Tutton's salt explained

Tutton's salts are a family of salts with the formula M2M'(SO4)2(H2O)6 (sulfates) or M2M'(SeO4)2(H2O)6 (selenates). These materials are double salts, which means that they contain two different cations, M+ and M'2+ crystallized in the same regular ionic lattice. The univalent cation can be potassium, rubidium, caesium, ammonium (NH4), deuterated ammonium (ND4) or thallium. Sodium or lithium ions are too small. The divalent cation can be magnesium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc or cadmium. In addition to sulfate and selenate, the divalent anion can be chromate (CrO42−), tetrafluoroberyllate (BeF42−), hydrogenphosphate (HPO42−)[1] or monofluorophosphate (PO3F2−). Tutton's salts crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/a.[2] The robustness is the result of the complementary hydrogen-bonding between the tetrahedral anions and cations as well their interactions with the metal aquo complex [M(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]2+.

Examples and related compounds

Perhaps the best-known is Mohr's salt, ferrous ammonium sulfate (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.(H2O)6).[3] Other examples include the vanadous Tutton salt (NH4)2V(SO4)2(H2O)6 and the chromous Tutton salt (NH4)2Cr(SO4)2(H2O)6. In solids and solutions, the M'2+ ion exists as a metal aquo complex [M'(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]2+.

Related to the Tutton's salts are the alums, which are also double salts but with the formula MM'(SO4)2(H2O)12. The Tutton's salts were once termed "false alums".[4]

History

Tutton salts are sometimes called Schönites after the naturally occurring mineral called Schönite (K2Mg(SO4)2(H2O)6). They are named for Alfred Edwin Howard Tutton, who identified and characterised a large range of these salts around 1900.[5]
Such salts were of historical importance because they were obtainable in high purity and served as reliable reagents and spectroscopic standards.

Table of salts

M1M2formulanamea Åb Åc Åβ°V Å3colourNαNβNγ Biaxial2Vother
KCdK2[Cd(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2Potassium cadmium sulfate hexahydrate[6]
CsCdCs2[Cd(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2caesium cadmium sulphate hexahydrate[7]
NH4Cd(NH4)2[Cd(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2Ammonium Cadmium Sulfate Hydrate 9.39512.7766.299106°43'727.63colourlessl.4861.4881.494Biaxial(-f)large[8] density=2.05[9] Slowly loses water in dry air.[10]
KCoK2[Co(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2[11] Potassium cobaltous sulfate6.1519.06112.207104.8°657.78[12] reddensity=2.21
RbCoRb2[Co(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2Rubidium hexaaquacobalt(II) sulphate6.249.1912.453105.99°686.5ruby-red[13] desnsity=2.56
CsCoCs2[Co(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2Caesium hexaaquacobalt(II) sulphate 9.318(1)12.826(3)6.3650(9)107.13(1)°727.0 dark red
NH4Co(NH4)2[Co(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2Cobaltous ammonium sulfate hexahydrate6.2429.25512.549106.98°693.3[14] purple[15] density=1.89
TlCoTl2[Co(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2Cobaltous thallium sulfate hexahydrate, Thallium hexaaquacobalt(II) sulfate, 9.227(1)12.437(2)6.220(1)106.40(1)°684.7light red[16]
TlCoTl2[Co(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2dithallium cobalt sulfate hexahydrate9.235(1)12.442(2)6.227(1)106.40(1)°yellowish pink1.5991.6131.624biaxial(-)medium large[17] density=4.180 g/cm3
RbCrRb2[Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2[18] dirubidium chromium sulfate hexahydrate
CsCrCs2[Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2dicaesium chromium sulfate hexahydrate
ND4Cr(ND4)2Cr(SO4)2 dideuterated ammonium chromium sulfate hexahydratebright blue, formed from \ce with ammonium sulfate in minimal water under nitrogen gas. Stable in air from oxidation, but may dehydrate.[19]
KCuK2[Cu(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2 9.2712.446.30104.47[20] 663.0pale green bluedensity=2.21 within unit cell 7.76 between two Cu atoms[21]
RbCuRb2[Cu(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2Dirubidium hexaaquacopper sulfate9.26712.3666.228105°19'686.8brilliant greenish blue 1.4881.4911.506biaxial (+)mediumdensity=2.580g/cm3 Cu-O 2.098 Å Rb-O 3.055 Å.[22]
CsCuCs2[Cu(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2[23] dicaesium hexaaquacopper sulfate 9.43912.7626.310106°11'718.5brilliant greenish blue, 1.5041.5061.514 biaxial (+)density=2.864g/cm3[24]
NH4Cu(NH4)2[Cu(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2ammonium hexaaquacopper(II) sulfate6.31 12.389.22106.16°691.25[25] density=1.921; heat of formation=-777.9 kcal/mol Jahn-Teller distortion axis switches under pressure of ~1500 bars, a,b axis shrinks 3.3% and 3.5% and c axis extends 4.5%.[26]
TlCuTl2[Cu(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2Thallium copper sulfate hydrate9.26812.3646.216105°33'brilliant greenish blue 1.6001.6101.620biaxial very large[27] density=3.740 g/cm3
KFeK2[Fe(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2dipotassium iron sulfate hexahydrate
RbFeRb2[Fe(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2Rubidium iron sulfate hydrate9.21812.4976.256105°45'pale green1.4801.4891.501biaxial (+)large, density=2.523g/cm3[28]
CsFeCs2[Fe(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2Caesium hexaaquairon(II) sulphate9.357(2)12.886(2)6.381(1)106.94(1)°736.0dark yellow very pale green 1.5011.5041.516biaxial (+)medium[29] density=2.805
NH4Fe(NH4)2[Fe(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)26.24(1)12.65(2)9.32(2)106.8(1)704.28vitreous pale greendensity=1.85 named after Karl Friedrich Mohr[30]
TlFeTl2[Fe(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2Thallium hexaaquairon(II) sulfate 9.262(2)12.497(1)6.235(2)106.15(1)°693.2 light green1.5901.605=1.616biaxial (-)large density=3.662g/cm3[31]
KMgK2[Mg(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2 picromerite9.0412.246.095104° 48'[32] colourless or white 1.4601.4621.472biaxial (+)mediumdensity=2.025g/cm3;[33] expanded second coordination sphere around Mg.
RbMgRb2[Mg(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2rubidium magnesium sulphate hexahydrate[34] 9.23512.4866.224105°59'colourless1.4671.4691.476[35] biaxial
CsMgCs2[Mg(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2Caesium hexaaquamagnesium sulphate9.338(2)12.849(4)6.361(2)107.07(2)°729.6colourless[36] 1.4811.4851.492biaxial(+)mediumdensity=2.689[37]
NH4Mg(NH4)2[Mg(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2boussingaultite9.2812.576.2107°6'
NH4Mg(NH4)2[Mg(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2Ammonium Magnesium Chromium Oxide Hydrate9.508±.00112.6746.246106°14'bright yellow1.6371.6381.653biaxial(+)smalldensity=1.840 g/cm 3
TlMgTl2[Mg(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2[38] dithallium magnesium sulfate hexahydrate9.22 9.262(2)12.42 12.459(2)6.185 6.207(1)106°30' 106.39(2)°687.1colourlessdensity=3.532 g/cm3
RbMnRb2[Mn(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2Dirubidium hexaaquamanganese sulfate(VI) 9.282(2)12.600(2)6.254(2)105.94(2)703.3Å3[39] [40]
CsMnCs2[Mn(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2Caesium hexaaquamanganese(II) sulphate9.418(3)12.963(2)6.386(3)107.17(4)°744.9pale pink purplish white1.4951.4971.502biaxial(+)largedensity=2.763[41]
NH4Mn(NH4)2[Mn(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2manganese ammonium sulfate hexahydrate 9.4012.746.26107.0°[42] pale pink1.4821.4561.492biaxial(+)largedensity=1.827 [43]
TlMnTl2[Mn(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2Thallium manganese sulfate hexahydrate 9.3276(6), 9.322(2)12.5735(8), 12.565(2)6.2407(4), and 6.233(1)106.310(3)°[44] 106.29(2)°, 700.8light pink
KNiK2Ni(SO4)2Potassium Nickel Sulfate Hexahydrate used as UV filter
RbNiRb2[Ni(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2Rubidium Nickel Sulfate Hexahydrate 6.22112.419.131106.055°677.43001 surface has step growth of 4.6 Å, optical transmission bands at 250, 500 and 860 nm which are the same as nickel sulfate hexahydrate, but UV band transmits more. Heavy absorption 630-720 nm and 360-420 nm3 density 2.596 g cm−3.[45] stable to 100.5 °C solubility in g/100ml=0.178t + 4.735 MW=529.87
CsNiCs2[Ni(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2Caesium hexaaquanickel(II) sulphate, Caesium Nickel Sulfate Hexahydrate9.259(2)12.767(2)6.358(1)107.00(2)°718.7greenish blue1.5071.5121.516biaxial(-)very largedensity=2.883 [46] used as UV filter
NH4Ni(NH4)2[Ni(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2nickel-boussingaultite[47] 9.18612.4686.424684.0blueish green.[48] [49] density=1.918 cas=51287-85-5
TlNiTl2[Ni(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2Thallium hexaaquanickel(II) sulfate9.161(2)12.389(2)6.210(2)106.35(2)°676.3greenish blue1.6021.6151.620biaxial(-)largedensity=3.763[50]
KRuK2[Ru(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2[51] 8.95012.2686.135105.27644
RbRuRb2[Ru(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)29.13212.5276.351106.30
KVK2[V(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2Vanadium(II) potassium sulfate hexahydrate [52]
RbVRb2[V(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2Rubidium vanadium(II) sulfate
NH4V(NH4)2[V(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2Vanadium(II) ammonium sulfate hexahydrate9.4212.766.22107.2°714.2amethystdensity=1.8 V-O length 2.15Å[53]
KZnK2[Zn(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2dipotassium zinc sulphate hexahydrate9.04112.3106.182104.777°colourless1.4781.4811.496biaxiallargedensity=2.242g/cm3[54] Thermal decomposition at 252K.[55]
RbZnRb2[Zn(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2Rubidium Zinc Sulphate Hexahydrate[56] 9.18512.4506.242105°54' colourless1.4831.4891.497biaxiallarge [57]
CsZnCs2[Zn(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2zinc caesium sulphate hexahydrate [58] 9.314(2)12.817(2)6.369(2)106.94(2)°727.3colourless1.5071.6101.615biaxial(-)largedensity=2.881 [59]
NH4Zn(NH4)2[Zn(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)29.20512.4756.225106°52'[60] 684.1heat of fusion 285 J/g[61]
TlZnTl2[Zn(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2Thallium hexaaquazinc(II) sulfate [62] 9.219(2)12.426(2)6.226(1)106.29(2)°684.6colourless
selenates
CsNiCs2[Zn(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SeO4)2Dicaesium nickel selenate hexahydrate[63] 7.46747.915211.7972106.363669.04light green
RbCuRb2[Cu(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SeO4)2Dirubidium copper selenate hexahydrate[64] 6.36312.4319.373104.33718.3

Organic salts

Some organic bases can also form salts that crystallise like Tutton's salts.

formulanamea Åb Åc Åβ°V Å3colourNαNβNγ Biaxial2Vother
(C4H12N2)[Zn(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2piperazinediium hexaaquazinc(II) bis(sulfate)[65] 12.956210.650213.3251114.0321679.30Colourless
cadmium creatininium sulfate[66] 6.558427.8717.1955110.3711232.99colourless

Notes and References

  1. Ettoumi. Houda. Bulou. Alain. Suñol. Joan Josep. Mhiri. Tahar. Synthesis, crystal structure, and vibrational study of \ce: A new metal hydrogenphosphate compound. Journal of Molecular Structure. November 2015. 1099. 181–188. 10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.06.060. 2015JMoSt1099..181E.
  2. Ferdinando . Bosi . Girolamo . Belardi . Paolo . Ballirano . Structural features in Tutton's salts K2[''M''<sup>2+</sup>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO4)2, with M2+ = Mg, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn . . 2009 . 94 . 1 . 74–82 . 10.2138/am.2009.2898 . 2009AmMin..94...74B . 97302855 .
  3. B. N. Figgis . E. S. Kucharski . P. A. Reynolds . F. Tasset . 1989 . The structure of \ce at 4.3 K by neutron diffraction . Acta Crystallogr. . C45 . 942–944 . 10.1107/S0108270188013903.
  4. Book: Taylor, F. Sherwood . 1942 . Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry . 6th . William Heinemann .
  5. A Comparative Crystallographical Study of the Double Selenates of the Series \ce.Salts in Which M Is Zinc . A. E. Tutton . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London . 67 . 1900–1901 . 58–84 . 10.1098/rspl.1900.0002 . 435–441. free .
  6. Book: Nyquist. Richard A.. Kagel. Ronald O.. Handbook of Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic Compounds and Organic Salts: Infrared Spectra of Inorganic Compounds. 18 June 2013. Academic Press. 9780080878522. 30 March 1972. 297–298. (also includes Ni Cu)
  7. Lakshman. S.V.J. . T.V.Krishna Rao. 1984. Absorption spectrum of \ce ion doped in caesium cadmium sulphate hexahydrate single crystal. Solid State Communications. 49. 6. 567–570. 0038-1098. 10.1016/0038-1098(84)90193-5. 1984SSCom..49..567L.
  8. Web site: Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns. Swanson. H. E. . H. F. McMurdie . M. C. Morris . E. H. Evans. September 1970. National Bureau of Standards Monograph 25 Section 8. National Bureau of Standards. 16 June 2013.
  9. Web site: materials database. Atom Work. 2 July 2015.
  10. Web site: Materials Database. Atom Work. 2 July 2015.
  11. Ananthanarayanan. V.. 1961. Raman spectra of crystalline double sulphates. Zeitschrift für Physik. 163. 2. 144–157. 1434-6001. 10.1007/BF01336872. 1961ZPhy..163..144A. 120815961.
  12. Web site: materials database. Atom Work. 2 July 2015.
  13. Book: Krebs, Robert E.. The History And Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide. 17 June 2013. 2006-01-01. Greenwood Publishing Group. 9780313334382. 59.
  14. Web site: Materials database. Atom Work.
  15. Lim. Ae Ran. 2011. Thermodynamic properties and phase transitions of Tutton salt \ce crystals. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 109. 3. 1619–1623. 1388-6150. 10.1007/s10973-011-1849-2. 95478618.
  16. Euler. Harald. Bruno Barbier. Alke Meents. Armin Kirfel. 2009. Crystal structures of Tutton′s salts \ce, \ce. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - New Crystal Structures. 224. 3. 355–359. 10.1524/ncrs.2009.0157. 1433-7266. free.
  17. Book: Swanson, H. E. . McMurdie, H. F. . Morris, M. C. . Evans, E. H. . Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. 70. June 17, 2013. September 1969. UNT Digital Library. Washington D.C.
  18. Dobe. Christopher . Christopher Noble . Graham Carver . Philip L. W. Tregenna-Piggott . Garry J. McIntyre . Anne-Laure Barra . Antonia Neels . Stefan Janssen . Fanni Juranyi. 2004. Electronic and Molecular Structure of High-Spin d4 Complexes: Experimental and Theoretical Study of the [Cr(D<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]2+Cation in Tutton's Salts. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 126. 50. 16639–16652. 0002-7863. 10.1021/ja046095c. 15600370.
  19. Dobe. Christopher . Hans-Peter Andres . Philip L.W. Tregenna-Piggott . Susanne Mossin . Høgni Weihe . Stefan Janssen . 2002. Variable temperature inelastic neutron scattering study of chromium(II) Tutton salt: manifestation of the 5E ⊗ e Jahn–Teller effect. Chemical Physics Letters. 362. 5–6. 387–396. 0009-2614. 10.1016/S0009-2614(02)01131-4. 2002CPL...362..387D.
  20. Web site: materials database. 2 July 2015.
  21. Zhou. Dawei . R. W. Kreilick. 1993. Electron spin exchange in single crystals of copper Tutton's salt (\ce). The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 97. 37. 9304–9310. 0022-3654. 10.1021/j100139a009.
  22. Ballirano. Paolo . Girolamo Belardi. 2007. Rietveld refinement of the Tutton's salt \ce from parallel-beam X-ray powder diffraction data. Acta Crystallographica Section E. 63. 2. i56–i58. 1600-5368. 10.1107/S1600536807002656.
  23. Ballirano. Paolo . Girolamo Belardi . Ferdinando Bosi. 2007. Redetermination of the Tutton's salt \ce. Acta Crystallographica Section E. 63. 7. i164–i165. 1600-5368. 10.1107/S1600536807029790.
  24. Book: Swanson, H. E. . McMurdie, H. F. . Morris, M. C. . Evans, E. H.. . Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. 14. June 17, 2013. September 1969. UNT Digital Library. Washington D.C.
  25. Web site: 976 Diammonium hexaquacopper(ii) sulfate (\ce(SO4)2}) (ICSD 62991)]. openmopac. 2 July 2015.
  26. Simmons. Charles J. . Michael A. Hitchman . Horst Stratemeier . Arthur J. Schultz. 1993. High-pressure, low-temperature, single-crystal neutron diffraction study of deuterated and hydrogenous ammonium hexaaquacopper(II) sulfate (Tutton's salt): a pressure-switchable Jahn-Teller distortion. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 115. 24. 11304–11311. 0002-7863. 10.1021/ja00077a032.
  27. Book: Swanson, H. E. . McMurdie, H. F. . Morris, M. C. . Evans, E. H.. . Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. 72. June 17, 2013. September 1969. UNT Digital Library. Washington D.C.
  28. Web site: Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns. Swanson. H. E. . H. F. McMurdie . M. C. Morris . E. H. Evans. September 1970. National Bureau of Standards Monograph 25 Section 8. National Bureau of Standards. 64. 16 June 2013.
  29. Book: Swanson, H. E. . McMurdie, H. F. . Morris, M. C. . Evans, E. H. . Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. 14. June 17, 2013. September 1969. UNT Digital Library. Washington D.C.
  30. Web site: Mohrite. Mineral Data Publishing. 17 June 2013.
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  32. Bosi. F.. G. Belardi. P. Ballirano. 2009. Structural features in Tutton's salts \ce, with \ce. American Mineralogist. 94. 1. 74–82. 2009AmMin..94...74B. 10.2138/am.2009.2898. 97302855. 0003-004X.
  33. Web site: Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns. Swanson. H. E. . H. F. McMurdie . M. C. Morris . E. H. Evans. September 1970. National Bureau of Standards Monograph 25 Section 8. 54. National Bureau of Standards. 16 June 2013.
  34. Somasekharam. V. . Y.P. Reddy. 1985. Spectroscopic studies on vanadyl ion in rubidium magnesium sulphate hexahydrate. Solid State Communications. 53. 8. 695–697. 0038-1098. 10.1016/0038-1098(85)90380-1. 1985SSCom..53..695S.
  35. Book: Swanson, H. E. . McMurdie, H. F. . Morris, M. C. . Evans, E. H. . Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 8. Data for 81 Substances. June 17, 2013. September 1970. 70. UNT Digital Library. Washington D.C.
  36. Euler. H. . B. Barbier . A. Meents . A. Kirfel. 2003. [ftp://ftp.oldenbourg.de/pub/download/frei/ncs/218-4/409737_38_39_40_41_42.pdf Crystal structure of Tutton's salts, <math chem>\ce{Cs2[M^{II}(H2O)6](SO4)2}, \ce]. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie. New Crystal Structures. 218. 4. 409–413. 1433-7266. 15 June 2013. 10.1524/ncrs.2003.218.4.409. free.
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  38. Chand. Prem . R. Murali Krishna . J. Lakshmana Rao . S. V. J. Lakshman. 1993. EPR and optical studies of vanadyl complexes in two host-crystals of Tutton salts of thallium. Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids. 127. 2. 245–254. 1042-0150. 10.1080/10420159308220322. 1993REDS..127..245C.
  39. Web site: http://chem5.nchc.org.tw/icsd/details.php?id[=60195 ICSD for WWW]. 15 June 2013.
  40. Euler. H. . B. Barbier . S. Klumpp . A. Kirfel. 2000. [ftp://ftp.oldenbourg.de/pub/download/frei/ncs/218-4/409737_38_39_40_41_42.pdf Crystal structure of Tutton's salts, <math chem>\ce{Rb2[M^{II}(H2O)6](SO4)2}, \ce]. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie. New Crystal Structures. 215. 4. 473–476. 1433-7266. 15 June 2013. 10.1515/ncrs-2000-0408. free.
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  42. Montgomery. H. . R. V. Chastain . E. C. Lingafelter. 1966. The crystal structure of Tutton's salts. V. Manganese ammonium sulfate hexahydrate. Acta Crystallographica. 20. 6. 731–733. 0365-110X. 10.1107/S0365110X66001762. free.
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  44. Nalbandyan. V. B.. Thallium manganese sulfate hexahydrate, a missing Tutton's salt, and a brief review of the entire family. Powder Diffraction. 29 February 2012. 23. 1. 52–55. 10.1154/1.2840634. 2008PDiff..23...52N. 97043497.
  45. Wang. Xia. Xinxin Zhuang. Genbo Su. Youping He. 2008. A new ultraviolet filter: \ce (RNSH) single crystal. Optical Materials. 31. 2. 233–236. 2008OptMa..31..233W. 10.1016/j.optmat.2008.03.020. 0925-3467.
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