| Common Name: | Neutral Municipality |
| Conventional Long Name: | Neutral Municipality of the Court |
| Native Name: | Município Neutro |
| Native Name Lang: | pt |
| Subdivision: | Neutral municipality |
| Coordinates: | -22.9°N -54°W |
| Nation: | the Empire of Brazil |
| Date Start: | 12 August |
| Year Start: | 1834 |
| Date End: | 15 November |
| Year End: | 1889 |
| Stat Area1: | 1356 |
| Stat Pop1: | 274972 |
| Stat Year1: | 1872 |
| P1: | Captaincy of Rio de JaneiroProvince of Rio de Janeiro |
| Flag P1: | Bandeira Província Rio de Janeiro.svg |
| S1: | Federal District of Brazil (1891–1960)Federal District |
| Flag S1: | Bandeira do Distrito Federal (Brasil) (1891–1960).svg |
| Today: | Rio de Janeiro Niterói |
| Event End: | Proclamation of the Republic |
| Event Post: | Republican constitution |
| Date Post: | 24 February 1891 |
| Capital: | Nictheroy |
The Neutral Municipality (Portuguese: Município Neutro), more formally known in the imperial era as the Neutral Municipality of the Court (Portuguese: Município Neutro da Corte), was an administrative unit created in the Empire of Brazil, that existed in the territory corresponding to the current location of the municipality of Rio de Janeiro between August 12, 1834 (when it was proclaimed the Additional Act to the Constitution of 1824) and November 15, 1889, when the republic in Brazil was proclaimed. It only officially ceased to exist with the promulgation of the 1891 Constitution in 1891. Under the republican constitution, the Neutral Municipality became the Federal District.[1]
After the transfer of the Portuguese Court to the city of Rio de Janeiro, the captaincy remained directly administered by the royal government, in a status differentiated from the others, whose administrations were slightly more autonomous in relation to the central power.
With the independence of Brazil, a greater administrative autonomy that was aspired by its elite could not be reached as in the other captaincies, now transformed into provinces, since the minister of the Kingdom, a position that was practically a substitute for the one of Viceroy, was entrusted with its Rio administration.
Allied to this was that the city of Rio de Janeiro remained as the capital of the Empire of Brazil, which caused the minister to administer the whole province using "notices", which he directed to the Municipal chambers of cities which, at that time, were growing at a rapid pace due to the expansion and strengthening of coffee plantations in the Paraíba Valley, which already surpassed the strength of sugarcane plantations in the North Fluminense region.
These differences in relation to the other administrative units of Brazil meant that, in 1834, the city of Rio de Janeiro was included in the Neutral Municipality, which remained as the capital of the empire and directly administered by the imperial government, while Rio de Janeiro had the same political-administrative organization of the others, having its capital in Vila Real da Praia Grande, which the following year was renamed Nictheroy (current Niterói).
The Neutral Municipality also had a Chamber elected by the local population and would take care of the daily operations of the entity without interference from the provincial president or the Cabinet of Ministers, except for services that were subordinated to the national government. In 1889, after the proclamation of the Republic in Brazil, the city of Rio de Janeiro continued as the capital of the country, and the Neutral Municipality become the Federal District after the Constitution of 1891 took effect.