National sport explained

A national sport is a physical activity or sport that is culturally significant or deeply embedded in a nation, serving as a national symbol and an intrinsic element to a nation's identity and culture.

Several sovereign states and constituent states have formally recognized a specific activity as their national sport, typically favouring sports with origins stemming from their own countries. Conversely, in many other nations, the designation of a national sport is an informal acknowledgment bestowed upon an activity that is either widely embraced or holds historical and cultural significance to that nation.

Official national sports

An official national sport is an activity that has been formally recognized and designated as a national sport of a particular nation by government authorities. This recognition often comes through legislation or decrees.

The following is a list official national sports:

Country/territorySportYear of official recognitionBasis
ArgentinaPato1953Argentina Decree Nº 17468[1]
CanadaIce hockey (winter)
Lacrosse (summer)		1994National Sports of Canada Act[2]
ChileChilean Rodeo1962Official letter No. 269 of the Consejo Nacional de Deportes and Chilean Olympic Committee[3]
ColombiaTejo2000Colombia Law 613[4] [5]
MexicoCharrería1933Presidential decree by Abelardo L. Rodríguez[6]
NepalVolleyball2017Cabinet of Nepal decision[7]
PhilippinesArnis2009Republic Act No. 9850[8]
Puerto RicoPaso Fino1966Puerto Rico Act 64 of 2000[9]
South KoreaTaekwondo2018National Sport Designation Act for Taekwondo[10] [11]
UruguayDestrezas Criollas2006National Law Nº 17958[12] [13]

Unofficial national sports

An unofficial national sport is an activity that holds significant popularity or cultural and historical significance within a particular nation but lacks legal recognition as the official national sport. These informal national sports typically reflect a nation's preferences and their perceived connection to the nation's culture and identity. The designation of an unofficial national sport can be contentious, as it can vary within a nation based on regional preferences and traditions.

The following is a list of unofficial national sports:

Country/TerritorySport
AfghanistanBuzkashi[14]
AnguillaBoat racing[15]
Antigua and BarbudaCricket[16]
AustriaAlpine skiing[17]
BangladeshKabaddi[18]
BarbadosCricket[19]
BermudaCricket[20]
BhutanArchery[21] [22]
BrazilCapoeira[23]
CambodiaBokator[24]
ChinaTable tennis[25]
Cook IslandsRugby league[26]
CubaBaseball[27] [28] [29]
Czech RepublicIce Hockey
DagestanWrestling[30]
DenmarkAssociation football[31]
Dominican RepublicBaseball[32]
EnglandAssociation football[33] [34], Rugby Union, Cricket
EstoniaBasketball[35]
FijiRugby union[36]
FinlandPesäpallo[37]
GeorgiaRugby union[38]
GrenadaCricket[39]
GuyanaCricket[40] [41]
HaitiAssociation football[42]
IndiaCricket, field hockey,[43] kabaddi[44]
IndonesiaPencak silat[45]
IranFreestyle wrestling[46]
IrelandGaelic games[47] [48] [49]
JamaicaCricket[50]
JapanSumo[51] [52]
LatviaIce hockey[53]
LithuaniaBasketball[54] [55]
MadagascarRugby union[56] [57]
MalaysiaSepak takraw[58]
MauritiusAssociation football[59]
MongoliaArchery, horse racing, Mongolian wrestling[60] [61]
MontenegroWater polo[62]
NepalKabaddi, volleyball[63]
New ZealandRugby union[64] [65]
NorwayCross-country skiing[66] [67]
PakistanField hockey[68] [69]
PanamaBaseball
Papua New GuineaRugby league[70] [71]
PeruPaleta frontón[72]
PhilippinesBasketball,[73] [74] sipa[75]
PolandMotorcycle speedway,[76] volleyball[77] [78] [79] [80] [81]
RomaniaOina[82]
-RussiaBandy[83]
Saudi ArabiaCamel racing, horse racing,[84] falconry
ScotlandGolf[85]
SerbiaBasketball[86] [87] [88] [89]
SloveniaAlpine skiing[90]
SpainAssociation football[91]
Sri LankaVolleyball[92]
TaiwanBaseball[93] [94]
TajikistanGushtigiri[95]
ThailandMuay Thai[96]
TurkeyCirit,[97] oil wrestling[98]
Turks and Caicos IslandsCricket[99]
United StatesBaseball[100] [101] [102] American Football
VenezuelaBaseball[103]
WalesRugby union[104]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Argentina Decree Nº 17468 of 16 September 1953. Federación Argentina de Pato. 16 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20131111004357/http://www.pato.org.ar/es/el-deporte/decreto-n-17-468/. 11 November 2013.
  2. Web site: National Sports of Canada Act S.C. 1994, c. 16 . Justice Laws Website . 28 June 2021 . 12 May 1994 . The game commonly known as ice hockey is hereby recognized and declared to be the national winter sport of Canada and the game commonly known as Hockey and Lacrosse is hereby recognized and declared to be the national summer sport of Canada..
  3. La Medialuna: un edificio para Chile . es . Alberto . Moreira Recchione . 14 July 2008 . A reconocerse, en 1962, el rodeo como deporte nacional y oficial [10 de enero de 1962, oficio N°269 del Consejo Nacional de Deportes y Comité Olímpico de Chile] . Revista de Urbanismo . 17 . December 2007 . 0717-5051 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090213034956/http://revistaurbanismo.uchile.cl/CDA/urb_completa/0,1313,ISID%253D728%2526IDG%253D1%2526ACT%253D1%2526PRT%253D20871,00.html . 13 February 2009.
  4. News: Sherriff . Lucy . Gunpowder and beer: Playing Colombia's national sport of tejo . 25 October 2021 . CNN Travel . 9 September 2021 . The game originated amongst Colombian indigenous groups around 500 years ago and was declared the Latin American country's sport in 2000 under Law 613..
  5. Web site: Colombia Law 613 of 4 September 2000 . . 14 July 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090213030951/http://www.glin.gov/view.action?glinID=73716 . 13 February 2009.
  6. Web site: La Charrería "Nuestro Deporte Nacional" . 14 July 2008 . Mexican Department of Tourism . es . El año de 1933 fue muy importante, ya que el general Abelardo L. Rodríguez, emite un decreto presidencial, dando a la Charrería el título de único Deporte Nacional. . https://web.archive.org/web/20090208160200/http://www.sectur.gob.mx/wb2/sectur/sect_Celebracion_del_Dia_Mundial_del_Turismo . 8 February 2009.
  7. News: It's official: Volleyball is the national sport of Nepal. 23 May 2017. OnlineKhabar. https://web.archive.org/web/20170523093611/https://english.onlinekhabar.com/2017/05/23/400702. 2017-05-23. The government on Monday decided to recognize volleyball as the national sport of Nepal..
  8. Web site: Republic Act No. 9850: An Act declaring Arnis as the national martial art and sport of the Philippines . https://archive.today/20120730070655/http://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=L20100000001&query=null&page=1 . 30 July 2012 . 26 June 2010 .
  9. Web site: Puerto Rico Act 64 of 2000, S.B. 1856 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190329150142/http://www.oslpr.org/download/en/2000/0064.pdf . 29 March 2019 . Office of Legislative Services of Puerto Rico . 1 . 11 April 2000 . 14 July 2008 . In 1966, the Public Parks and Recreation Administration and the Puerto Rico Olympic Committee awarded official recognition of the "paso fino" horse riding sport as the autochthonous sport of Puerto Rico..
  10. Web site: Taekwondo designated as South Korea's flagbearing national sport . 4 April 2018 . 20 April 2018 . insidethegames . en .
  11. News: Taekwondo is Korea's national martial art - now by law . 28 June 2021 . The Korea Times . 2 April 2018 . en . The National Assembly on Friday passed a revised act on taekwondo promotion, which states that the sport is the South Korean national martial art. / Taekwondo has customarily been perceived as the national martial art but wasn't officially recognized by the law..
  12. Web site: Uruguay Law 17958 of 21 April 2006 . . 14 July 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100621043044/http://www.glin.gov/view.action?glinID=177996 . 21 June 2010.
  13. Book: Aeberhard, Danny . Andrew Benson . Lucy Phillips . The Rough Guide to Argentina . registration . 198 . 978-1-85828-569-6 . 2001 . Rough Guides . "displays of traditional gaucho skills (destrezas criollas)" . etal.
  14. Web site: Buzkashi: The National Game of Afghanis . 21 July 2008 . Embassy of Afghanistan, Canberra . https://web.archive.org/web/20080719092722/http://www.afghanembassy.net/buz.php . 19 July 2008 .
  15. News: Boat Racing Season Officially Opens . 3 March 2007 . 21 July 2008 . Director of Sports, Alkins Rogers, […] reported that the Government recognizes boat racing as the national sport of Anguilla and was giving financial resources for its development. . The Anguillian . https://web.archive.org/web/20090208162056/http://www.festival.ai/article/articleview/4525/1/127/ . 8 February 2009.
  16. Web site: Antiguans and Barbudans . 10 July 2008 . Cricket, a left-over from the British rule, is the national sport of Antigua and Barbuda. . everyculture.com .
  17. Web site: Teurer Pistenspaß: Das kostet unser Nationalsport. 7 December 2017.
  18. Book: Faroqi, Gofran . 2012 . Kabadi . http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Kabadi . Islam . Sirajul . Sirajul Islam . Jamal . Ahmed A. . Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh . Second . . Ha-du-du was given the name kabadi and the status of National Game in 1972..
  19. Web site: Barbados: Sports . The national sport of Barbados is cricket . 21 July 2008 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20091113144547/http://www.barbados.gov.bb/sports.htm . 13 November 2009 .
  20. Web site: Cricket by association . 21 July 2008 . Will . Luke . March 2007 . . Bermuda are one of the few sides who count cricket as a national sport. .
  21. Book: Bisht, Ramesh Chandra . International Encyclopaedia of Himalayas . January 2008 . Mittal Publications . 978-81-8324-265-3 . 134 . 2011-09-20.
  22. News: In Bhutan, archery is a national sport with a difference DW 01.03.2011 . 28 June 2021 . DW.COM . Deutsche Welle . However, it (archery) was only declared as a national sport in 1971.
  23. Book: Lowell, John . 978-0-226-47683-4 . 61 . Ring of Liberation: Deceptive Discourse in Brazilian Capoeira . 1992 . . In 1972, capoeira was officially proclaimed a Brazilian national sport, under the jurisdiction of the Federacao Barsileiro de Pugilismo.
  24. News: Kun . Khmer . Cambodia . The Atlantic . 8 August 2012 . en . Kun Khmer, root back since ancient time of Khmer Empire, inscripted on stone wall, mark as one of the oldest martial art in Southeast Asia".
  25. News: Gao . Helen . China, Still the World Champ, Is Falling Out of Love With Table Tennis . 25 October 2021 . The Atlantic . 8 August 2012 . en . Table tennis, China's unofficial national sport since the 1950s, has given millions of Chinese a taste of national glory and prestige long before their country's more recent rise." / "Mao Zedong decreed table tennis the national sport, and invested heavily in cultivating competitive players.".
  26. https://www.abc.net.au/article/101579188 ABC News
  27. Book: Gonzalez Echevarria, Roberto . The Pride of Havana: A History of Cuban Baseball . limited . . 1999 . 76 . A Cuban Belle Époque . 978-0-19-514605-9 . Baseball is so ingrained in Cuba that it has thrived as the "national sport" through forty years of a bitterly anti-American revolution. .
  28. News: Baseball; Clash of Cultures, Pride and Passion . Mckinley . James C. Jr . 26 March 1999 . The New York Times. 24 July 2008 . Most Cubans, after all, consider baseball to be their national sport, a game entwined in history with their struggle for independence from Spain and the birth of their nation..
  29. Web site: Speech at a meeting with Pan American Games delegation members . Castro . Fidel . Fidel Castro . 13 August 1999 . cuba.cu . 24 July 2008 . the game that […] is […] our national sport […] I am talking of baseball .
  30. News: Islam Makhachev explains why Dagestani fighters excel in wrestling. Johny Payne. 17 Jul 2021. Sportskeeda. 27 December 2022.
  31. News: Football in Denmark. 1 Jan 2004. University College London. 25 October 2023.
  32. Web site: Some facts about the Dominican Republic . Embassy of the Dominican Republic, Washington . 22 July 2008 . Baseball is the Dominican Republic's national sport. .
  33. Web site: Sports Played in Britain. projectbritain.com. 11 March 2023.
  34. Web site: England Sports Overview England.edu . 2023-03-07 . en-US.
  35. Book: Lonely Planet Eastern Europe. limited. 9 . Lonely Planet . 2007 . 319. 978-1-74104-476-8 . Basketball is the unofficial national sport.
  36. Web site: Sport . rugby (or Rakavi) is the national sport.
  37. Web site: 2016-12-31 . The National Sports of the World: Exploring Sports and Cultural Identity . 2023-07-03 . en-US.
  38. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2014/feb/11/six-nations-second-division-european-rugby There is far more to savour in European rugby union than just the Six Nations
  39. Web site: Batting For Grenada . Grenada Life . March 2007 . 38 . 21 July 2008 . in the first Grenada Cricket Classics [, h]eroes such as Sir Viv Richards, Joel Garner and Curtley Ambrose came together to promote what is considered by many to be the national sport in Grenada. . Grenada Board of Tourism .
  40. Web site: Games . 21 July 2008 . Guyana Tourism Authority . Cricket lovely Cricket! One cannot miss out on Guyana's national sport without participating in a game of cricket while in Guyana. . https://web.archive.org/web/20080606075705/http://guyana-tourism.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96&Itemid=178 . 6 June 2008.
  41. Book: Wagg . Stephen . Andrews . David L. . London/New York . Routledge . 2007 . 978-0-415-35926-9 . [E]ven though soccer football was and is considered the Hungarian national pastime . East Plays West: Sport and the Cold War.
  42. Book: Graves, Kerry A.. Haiti. August 2006. Capstone. 978-0-7368-6961-4. en.
  43. News: Govt has not declared any sport as national game: RTI reply . 25 October 2021 . The Times of India . 13 February 2020 . en . The ministry of youth affairs and sports has said that the central government has not declared any sport as the 'national game' of the country (India).
  44. Web site: Ansari . Aarish . Did you know that India does not have a national game! . 11 February 2022 . However, in contrast to common perception, hockey is not the national game of India. The next best answer, kabaddi, is also incorrect..." "...And those siding with the currently popular cricket are also mistaken..
  45. Web site: Pencak Silat: More Than Just A Fight. Indonesia Expat. 29 May 2015. 2015-05-29.
  46. Web site: Zurkhaneh Traditional Sports . 2 May 2024 . traditionalsportsgames.org . 2 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240502163840/https://traditionalsportsgames.org/index.php/sport/35-traditional-sports-recognized/214-zurkhaneh . live .
  47. News: RTÉ Secures Comprehensive GAA Championship Coverage Until 2010 . 19 February 2008 . . Today's announcement ensures that the public will enjoy quality coverage of our national games across all of RTÉ's media platforms. . 29 April 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100702063837/http://www.rte.ie/about/pressreleases/2008/0219/gaachampionship2010.html . 2 July 2010.
  48. Web site: Adjournment Matters. - Eurathlon Programme. . 22 November 1995 . . Volume 145 . 29 April 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110607132941/http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/S/0145/S.0145.199511220006.html . 7 June 2011.
  49. Web site: The most progressive team in Ireland . Hugh . Farrelly . Scrum.com . 15 September 2009 . 17 September 2009 . It's [the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final] a big deal in Ireland, where Gaelic games are the national sport, but the problem for the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) is that no-one outside the country, save for committed expatriates, gives a fig..
  50. Web site: History of Jamaica . The legacy of Britain also lives on in Jamaica in many ways […] the game of cricket is the national sport. . Jamaican Embassy, Washington . 21 July 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080620044655/http://www.embassyofjamaica.org/ABOUThistory.htm . 20 June 2008 .
  51. Web site: What Is Sumo? . Kids Web Japan sponsored by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan . 30 April 2012.
  52. News: Yoroku: The pride of Japan's 'national sport' . . 2016-01-25. 2022-12-30.
  53. Web site: Sports. 2014-12-17. [Latvia.eu]. en. 2019-05-12.
  54. Web site: Address at Charles University, Prague . Adamkus . Valdas . Valdas Adamkus . 28 July 2005 . President of Lithuania official website . 24 July 2008 . Lithuania is a country that loves basketball. It is our national sport and we are proud to be reigning European Champions. . https://web.archive.org/web/20061005022408/http://www.president.lt/en/news.full/5829 . 5 October 2006 .
  55. Lithuania Calling . Luke . Winn . Sports Illustrated . 15 August 2011 . 24 August 2011 . Basketball is the only sport the 3.2 million Lithuanians truly care about—it's their second religion, after Catholicism—and their success is proportionately stunning..
  56. Web site: Madagascar take Sevens honours . 24 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121024222252/http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/regional/newsid=53025.html . 24 October 2012 .
  57. Web site: 14-place jump for Madagascar . 24 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121118094652/http://www.planetrugby.com/story/0%2C25883%2C3891_7884390%2C00.html . 18 November 2012 .
  58. Web site: Official Sepaktakraw Website – Malaysian Sepaktakraw Association (PSM) pays official visit to ISTAF and Asia Sports Ventures . 2015-10-10.
  59. Richards, Alexandra.Mauritius: Rodrigues, Réunion. Bradt Travel Guides, 2009, p.90
  60. Web site: A wrestling competition dedicated to the Wonder of Mongolian National Wrestling. Metawise LLC. infomongolia.com. 13 October 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060112/http://www.infomongolia.com/ct/ci/5005. 4 March 2016.
  61. Web site: Mongolian Embassy in the USA . 13 October 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131007073543/http://www.mongolianembassy.us/about_mongolia/sport.php . 7 October 2013 .
  62. Web site: Water Polo Is The Most Popular Sport in Montenegro . total-waterpolo.com . Total Waterpolo . 5 November 2018 . 21 October 2020 .
  63. News: Nepal's' 'national sport' we never had: Five things you didn't know about dandi-biyo . 25 August 2020 . Online Khabar . https://web.archive.org/web/20170605121716/http://english.onlinekhabar.com/2016/03/17/372678 . 5 June 2017 . If you went to school in the 90s in Nepal, chances are that you were taught that dandi-biyo is Nepal's national sport..
  64. Web site: How Rugby Became New Zealand's National Sport. Alves. Thalita. Culture Trip. 21 September 2017 . 2019-06-10.
  65. Encyclopedia: Rugby union. Palenski. Ron. . 1 September 2016. 14 April 2020. Regarded as New Zealand's national game from the early 20th century, when the All Blacks swept triumphantly across Britain, rugby remains hugely popular.. en-NZ.
  66. Web site: Skiing and the Creation of a Norwegian Identity – part 2. Mølster. Odd. 1996. News of Norway, issue 2. Norwegian Embassy, Washington. 21 July 2008 . the national sport could become a fine weapon in time of war. In 1943, Norway's resistance movement won an epochal victory – on skis, of course.
  67. News: Few cheers for Norway. Berglund. Nina. 20 February 2006. Aftenposten. 21 July 2008. The scoreboard shows how the Norwegians placed, a performance considered much too poor in a country where cross-country skiing is a national sport.. https://web.archive.org/web/20060221142042/http://www.aftenposten.no/english/sports/article1228843.ece. 21 February 2006.
  68. Web site: Pakistan's Olympic humiliation in national sport. BBC. 8 August 2012. 5 December 2016. M. Ilyas. Khan.
  69. Book: Abbott, David. Changing World: Pakistan. 21. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2015. 978-1-62513-321-2.
  70. News: PNG vow to upset World Cup odds. 15 October 2008. Rugby League. Federación Peruana de Frontón. 3 July 2009. But it would still be one of the biggest shocks in World Cup history if Papua New Guinea – the only country to have rugby league as its national sport – were to qualify for the last four..
  71. News: PNG seal 2010 Four Nations place. BBC. 1 November 2009.
  72. Web site: Paleta-Frontón. 31 August 2009. Club Regatas Lima. 31 August 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090625195040/http://www.clubregatas.org.pe/historia/Paleta.htm. 25 June 2009.
  73. Book: Teen Life in Asia . 2004 . Greenwood Publishing Group . 0-313-31532-9 . 182 . illustrated . registration . 5 May 2020 . Philippines . Basketball is the major national sport in the Philippines..
  74. Book: Gems . Gerald . Borish . Linda . Pfister . Gertrud . American History: From Colonization to Globalization . 10 April 2017 . Human Kinetics . 978-1-4925-8614-2 . 213 . 2 . https://books.google.com/books?id=zPF6DwAAQBAJ&q=basketball%20%22national%20sport%22%20philippines&pg=PA213 . Sport as Symbol: Acculturation and Imperialism . The Filipinos adpted basketball as their national sport, and Filipino boxers....
  75. Web site: Sipa and sepak takraw kicking in. 21 April 2012. Rappler. David Lozada. 21 April 2012.
  76. Web site: Żużel sportem narodowym? Nie powinniśmy mieć kompleksów. 30 January 2018.
  77. News: Siatkówka - polski sport narodowy? Historia szaleństwa, które wkrótce może dosięgnąć każdego. Portal I.pl . 16 August 2014.
  78. Web site: Jak siatkówka stała się narodowa. 1 September 2014.
  79. Web site: Siatkówka: nasz sport narodowy. 8 March 2021.
  80. Web site: Polska ma swój skarb narodowy. Od dwóch milionów do półtora miliarda. Fenomen. 28 September 2021.
  81. Web site: Królowa polskich gier. O tym, jak i dlaczego siatkówka staje się naszym narodowym skarbem. 13 September 2022.
  82. Web site: Oina – sportul naţional uitat . 21 November 2012 . 18 September 2010 . ro . Adevărul Holding . Dar nici deciziile luate de autorităţile comuniste nu au salvat sportul naţional românesc de la uitare..
  83. Web site: Russian bandy players blessed for victory at world championship in Kazan . 21 January 2011 . Tatar-Inform . 31 August 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120424230703/http://eng.tatar-inform.ru/news/2011/01/21/33986/ . 24 April 2012 .
  84. Web site: Sports And Recreation The Embassy of The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia . 2023-06-21 . www.saudiembassy.net.
  85. Web site: Alex Salmond quote. 31 August 2009. Sport Scotland. 25 October 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101028054527/http://www.sportscotland.org.uk/ChannelNavigation/News/TopicNavigation/Other+press+releases/articles/First+Minister+celebrates+Scotlands+golf+world+champions+as+new+figures+show+big+increase+in+youngst.htm. 28 October 2010.
  86. Web site: Košarka je nacionalni sport Srbije. . 16 July 2019 . Basketball is the national sport of Serbia .
  87. Web site: Nacionalno sport broj 1 – Košarka je u Srbiji religija . 18 September 2017 . . 16 July 2019 . National sport No.1 – In Serbia, basketball is a religion.
  88. Web site: Serbian coach Djordjevic knows what it takes to make a transition from "names" to "legends" . 27 June 2019 . . 16 July 2019 . The Trophy Tour had Serbia on its schedule in mid-June. But the land of basketball wants to show it to an even bigger crowd, if they win it all in China in September .
  89. Web site: Svečana akademija Košarkaškog saveza Srbije za pamćenje! . 12 December 2019 . . 16 July 2019 . Today we celebrate 95 years since the first basketball match in Serbia and the 70th birthday of the national federation, which fans of the game all over Europe and the world, describe as "Land of basketball". .
  90. Skiing Nation: Towards an Anthropology of Slovenia's National Sport . 10.1111/j.1754-9469.2007.tb00118.x . 7. 2 . Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism. 56–78. 2008. Kotnik. Vlado.
  91. Web site: Football in Spain . Just Landed . en.
  92. Book: DK Eyewitness Sri Lanka . September 29, 2016 . DK Publishing . 978-1-4654-9646-1 . 23 . 8 October 2022.
  93. Web site: 101 of Taiwan's Baseball . Taiwan e-Learning and Digital Archives Program . Government of the Republic of China . 25 October 2021 . Baseball can be called Taiwan's national sport.
  94. 林伯修 . 林國棟 . 媒體再現與臺灣國球的系譜 . 體育學報 . 2012-09-01 . 45 . 3 . P227 - 245 . 10.6222/pej.4503.201209.0706.
  95. Book: Ibbotson. Sophie. Lovell-Hoare. Max. Tajikistan. Bradt Travel Guides. 8 November 2015. 978-1-84162-455-6. 2013.
  96. Web site: Q: Could you tell me more about the history of Muay Thai and is there a place where I can take up Muay Thai in Singapore? . Thai Embassy in Singapore . Muay Thai is the national sport of Thailand and is also known as 'The Art of Eight Limbs' as the hands, shins, elbows and knees are used extensively in this art..
  97. Web site: Ata Sporu – Cirit. Kalem.biz. 31 December 2009.
  98. Web site: Ata Sporu – Güreş . Alaturka.info . 31 December 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091223031515/http://www.alaturka.info/tr/akdeniz-boelgesi/spor-ve-eglence/ata-sporu-gueres.html . 23 December 2009 .
  99. Web site: ICC Members: Turks and Caicos Islands . . 7 October 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121107132730/http://www.icc-cricket.com/the-icc/icc_members/profile.php?countryCode=ICC_AFFILIATE_MEMBERS_TCISLANDS . 7 November 2012 .
  100. Book: Duquette, Jerold J. . Regulating the National Pastime: Baseball and Antitrust . 21 July 2008 . Baseball justified its privileged legal status by citing the special nature and cultural significance of America's national pastime. . 978-0-275-96535-8 . 1999 . . 104 .
  101. Book: Schrag, Myles . https://books.google.com/books?id=e6RfXqIcY3kC&q=%22known+as+the+national+pastime%22&pg=PA140 . Baseball/literature/culture: Essays, 1995–2001 . 2003 . 978-0-7864-1643-1 . Chp.13 p.140 . Peter Carino . Baseball as National Pastime Revisted: And a Little Town Shall Lead Them . . Tradition – that quality so instrumental in elevating baseball to its century-old status as national pastime – has become less important .
  102. Book: Gmelch, George . 2006-01-01 . Baseball Without Borders: The International Pastime. 308. U of Nebraska Press . 2014-07-09. 978-0-8032-5606-4 .
  103. Book: Gmelch, George . 2006-01-01 . Baseball Without Borders: The International Pastime. 308. U of Nebraska Press . 2014-07-09 . 978-0-8032-5606-4 .
  104. (Re)Presenting Wales: National Identity and Celebrity in the Postmodern Rugby World . North American Journal of Welsh Studies . 6 . 2 . Summer 2006 . John . Harris . rugby used to be the undisputed national sport of Wales […] Rugby Union's assumed position as "the national game" has often been questioned on the basis that it is predominantly a game played and followed in South Wales. . 14 July 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080910040520/http://spruce.flint.umich.edu/~ellisjs/Harris.pdf . 10 September 2008.

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