . 12 . 1 . 157–64 . January 2013 . 22698853 . 10.1016/j.arr.2012.05.002 . 46528212 .
  7. Potti TA, Petty EM, Lesperance MM . A comprehensive review of reported heritable noggin-associated syndromes and proposed clinical utility of one broadly inclusive diagnostic term: NOG-related-symphalangism spectrum disorder (NOG-SSD) . Human Mutation . 32 . 8 . 877–86 . August 2011 . 21538686 . 10.1002/humu.21515 . 2027.42/87082 . 205920339 . free .
  8. Liu A, Niswander LA . Bone morphogenetic protein signalling and vertebrate nervous system development . Nature Reviews. Neuroscience . 6 . 12 . 945–54 . December 2005 . 16340955 . 10.1038/nrn1805 . 1005572 .
  9. Sawant A, Chanda D, Isayeva T, Tsuladze G, Garvey WT, Ponnazhagan S . Noggin is novel inducer of mesenchymal stem cell adipogenesis: implications for bone health and obesity . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 287 . 15 . 12241–9 . April 2012 . 22351751 . 10.1074/jbc.m111.293613 . 3320975. free .
  10. Blázquez-Medela AM, Jumabay M, Rajbhandari P, Sallam T, Guo Y, Yao J, Vergnes L, Reue K, Zhang L, Yao Y, Fogelman AM, Tontonoz P, Lusis AJ, Wu X, Boström KI . Noggin depletion in adipocytes promotes obesity in mice . Molecular Metabolism . April 2019 . 25 . 50–63 . 31027994 . 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.04.004 . 6600080 . free .
  11. Bok J, Brunet LJ, Howard O, Burton Q, Wu DK . Role of hindbrain in inner ear morphogenesis: analysis of Noggin knockout mice . Developmental Biology . 311 . 1 . 69–78 . November 2007 . 17900554 . 2215324 . 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.08.013 .
  12. Krause C, Guzman A, Knaus P . Noggin . The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology . 43 . 4 . 478–81 . April 2011 . 21256973 . 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.01.007 .
  13. Masuda S, Namba K, Mutai H, Usui S, Miyanaga Y, Kaneko H, Matsunaga T . A mutation in the heparin-binding site of noggin as a novel mechanism of proximal symphalangism and conductive hearing loss . Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications . 447 . 3 . 496–502 . May 2014 . 24735539 . 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.04.015 .
  14. Lindquist NR, Appelbaum EN, Acharya A, Vrabec JT, Leal SM, Schrauwen I (2019) A start codon variant in NOG underlies symphalangism and ossicular chain malformations affecting both the incus and the stapes. Case Rep Genet 2019:2836263
  15. Valenzuela DM, Economides AN, Rojas E, Lamb TM, Nuñez L, Jones P, Lp NY, Espinosa R, Brannan CI, Gilbert DJ . Identification of mammalian noggin and its expression in the adult nervous system . The Journal of Neuroscience . 15 . 9 . 6077–84 . September 1995 . 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-09-06077.1995 . 7666191 . 6577675 .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Noggin (protein)".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.