45th Canadian federal election explained

Election Name:	45th Canadian federal election
Country:	Canada
Type:	parliamentary
Ongoing:	yes
Election Date:	On or before ^1
Party Colour:	yes
Party Name:	yes
Seats For Election:	343 seats in the House of Commons
Majority Seats:	172
Opinion Polls:	Opinion polling for the 45th Canadian federal election
Previous Year:	2021
Previous Election:	2021 Canadian federal election
Next Year:	46th
Previous Mps:	List of House members of the 44th Parliament of Canada
Leader1:	Justin Trudeau
Leader Since1:	April 14, 2013
Leaders Seat1:	Papineau
Last Election1:	160 seats, 32.62%
Seats Before1:	155
Seats Needed1:	17
Leader2:	Pierre Poilievre
Leader Since2:	September 10, 2022
Leaders Seat2:	Carleton
Last Election2:	119 seats, 33.74%
Seats Before2:	119
Seats Needed2:	53
Leader3:	Yves-François Blanchet
Leader Since3:	January 17, 2019
Leaders Seat3:	Beloeil—Chambly
Last Election3:	32 seats, 7.64%
Seats Before3:	32
Seats Needed3:	N/A
Leader4:	Jagmeet Singh
Leader Since4:	October 1, 2017
Leaders Seat4:	Burnaby South
Last Election4:	25 seats, 17.82%
Seats Before4:	24
Seats Needed4:	148
Leader5:	Elizabeth May
Leader Since5:	November 19, 2022
Leaders Seat5:	Saanich—Gulf Islands
Last Election5:	2 seats, 2.33%
Seats Before5:	2
Seats Needed5:	170
Leader6:	Maxime Bernier
Leader Since6:	September 14, 2018
Leaders Seat6:	N/A
Last Election6:	0 seats, 4.94%
Seats Before6:	0
Seats Needed6:	172
Prime Minister
Before Election:	Justin Trudeau

The 45th Canadian federal election will take place on or before October 20, 2025, to elect members of the House of Commons to the 45th Canadian Parliament. The date of the vote is determined by the fixed-date provisions of the Canada Elections Act, which requires federal elections to be held on the third Monday in October in the fourth calendar year after the polling day of the previous election, though a current government bill proposes to postpone the date to October 27, 2025 to avoid conflicting with Diwali. In addition to the statutory fixed election date provisions, Canada has a constitutional requirement specified in both section 50 of the Constitution Act, 1867 and section 4 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms that elections for the House of Commons must be held no more than five years after the preceding election.

The election may occur before the scheduled date if the governor general dissolves Parliament on the recommendation of the prime minister for a snap election, or if the House of Commons passes a motion of no confidence in the government. Early elections are more likely to occur during minority governments because the prime minister does not control a majority in the House of Commons.^{[1] [2] [3]}

This will be the first election to use a new 343-seat electoral map based on the 2021 Canadian census. New electoral boundaries for each of the ten provinces were finalized between February 14 and July 8, 2023,^{[4] [5] [6]} and officially proclaimed on September 22, 2023.^[7] The previous 338-seat electoral map would have been reused had the election been called before April 23, 2024.^{[8] [7] [9]}

Background

The 2021 Canadian federal election, held on September 20 that year, saw little change from the preceding 2019 election.^[10] The incumbent Liberal Party, led by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, failed to win a parliamentary majority or the popular vote, but remained the party with the most seats and remained in office as a minority government. The Conservatives won the popular vote and continued as the Official Opposition.^[11] On September 27, Annamie Paul resigned as the Green Party leader,^[12] which came into effect on November 10.

Date of the election

The election is scheduled to take place on October 20, 2025, under the fixed-date provisions of the Canada Elections Act, which requires federal elections to be held on the third Monday in October in the fourth calendar year after the polling day of the previous election.^[13]

Proposed movement of fixed election date

On March 20, 2024, the government introduced the Electoral Participation Act, which included an amendment to the Canada Elections Act that would change the fixed election date to October 27, 2025, to avoid conflicting with the Hindu festival of Diwali, as well as municipal elections in Alberta.^{[14] [15]} Moving the election date to October 27, 2025, would also allow 80 members of parliament who were elected at the 2019 election to qualify for a pension that they would not receive if they fail to achieve reelection, though the government denies this motivated the proposed change.^[16]

Political parties and standings

The table below lists parties represented in the House of Commons after the 2021 federal election and their current standings. Kevin Vuong was elected as a Liberal, having been disavowed by the party too late to alter his affiliation on the ballot, and sits as an independent.^[17]

Name		Ideology	Position	Leader	2021 result		Current standing
					Votes (%)	Seats
	Liberal	Liberalism Social liberalism	Centre to centre-left	Justin Trudeau
	Conservative	Conservatism Economic liberalism		Pierre Poilievre
	Bloc Québécois		Centre-left
				Jagmeet Singh
	Green	Green politics		Elizabeth May
	Independents	N/A
	Vacant	N/A

Electoral system

Redistribution

See main article: 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution. The Constitution Act, 1867, requires that federal electoral districts undergo a redistribution following each decennial Canadian census.^[18] Using the 2021 Canadian census population results, the 2022 redistribution began in October 2021, and was completed in September 2023.^[19]

On October 15, 2021, the chief electoral officer announced that based on the formula in the Constitution Act, 1867 as then in force, the allocation would result in an increase to 342 seats.^[20] This included a reduction of Quebec’s allocation from 78 to 77 seats. The government tabled legislation on March 24, 2022, to prevent Quebec (or any other province) from losing any seats relative to the number of seats it was apportioned in 2012 redistribution.^{[21] [22]} The Preserving Provincial Representation in the House of Commons Act amended rule 2 of subsection 51(1) of the Constitution Act, 1867, commonly known as the "Grandfather Clause".^{[23] [24]} The bill passed the House of Commons on June 15,^[25] the Senate on June 21,^[26] and received royal assent on June 23, 2022.^[27] The chief electoral officer announced the new allocation of seats on July 8, 2022, which would result in an increase to 343 seats.^[28]

Pursuant to the Electoral Boundaries Readjustment Act as amended, ten federal electoral boundary commissions were established, one for each province, on November 1, 2021.^[29] The boundary-drawing process commenced upon the release of census data in February 2022. Quebec’s commission adjusted its work to be based on a 78-seat allocation in July 2022. The respective commissions completed their work and finalized new electoral boundary sets on a rolling basis, beginning with the Newfoundland and Labrador and Prince Edward Island commissions on February 14, 2023,^{[4] [5]} and finishing with the Ontario commission on July 8, 2023.^[6] The chief electoral officer then used the final reports of the electoral boundary commissions to formalize a representation order, which was proclaimed on September 22, 2023.^[7]

The changes to federal electoral district boundaries took effect on April 23, 2024.^{[8] [20] [7]} If the election had been called before then, it would have occurred under the previous electoral district boundaries, which had been in effect since the 2015 federal election.^{[30] [31]}

Allocation of seats in the House of Commons under the Preserving Provincial Representation in the House of Commons Act

Province or territory	Representation orders		Average population per electoral district	Change
	2013	2023
	121	122	116,590	1
	78	78	108,998
	42	43	116,300	1
	34	37	115,206	3
	14	14	95,868
	14	14	80,893
	11	11	88,126
	10	10	77,561
	7	7	72,935
	4	4	38,583
	1	1	41,070
	1	1	36,858
	1	1	40,232
Canada	338	343	107,848	5

Transposed 2021 results

This will be the first election contested under the new electoral districts established in the 2022 redistribution. Consequently, media outlets tend to report seat gains and losses as compared to notional results. These are the results if all votes cast in 2021 were unchanged, but regrouped by new electoral district boundaries, as published by Elections Canada.^[32]

2021 results transposed onto 2023 boundaries

Party		MPs
		data-sort-type=number style="width: 100px;"	2021 actual result	data-sort-type=number style="width: 100px;"	2021 notional result	data-sort-type=number style="width: 50px;"	Change
		160	157	3
		119	126	7
		32	34	2
		25	24	1
		2	2
Total seats		338	343	5

Incumbents not running for re-election

, a total of 30 MPs have announced they will not run in the 45th federal election.

Number of MPs standing down by party affiliation

Party		MPs standing down
		2021 election	Current
		18	18
		7	6
		5	5
	0	1
Total		30

Member of Parliament		Electoral district	Province or territory	Date announced
		^[33]	Calgary Signal Hill	Alberta	February 17, 2023
		^[34]	Saint John—Rothesay	New Brunswick	March 14, 2023
		^[35]	Esquimalt—Saanich—Sooke	British Columbia	April 27, 2023
		^[36]	Fleetwood—Port Kells	British Columbia	May 26, 2023
		^[37]	Guelph	Ontario	June 28, 2023
		^[38]	Markham—Stouffville	Ontario	July 25, 2023
		^[39]	Vancouver Quadra	British Columbia	July 25, 2023
		^[40]	Mississauga Centre	Ontario	July 25, 2023
		^[41]	Richmond—Arthabaska	Quebec	September 11, 2023
		^[42]	South Okanagan—West Kootenay	British Columbia	September 12, 2023
		^[43]	Nipissing—Timiskaming	Ontario	October 23, 2023
		^[44]	Bourassa	Quebec	November 1, 2023
		^[45]	Beaches—East York	Ontario	December 7, 2023
		^[46]	Newmarket—Aurora	Ontario	March 11, 2024
		^[47]	Abbotsford	British Columbia	March 14, 2024
		^[48]	Timmins—James Bay	Ontario	April 4, 2024
		^[49]	Algoma—Manitoulin—Kapuskasing	Ontario	April 4, 2024
			North Island—Powell River	British Columbia	April 4, 2024
		^[50]	Desnethé—Missinippi—Churchill River	Saskatchewan	April 23, 2024
		^[51] ^[52]	Oshawa	Ontario	April 24, 2024
		^[53]	Oakville North—Burlington	Ontario	May 1, 2024
		^[54]	Halifax	Nova Scotia	June 17, 2024
		^[55]	Scarborough—Guildwood	Ontario	June 20, 2024
		^[56]	Avalon	Newfoundland and Labrador	July 2, 2024
		^[57]	Souris—Moose Mountain	Saskatchewan	July 8, 2024
		^[58]	Northwest Territories	Northwest Territories	July 10, 2024
		^[59]	St. John's South—Mount Pearl	Newfoundland and Labrador	July 18, 2024
		^[60]	Glengarry—Prescott—Russell	Ontario	July 25, 2024
		^[61]	Elgin—Middlesex—London	Ontario	July 30, 2024
		^[62]	Madawaska—Restigouche	New Brunswick	August 17, 2024

Incumbents that lost nomination races

Timeline

See also: 44th Canadian Parliament and By-elections to the 44th Canadian Parliament.

House of Commons – Changes in seats held

Seat	Before				Change
	Date	Member	Party	Reason	Date	Member	Party
Spadina—Fort York	November 22, 2021	Kevin Vuong		Excluded from caucus
Mississauga—Lakeshore	May 27, 2022	Sven Spengemann		Resigned^[64]	December 12, 2022	Charles Sousa
Richmond—Arthabaska	September 13, 2022	Alain Rayes		Left caucus
Winnipeg South Centre	December 12, 2022	Jim Carr		Death	June 19, 2023	Ben Carr
Calgary Heritage	December 31, 2022	Bob Benzen		Resigned	July 24, 2023	Shuvaloy Majumdar
Oxford	January 27, 2023	Dave MacKenzie		Resigned	June 19, 2023	Arpan Khanna
Portage—Lisgar	February 28, 2023	Candice Bergen		Resigned	June 19, 2023	Branden Leslie
Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Westmount	March 8, 2023	Marc Garneau		Resigned	June 19, 2023	Anna Gainey
Don Valley North	March 22, 2023	Han Dong		Left caucus
Durham	August 1, 2023	Erin O'Toole		Resigned	March 4, 2024	Jamil Jivani
Toronto—St. Paul's	January 16, 2024	Carolyn Bennett		Resigned^[65]	June 24, 2024	Don Stewart
LaSalle—Émard—Verdun	February 1, 2024	David Lametti		Resigned^[66]	September 16, 2024
Elmwood—Transcona	March 31, 2024	Daniel Blaikie		Resigned^[67]	September 16, 2024
Cloverdale—Langley City	May 27, 2024	John Aldag		Resigned^[68]
Halifax	TBD	Andy Fillmore		Resigning^[69]

2021

• September 27 – Annamie Paul announced her intent to resign as leader of the Green Party.^[70]
• November 10 – Paul formally submitted her resignation, and ended her membership in the party.^[71] The Green Party accepted her resignation a few days later.^{[72] [73]}
• November 15 – Senator Denise Batters launched a petition to review the leadership of Erin O'Toole.^[74] Party president Robert Batherson decided the petition was not in order.^[74] The following day, Batters was removed from the conservative caucus.^[75]
• November 24 – Amita Kuttner was appointed as Green Party interim leader.^{[76] [77]}
• December 5 – The People's Party concluded its leadership review of Maxime Bernier. He was confirmed and continued as leader.^{[78] [79]}

2022

• February 2 – Erin O'Toole was removed as the leader of the Conservative Party, by a caucus vote.^[80] Candice Bergen was selected by the party caucus to serve as interim leader.^{[81] [82]}
• March 22 – The Liberal and New Democratic parties reached a confidence and supply agreement, with the NDP agreeing to support the Liberal government until June 2025 in exchange for specific policy commitments.^[83]
• May 24 – The 2022 Green Party of Canada leadership election officially began, pursuant to the party's constitution.^[84]
• May 28 – Liberal Sven Spengemann resigned as the MP of Mississauga–Lakeshore to accept a role in the United Nations.^{[85] [86]}
• September 10 – The 2022 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election concluded. Pierre Poilievre was announced as the new leader of the Conservative Party of Canada.^[87]
• September 13 – MP Alain Rayes left the Conservative Party to sit as an independent.^{[88] [89]}
• November 19 – The 2022 Green Party of Canada leadership election was concluded. Elizabeth May was announced as the new leader of the Green Party of Canada.^[90]
• December 12 – Liberal MP for Winnipeg South Centre Jim Carr died of cancer.^[91]
• December 12 – A federal by-election was held in Mississauga–Lakeshore, with Liberal Charles Sousa elected.^[92]
• December 12 – Bob Benzen resigned as the member of Parliament for Calgary Heritage.^[93]

2023

• January 27 – Dave MacKenzie resigned as the member of Parliament for Oxford.^[94]
• February 28 – Candice Bergen resigned as the member of Parliament for Portage—Lisgar.^[95]
• March 8 – Marc Garneau resigned as the member of Parliament for Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Westmount.^[96]
• March 22 – Han Dong left the Liberal Party to sit as an independent.^[97]
• June 19 – A federal by-election was held in Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Westmount, with Liberal Anna Gainey elected.^{[98] [99]}
• June 19 – A federal by-election was held in Oxford, with Conservative Arpan Khanna elected.
• June 19 – A federal by-election was held in Portage—Lisgar, with Conservative Branden Leslie elected.
• June 19 – A federal by-election was held in Winnipeg South Centre, with Liberal Ben Carr elected.
• July 24 – A federal by-election was held in Calgary Heritage, with Conservative Shuvaloy Majumdar elected.^{[100] [101]}
• July 26 – The prime minister conducted a major cabinet reshuffle.^[102]
• August 1 – Erin O'Toole resigned as the member of Parliament for Durham.^{[103] [104] [105] [106]}
• September 26 – Anthony Rota announced his intention to resign as Speaker of the House of Commons. Louis Plamondon was nominated to replace Rota on an interim basis.^[107]
• October 3 – Liberal MP Greg Fergus is elected speaker of the House of Commons. He is the first person of colour to be elected speaker.^[108]

2024

• January 16 – Carolyn Bennett resigned as the member of Parliament for Toronto—St. Paul's.^[65]
• February 1 – David Lametti resigned as the member of Parliament for LaSalle—Émard—Verdun.^[66]
• March 4 – A federal by-election was held in Durham, with Conservative Jamil Jivani elected.^[109]
• March 31 – Daniel Blaikie resigned as the member of Parliament for Elmwood—Transcona.^[67]
• May 27 – John Aldag resigned as the member of Parliament for Cloverdale—Langley City.^[110]
• June 24 – A federal by-election was held in Toronto—St. Paul's, with Conservative Don Stewart elected, gaining the seat from the Liberals.^[111]

Opinion polls

See main article: Opinion polling for the 45th Canadian federal election.

See also

• List of Canadian federal general elections

Notes and References

1. News: Aiello . Rachel . Split opposition means stronger minority for Liberals, experts say . October 25, 2019 . CTV News . October 24, 2019 .
2. News: Harris . Kathleen . Snap election averted as Liberal government survives confidence vote in Commons . October 21, 2020 . . November 26, 2020.
3. News: Coyne . Andrew . What, exactly, is a non-confidence vote? Parliament should get to decide . October 28, 2020 . . November 26, 2020.
4. Web site: Redistribution process timeline in Newfoundland and Labrador . Federal Electoral Boundaries Commission for Newfoundland and Labrador.
5. Web site: Redistribution process timeline in PEI . Federal Electoral Boundaries Commission for Prince Edward Island.
6. Web site: Redistribution process timeline in Ontario . Federal Electoral Boundaries Commission for Ontario.
7. Web site: Implementation of New Federal Electoral Boundaries . Elections Canada.
8. Web site: Timeline for the Redistribution of Federal Electoral Districts . Federal Electoral Boundaries Commission.
9. https://www.canadagazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2023/2023-09-27-x2/pdf/g2-157x2.pdf. reg . Proclamation declaring the Representation Order to be in Force effective on the First dissolution of Parliament that Occurs after April 22, 2024. SI/2023-57., reported in the Canada Gazette, Part II, Vol. 157, Extra, September 27, 2023
10. News: September 21, 2021 . Justin Trudeau to Remain Prime Minister of Canada . The New York Times . live . September 21, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220111083150/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/09/20/world/canada-election-2021 . January 11, 2022 . . Updated September 24, 2021..
11. News: September 21, 2021. Canada: Trudeau's Liberals win minority government, CBC projects. Al Jazeera. September 21, 2021. September 21, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210921024819/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/21/canada-trudeau-liberals-to-form-government-cbc-projects. live.
12. News: Tasker. John Paul. September 27, 2021. Annamie Paul is stepping down as Green Party leader. CBC News. September 27, 2021.
13. Web site: May 3, 2007 . An Act to amend the Canada Elections Act . live . https://www.parl.ca/Content/Bills/391/Government/C-16/C-16_4/C-16_4.PDF . June 25, 2024 . PDF . June 25, 2024 . LegisINFO .
14. Canada . Canada Elections Act. . March 20, 2024 . 21765 .
15. Web site: Minister LeBlanc introduces legislation to further strengthen Canada's electoral process. CNW . March 22, 2024 . March 20, 2024 .
16. News: Tumilty . Ryan . March 21, 2024 . New Liberal legislation would ensure dozens of MPs secure pensions before next election . National Post.
17. News: September 23, 2021. Expelled by Liberals, Kevin Vuong wins Toronto riding and says he will keep the seat. en. National Post. September 24, 2021.
18. Web site: Canada. Elections. August 13, 2021. Redistribution of Federal Electoral Districts 2022. August 16, 2021. www.elections.ca.
19. Web site: Canada. Elections. August 12, 2021. Timeline for the Redistribution of Federal Electoral Districts. August 16, 2021. www.elections.ca.
20. New House of Commons Seat Allocation . October 15, 2021 . . October 15, 2021 . Gatineau.
21. News: Woolf . Marie . March 24, 2022 . Liberals table bill to protect number of Quebec seats in Parliament, a condition of deal with NDP . . March 25, 2022 . June 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220611222554/https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/liberals-table-bill-to-protect-number-of-quebec-seats-in-parliament-a-condition-of-deal-with-ndp . live .
22. News: Levitz . Stephanie . March 24, 2022 . Liberal-NDP deal might change which riding you are in . . March 25, 2022 . March 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220324234433/https://www.thestar.com/politics/federal/2022/03/24/liberal-ndp-deal-might-change-which-riding-you-are-in.html . live .
23. Web site: 2022 . The representation formula . . March 26, 2022 . February 10, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220210004006/https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=cir%2Fred%2Fform&document=index&lang=e . live .
24. Web site: 2022 . C-14: An Act to amend the Constitution Act, 1867 (electoral representation) . . March 25, 2022 . March 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220324220852/https://www.parl.ca/legisinfo/en/bill/44-1/c-14 . live .
25. Canada . Constitution Act. . June 15, 2022 . 6768 .
26. Canada . Constitution Act, 1867. . June 21, 2022 . 1773. 1774 .
27. Web site: JOURNALS Thursday, June 23, 2022. June 23, 2022 . ourcommons.ca . House of Commons of Canada . June 24, 2022 . A message was received informing the Commons that on June 23, at 10:28 p.m., Her Excellency the Governor General signified royal assent by written declaration to the following bills: Bill C-14, An Act to amend the Constitution Act, 1867 (electoral representation) — Chapter No. 6;.
28. New House of Commons Seat Allocation . July 8, 2022. . July 8, 2022 . . July 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220708203449/https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=med&dir=pre&document=jul0822&lang=e . live .
29. Web site: Federal Electoral Boundaries Commissions Launch Redistribution Website and Social Media Accounts . Federal Electoral Boundaries Commission . January 20, 2022.
30. http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SI-2013-102/FullText.html. reg . Proclamation declaring the Representation Order to be in Force effective on the First dissolution of Parliament that Occurs after May 1, 2014. SI/2013-102., reported in the Canada Gazette, Part II, Vol. 147, Extra, October 5, 2013
31. Proclamation Issuing Election Writs. Canada Gazette Part II. 149. August 4, 2015. October 22, 2015. September 6, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150906025804/http://gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2015/2015-08-04-x4/pdf/g2-149x4.pdf#page=3. live.
32. Web site: Transposition of Votes from the 44th General Election to the 2023 Representation Orders . April 2024 . elections.ca . . April 10, 2024.
33. Web site: Calgary MP Ron Liepert says he won't seek re-election. April 2, 2023. CBC News. CBC News. cbc.ca. February 17, 2023. https://archive.today/20230402221019/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/liepert-won-t-seek-re-election-1.6752740. April 2, 2023. live.
34. Web site: EXCLUSIVE: Wayne Long won't reoffer in next federal election. TJ.news.
35. Web site: The Canadian Press . B.C. New Democrat MP Randall Garrison says he will not be seeking re-election . May 8, 2023 . battlefordsNOW . en.
36. News: Zytaruk. Tom. Fleetwood-Port Kells Liberal MP Ken Hardie says this term will be his last. Surrey Now-Leader. May 26, 2023. January 11, 2024.
37. Web site: News release. June 28, 2023 . Cassidy. Lianne . mplongfield.ca. June 28, 2023. https://archive.today/20230628164748/https://www.mplongfield.ca/news/news-release-june-28th-2023. June 28, 2023. live.
38. 1683817469331251200. HelenaJaczek. After 50 years of public service [...] I have decided that I will not seek re-election after my current term.. Dr. Helena Jaczek. July 25, 2023. July 25, 2023.
39. 1683854698430836740. JoyceMurray. After much thought and reflection, I have decided not to run again in the next election after my current term.. Joyce Murray. July 25, 2023. July 25, 2023.
40. 1683841078183723010. OmarAlghabra. I have news to share: after a lot of reflection, I decided to not run in the next election.. Omar Alghabra. July 25, 2023. July 25, 2023.
41. Web site: Robertson . Dylan . Ex-Conservative Quebec MP, 'political orphan' Alain Rayes won't seek re-election . . 13 September 2022 . 11 February 2024.
42. Web site: MP Cannings won't run again. JOE. FRIES. September 12, 2023. Penticton Herald.
43. Web site: Rota not running for re-election. October 23, 2023. BayToday.ca.
44. Web site: Liberal MP Emmanuel Dubourg won't run for re-election | Montreal Gazette. February 11, 2024.
45. Web site: MP Erskine-Smith, runner-up in Ontario Liberal leadership race, won't seek federal re-election in Beaches-East York. Al. Shackleton. December 7, 2023.
46. Web site: Quigley . Joseph . 2024-03-11 . 'Person of great integrity:' Newmarket-Aurora MP won't run for re-election . 2024-03-11 . NewmarketToday.ca . en.
47. Web site: Harper-era cabinet minister ed Fast will not seek re-election | Globalnews.ca .
48. Web site: Veteran NDP MP Charlie Angus leaving politics. April 4, 2024. The Globe and Mail.
49. Web site: NDP MPs Carol Hughes, Rachel Blaney, Charlie Angus not running again. April 4, 2024. National Newswatch.
50. News: April 24, 2024 . Sask. MP Gary Vidal not seeking reelection due to boundary changes . April 24, 2024 . Regina Leader-Post.
51. Web site: Kelly . Tim . 'Now is the right time': Longtime Oshawa Conservative MP Colin Carrie not running in next federal election . Durham Region . . 25 April 2024 . 25 April 2024.
52. Web site: Colin Carrie Announces He Will Not Stand for Re-election . colincarriemp.ca . 24 April 2024 . 25 April 2024.
53. Web site: Ballingall . Alex . 2024-05-02 . Pam Damoff won't seek re-election, citing fears for her safety and disgust with toxicity in politics . 2024-05-31 . Toronto Star . en.
54. Web site: Halifax MP Fillmore to leave federal politics ahead of expected mayoral run . . . 17 June 2024 . 22 June 2024.
55. Web site: Ballingall . Alex . 2024-06-20 . After nine election victories, a Toronto MP known for his straight talk and wit says he won't run again . 2024-06-20 . Toronto Star . en.
56. Web site: 2024-07-02 . 'My Name Will Not Be on a Federal Election Ballot': Avalon MP Ken McDonald Not Seeking Re-Election . 2024-07-02 . VOCM-FM . en.
57. Web site: Souris-Moose Mountain MP not seeking re-election. SaskToday.ca . . 8 July 2024 . 8 July 2024.
58. Web site: N.W.T. MP Michael McLeod says he won't seek re-election. July 10, 2024. cbc.ca. live. July 17, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240717235346/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/n-w-t-mp-michael-mcleod-won-t-seek-re-election-1.7259611.
59. News: Cochrane . David . Woods . Michael . Lopez Steven . Benjamin . Labour minister Seamus O'Regan leaving cabinet . 18 July 2024 . . 18 July 2024.
60. Web site: Le député libéral Francis Drouin annonce qu'il ne se représente pas. July 25, 2024. Radio Canada.
61. Web site: Conservative MP Karen Vecchio won't run again in next election. SaskToday.ca . . 30 July 2024 . 30 July 2024.
62. News: Margaux. Tertre. Le député fédéral libéral du Nouveau-Brunswick René Arseneault ne se représentera pas. Radio-Canada. 16 August 2024. 17 August 2024. fr.
63. Web site: Cournoyer . Dave . William Stevenson defeated 2-term MP Gerald Soroka to win the Conservative nomination in Yellowhead. . . 22 June 2024 . 22 June 2024.
64. to accept a position with the United Nations
65. Web site: The Hon. Carolyn Bennett, P.C., M.P.. Library of Parliament. January 16, 2024.
66. Web site: Former justice minister David Lametti resigning as Liberal MP to join law firm. The Province. January 25, 2024.
67. Web site: NDP MP Daniel Blaikie resigning House seat to work with Manitoba premier. CTV News. February 28, 2024 . February 28, 2024.
68. Web site: Claxton . Matthew . Liberal MP Aldag resigns to run for provincial NDP nomination . . . 17 May 2024 . 18 May 2024.
69. Web site: Mott . Sean . N.S. MP Andy Fillmore stepping down from federal politics . CTV News . 17 June 2024 . 17 June 2024.
70. News: Aiello. Rachel. September 27, 2021. Annamie Paul resigns as Green Party leader. November 10, 2021. CTV News. en-CA.
71. News: November 10, 2021. Annamie Paul officially quits as Green leader, will end membership in party . CBC News.
72. News: Thurton. David . November 16, 2021. Green Party accepts Annamie Paul's resignation as leader. CBC News. November 17, 2021.
73. News: Ballingall. Alex. November 15, 2021. Green Party formally accepts Annamie Paul's resignation as leader. Toronto Star. November 15, 2021.
74. News: Tasker. John Paul . Thibedeau . Hannah . November 15, 2021. Conservative senator launches petition to oust Erin O'Toole as leader . CBC News. November 17, 2021.
75. News: Tasker. John Paul . Thibedeau . Hannah . Dhanraj . Travis . November 16, 2021. O'Toole kicks senator out of Conservative caucus after she questioned his leadership . CBC News. November 17, 2021.
76. Web site: November 24, 2021 . Green Party appoints Amita Kuttner as Interim Leader . Green Party of Canada.
77. News: Woolf . Marie . November 25, 2021 . Greens pick astrophysicist Amita Kuttner as interim leader, 1st leader who is trans . . November 25, 2021.
78. Web site: December 5, 2021 . Maxime Bernier Overwhelmingly Confirmed as PPC Leader by Membership . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20211205183715/https://www.ppcleadership.ca/ . December 5, 2021 . People's Party of Canada.
79. News: Paas-Lang . Christian . December 5, 2021 . Maxime Bernier retains leadership of People's Party of Canada after review vote . . December 5, 2021.
80. News: Tasker . John Paul . February 2, 2022 . Conservative MPs vote to remove Erin O'Toole as leader . . February 2, 2022.
81. Web site: Conservatives elect Candice Bergen as interim party leader. Aziz. Saba. February 2, 2022. Global News.
82. Web site: February 3, 2022. Bergen advised against telling truckers to leave Ottawa, said protests should be made 'PM's problem'. February 5, 2022. CTVNews. en.
83. Web site: March 22, 2022 . Canada's Trudeau strikes surprise deal to keep power until 2025 . March 23, 2022 . Reuters.
84. Web site: Section 2.1.7.2 . Constitution of the Green Party of Canada . November 15, 2021 . Green Party of Canada . 2018.
85. Web site: Mississauga Liberal MP resigns to work for United Nations less than a year after re-election . May 29, 2022 . Mississauga.com . May 19, 2022 . en-CA.
86. Web site: Sven Spengemann – Member of Parliament – Members of Parliament – House of Commons of Canada . May 29, 2022 . www.ourcommons.ca.
87. News: Paas-Lang . Christian . March 13, 2022 . How the rules could help shape who becomes the next Conservative leader . . March 14, 2022.
88. Web site: Official statement. September 13, 2022. Rayes. Alain. Twitter. September 13, 2022. https://archive.today/20220913185517/https://twitter.com/AlainRayes/status/1569734308037906434. September 13, 2022. live.
89. Web site: Quebec MP Alain Rayes leaves Conservative caucus after Poilievre victory . September 13, 2022 . Global News . en-US.
90. Web site: Elizabeth May to return as federal Green Party leader, sharing role on joint-ticket. David. Fraser. November 19, 2022. globalnews.ca. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20221126074212/https://globalnews.ca/news/9292639/elizabeth-may-green-party-of-canada-leader-2022/. November 26, 2022.
91. News: Tunney . Catharine . Jim Carr, Manitoba MP and former cabinet minister, dies after battle with cancer. . December 12, 2022. December 12, 2022.
92. News: Liberal Charles Sousa wins federal byelection in Mississauga-Lakeshore, CBC News projects. CBC News. December 12, 2022. December 12, 2022.
93. Web site: There will be a Calgary Heritage byelection this year: Elections Canada. cbc.ca. January 5, 2023. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20230114134506/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/byelection-calgary-heritage-elections-canada-1.6705095. January 14, 2023.
94. Web site: MacKenzie voices opposition to proposed federal riding changes. Chris. Abbott. January 27, 2023. chathamdailynews.ca. https://web.archive.org/web/20230128065544/https://www.chathamdailynews.ca/news/local-news/mackenzie-voices-opposition-to-proposed-federal-riding-changes. live. January 28, 2023.
95. News: Candice Bergen, former interim Conservative leader, is resigning from Parliament. February 1, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230201173140/https://www.thespec.com/ts/politics/federal/2023/02/01/candice-bergen-former-interim-conservative-leader-is-resigning-from-parliament.html. February 1, 2023. live. Stephanie. Levitz. The Hamilton Spectator.
96. Web site: Former cabinet minister Marc Garneau resigning from House of Commons. Richard. Raycraft. March 8, 2023. cbc.ca. live. March 8, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230308165608/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/marc-garneau-resigning-1.6771673.
97. News: Tunney . Catharine . March 22, 2023 . Liberal MP Han Dong leaving caucus amid foreign interference allegations . . March 22, 2023.
98. Web site: 4 federal byelections set for June in Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba Globalnews.ca . May 31, 2023 . Global News . en-US.
99. Web site: Liberals, Conservatives take 2 seats apiece in 4 federal byelections CBC . June 20, 2023 . CBC . en-US.
100. Web site: Federal byelection to be held today in Calgary Heritage following MP resignation. July 25, 2023. Dryden. Joel. CBC News. July 24, 2023. https://archive.today/20230725134156/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/calgary-heritage-bob-benzen-federal-byelection-1.6912346. July 25, 2023. live.
101. Web site: Conservatives maintain grip on Calgary Heritage with byelection win . CBC . July 25, 2023 . August 6, 2023.
102. Web site: Trudeau overhauls his cabinet, drops 7 ministers and shuffles most portfolios . CBC . July 26, 2023 . August 6, 2023.
103. Web site: Thank you, Durham. Thank you, Canada.. July 2, 2023.
104. Web site: Former Conservative leader Erin O'Toole not seeking re-election, leaving this spring. March 31, 2023. ctvnews.ca. live. March 31, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230331150724/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/former-conservative-leader-erin-o-toole-not-seeking-re-election-leaving-this-spring-1.6337219.
105. erinotoole. 1641780108414316544. March 31, 2023. A statement from the Hon. Erin O'Toole, P.C., C.D., M.P.. live. March 31, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230331150740/https://twitter.com/erinotoole/status/1641780108414316544.
106. Web site: The Hon. Erin O'Toole, P.C., C.D., M.P. . lop.parl.ca . . August 6, 2023 . MP (2012-11-26 - 2023-08-01).
107. Web site: Louis Plamondon sera président intérimaire de la Chambre des communes. Zone Politique-. ICI.Radio-Canada.ca. September 27, 2023. Radio-Canada.
108. Web site: Liberal MP Greg Fergus elected Speaker of the House of Commons . CBC . 3 October 2023 . 11 February 2024. Tasker, John Paul.
109. News: Conservative Jamil Jivani wins federal byelection in Ontario riding of Durham . 3 April 2024 . CBC News . 5 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240403224139/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/durham-federal-byelection-2024-1.7130853 . 3 April 2024.
110. Web site: Claxton . Matthew . Liberal MP Aldag resigns to run for provincial NDP nomination . . . 17 May 2024 . 18 May 2024.
111. Web site: 'Not the result we wanted': Trudeau responds after surprise Conservative byelection win in Liberal stronghold . June 25, 2024 .