National Hero of Indonesia explained

National Hero of Indonesia (Indonesian: Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia) is the highest-level title awarded in Indonesia. It is posthumously given by the Government of Indonesia for actions which are deemed to be heroic, defined as "actual deeds which can be remembered and exemplified for all time by other citizens" or "extraordinary service furthering the interests of the state and people". The Ministry of Social Affairs gives seven criteria which an individual must fulfill, as follows:

  1. Have been an Indonesian citizen who is deceased and, during his or her lifetime, led an armed struggle or produced a concept or product useful to the state;
  2. Have continued the struggle throughout his or her life and performed above and beyond the call of duty;
  3. Have had a wide-reaching impact through his or her actions;
  4. Have shown a high degree of nationalism;
  5. Have been of good moral standing and respectable character;
  6. Never surrendered to his or her enemies; and
  7. Never committed an act which taints his or her legacy.

Nominations undergo a four-step process and must be approved at each level. A proposal is made by the general populace in a city or regency to the mayor or regent, who must then make a request to the province's governor. The governor then makes a recommendation to the Ministry of Social Affairs, which forwards it to the president, represented by the Board of Titles (Indonesian: Dewan Gelar); this board consists of two academics, two persons of a military background, and three persons who have previously received an award or title. Those selected by the president, as represented by the Board, are awarded the title at a ceremony in the Indonesian capital of Jakarta. Since 2000, the ceremony has occurred in early November, coinciding with Indonesia's Heroes' Day (Indonesian: Hari Pahlawan).

The legal framework for the title, initially styled National Independence Hero (Indonesian: Pahlawan Kemerdekaan Nasional), was established with the release of Presidential Decree No. 241 of 1958. The title was first awarded on 30 August 1959 to the politician turned writer Abdul Muis, who had died the previous month. This title was used for the rest of Sukarno's rule. When Suharto rose to power in the mid-1960s, the title was given its current name. Special titles at the level of National Hero have also been awarded. Hero of the Revolution (Indonesian: Pahlawan Revolusi) was given in 1965 to ten victims of the 30 September Movement that resulted in end of Sukarno reign, while Sukarno and former vice-president Mohammad Hatta were given the title Proclamation Heroes (Indonesian: Pahlawan Proklamasi) in 1988 for their role in reading the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence.

A total of 190 men and 16 women have been deemed national heroes, most recently Abdul Chalim, Ahmad Hanafiah, Bataha Santiago, Ida Dewa Agung Jambe, Mohammad Tabrani, and Ratu Kalinyamat in 2023. These heroes have come from all parts of the Indonesian archipelago, from Aceh in the west to Papua in the east. They represent numerous ethnicities, including native Indonesians, ethnic Chinese, Arabs and Eurasians. They include prime ministers, guerrillas, government ministers, soldiers, royalty, journalists, and a bishop.

The following list is initially presented in alphabetical order; owing to differing cultural naming conventions, not all entries are sorted by last name. The list is further sortable by year of birth, death, and recognition. Names are standardised using the Indonesian Spelling System and thus may not reflect the original spelling.

National Heroes of Indonesia

+ National Heroes of IndonesiaNameBornDiedElevatedNotesRef.
189819722023Islamic Leader, co-founder of Nahdlatul Ulama[1]
Abdul Halim Majalengka188719622008Independence activist and Islamic scholar, Member of BPUPK
Abdul Haris Nasution191820002002General in the Army, twice appointed Army Chief of Staff
Abdul Kadir177118751999Nobleman from Melawi, promoted economic development, fought against the colonial Dutch
Abdul Kahar Muzakir190719632019Member of BPUPK and first rector of the Islamic University of Indonesia
Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah190819812011Islamic scholar and author
Abdul Muis188319591959Politician, later author
Abdul Rahman Saleh190919471974Early figure in the Air Force, killed when his medical flight was shot down by the Dutch
Abdul Wahab Hasbullah188819712014Founding father of Nahdlatul Ulama, established pro-independence organizations
Abdurrahman Baswedan190819862018Journalist who united Arab-descent people with Indonesians during the independence war
Ahmad Sanusi188919502022Islamic scholar, Member of BPUPK[2]
Ahmad Subarjo189619782009Independence activist and government minister
Adam Malik Batubara191719841998Journalist and independence activist, third Vice-President of Indonesia
Adnan Kapau Gani190519682007Independence activist, smuggled weapons to support the National Revolution
175218281974Javanese guerrilla leader who led attacks on Dutch colonials on several occasions
Agus Salim188419541961Minang Islamic leader, politician, independence activist
Agustinus Adisucipto191619471974Early figure in the Air Force, killed when his medical flight was shot down by the Dutch
Ahmad Dahlan186819341961Javanese Islamic leader, established Muhammadiyah; husband of Siti Walidah
190519472023Islamic leader, founder of Hizbullah (Indonesia)
Ahmad Rifa'i178618702004Islamic thinker and writer known for his anti-Dutch stance
Ahmad Yani192219651965Leader of the Army, killed by the 30 September Movement
166717392021Monarch of the Sultanate of Kutai (now part of East Kalimantan) who fought the Dutch
189619631963Javanese Catholic bishop and nationalist
Alexander Andries Maramis189719772019Member of BPUPK and government minister
Alimin188919641964Independence advocate, politician, and Communist Party of Indonesia figure
Andi Abdullah Bau Massepe191819472005Bugis nobleman, attacked Dutch forces during National Revolution, son of Andi Mappanyukki
Andi Jemma193519652002Independence activist, led attacks against Dutch forces during the National Revolution
Andi Mappanyukki188519672004Bugis nobleman, led attacks against Dutch forces, father of Andi Abdullah Bau Massepe
Antasari180918621968Fought against Dutch colonial forces in the Banjarmasin War
Arie Frederik Lasut191819491969Geologist and educator who was executed by the Dutch
Arnoldus Isaac Zacharias Mononutu189619832020Information minister
As'ad Syamsul Arifin189719902016Islamic Leader, co-founder of Nahdlatul Ulama
15832020Ruler of Sultanate of Ternate
Bagindo Azizchan191019472005Mayor of Padang, resisted Dutch forces during the National Revolution
Basuki Rahmat192119691969General, witness to the Supersemar
Bataha Santiago162216752023The third king of Manganitu Kingdom in Sangihe Islands who fought against Dutch colonial forces
Bernard Wilhelm Lapian189219772015Nationalist, church leader, and second governor of Sulawesi
183618911973Acehnese Islamic figure and guerrilla leader who fought against Dutch colonial forces
Cilik Riwut191819871998Soldier and politician, promoted economic and cultural development in Central Kalimantan
Cipto Mangunkusumo188619431964Javanese politician, mentor to Sukarno
Cokroaminoto188319341961Politician, leader of Sarekat Islam, mentor to Sukarno
187919501961Indo journalist and politician who advocated Indonesian independence
180518692018Independence fighter from Bangka
Andi Depu Maraddia Balanipa190719852018Female figure from West Sulawesi who led fighters for independence
Dewi Sartika188419471966Educator, established the country's first school for girls
185019081964Acehnese guerrilla leader who fought against Dutch colonial forces; wife of Teuku Umar
Diponegoro178518551973Son of the Sultan of Yogyakarta, fought a five-year war against Dutch colonial forces
Donald Isaac Panjaitan192519651965General in the Army, killed by the 30 September Movement
Fakhruddin189019291964Islamic leader, negotiated protection of Indonesian hajj pilgrims
Fatmawati192319802000Sewed the first national flag, social activist, a wife of Sukarno
Ferdinand Lumbantobing189919621962Doctor and politician, fought for the rights of forced labourers
Frans Kaisiepo192119791993Papuan nationalist who helped in the acquisition of Papua
Gatot Mangkupraja189619682004Independence activist and politician, suggested the formation of Defenders of the Homeland
Gatot Subroto190719621962General, deputy chief-of-staff of the Army
Halim Perdanakusuma192219471975Early figure in the Air Force, died in an accidental plane crash in Perak, Malaysia during the National Revolution
Hamengkubuwono I171717922006Sultan of Yogyakarta, fought against the Dutch East India Company, established Yogyakarta
Hamengkubuwono IX191219881990Sultan of Yogyakarta, independence activist, military leader, and politician; second Vice-President of Indonesia
Harun Thohir194719681968Bombed the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank building in Singapore during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
Hasan Basri192319842001Soldier during the Indonesian National Revolution, supported the integration of Kalimantan in Indonesia
Hasanuddin163116701973Sultan of Gowa, fought against Dutch colonial forces
Hasyim Asy'ari187519471964Islamic leader, founder of Nahdlatul Ulama
Hazairin190619751999Legal scholar, independence activist, government minister, and educator
Herman Johannes191219922009Engineer, made weapons for the National Revolution, co-founded Gadjah Mada University
18th century17762019Sultan of Buton who protested against a deal with the Dutch East India Company (VOC)
Ida Anak Agung Gde Agung192119992007Independence activist, diplomat, and government minister
185519082023
Idham Chalid192120102011Leader of Nahdlatul Ulama, politician
Ilyas Yakoub190319581999Independence activist, politician, and guerrilla fighter
177218641973Islamic figure from West Sumatra who fought against Dutch colonial forces in the Padri War
183418561986Nobleman from Lampung, led a revolution against Dutch colonists
Iskandar Muda159316361993Sultan of Aceh, expanded the state's influence
Ismail Marzuki191419582004Composer known for numerous patriotic songs
Iswahyudi191819471975Early figure in the Air Force, killed during the National Revolution
Iwa Kusumasumantri189919712002Independence activist, lawyer, and politician, first Minister of Social Affairs
Izaak Huru Doko191319852006Independence activist and educator, helped establish Udayana University
Jamin Ginting192119742014Politician and military officer in Sumatra during the National Revolution
Janatin194319681968Bombed the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank building in Singapore during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
Jatikusumo191719922002Member of the Pakubuwono royal family of Surakarta, general in the Army and politician
Johannes Abraham Dimara191620002010Papuan army officer who helped in the acquisition of Papua
Johannes Leimena190519772010Early Minister of Health, developed the Puskesmas clinic system
Juanda Kartawijaya191119631963Sundanese politician, final Prime Minister of Indonesia
Karel Satsuit Tubun192819651965Police brigadier, killed by the 30 September Movement
190019862011Independence activist, Catholic Party leader
Kasman Singodimedjo190419822018Muhammadiyah figure, who united the nation during the UUD 1945 Constitution ratification process by the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence. Later served as chair of the Central Indonesian National Committee, the precursor of the People's Representative Council and as Justice Undersecretary.
Katamso Darmokusumo192319651965General in the Army, killed by the 30 September Movement
18491993Balinese leader who fought against Dutch colonial forces
190419572011First Governor of Sunda Kecil Province
189019542015
Ki Hajar Dewantara188919591959Educator and state minister, established Taman Siswa, brother of Raden Mas Suryopranoto
Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro190419572011Educator with Budi Utomo and Taman Siswa, government minister
Kiras Bangun185219422005Batak guerrilla leader who fought the Dutch colonialists
La Maddukelleng170017651998Nobleman from Paser Sultanate, repelled Dutch forces from Wajo Kingdom
Lafran Pane192219912017Founded the Muslim Students' Association
Lambertus Nicodemus Palar190019812013Diplomat, negotiated recognition of Indonesia during the Revolution
Yahya Daniel Dharma191119882009Rear Admiral in the Navy, smuggled products to fund the National Revolution
Mahmud Singgirei Rumagesan188519642020Monarch of Sultanate of Sekar (now in Fakfak Regency, West Papua) who advocated for integration of Western New Guinea into Indonesia
Mahmud Badaruddin II176718521984Sultan of Palembang, fought against Dutch colonial forces
176018122017Sultan of Riau Lingga, fought against Dutch colonial forces
Malahayati2017Female admiral in the navy of the Aceh Sultanate, fought against Cornelis de Houtman
Mangkunegara I172517951988Fought against Dutch colonists and collaborators in Central Java
Maria Walanda Maramis187219241969Women's rights advocate and educator
Martha Christina Tiahahu180018181969Guerrilla fighter from Maluku who died in Dutch custody
Marthen Indey191219861993Nationalist and independence activist, promoted Papuan integration in Indonesia
Mas Isman192419822015Revolutionary who commanded students paramilitary TRI Pelajar during independence war
Mas Mansur189619461964Islamic scholar, Muhammadiyah leader
Masykur191719942019Member of BPUPK, founder of PETA, government minister
Mas Tirtodarmo Haryono192419651965General in the Army, killed by the 30 September Movement
Maskun Sumadireja190719862004Independence activist and politician
187119072020
187019101964Acehnese guerrilla leader who fought against Dutch colonial forces
Mohammad Hatta190219802012Independence activist, First Vice-President of Indonesia
Mohammad Husni Thamrin189419411960Politician and independence activist
Mohammad Natsir190819932008Islamic scholar and politician, fifth Prime Minister of Indonesia
Mohammad Tabrani Soerjowitjirto190419842023Indonesian journalist and politician, major proponent of the Indonesian language as a national language.
190619972006Independence activist, first governor of Sumatra
Muhammad Mangundiprojo190519882014
Mohammad Yamin190319621973Poet turned politician and independence activist
Muhammad Yasin192020122015Regarded as the founder of Indonesian Police's Mobile Brigade Corps
189819972017Islamic scholar and Nahdlatul Wathan founder
Mustopo191319862007Leader during the Battle of Surabaya, established Dr. Moestopo Dental College
Muwardi190719481964Handled security for the Proclamation of Independence, established a hospital in Surakarta
Nani Wartabone190719862003Independence activist and politician, helped put down the Permesta rebellion
I Gusti Ngurah Made Agung187619062015Balinese fighter against the Dutch colonials
191719461975Balinese military leader during National Revolution
Nuku Muhammad Amiruddin173818051995Sultan of Tidore, led several naval battles against Dutch colonial forces
Nur Ali191419922006Islamic leader and educator, led student soldiers during the National Revolution
189919461974Acehnese politician and resistance leader, first governor of Aceh
Opu Daeng Risaju188019642006Early woman politician, fought against the Dutch during the National Revolution
Oto Iskandar di Nata189719451973Politician and independence activist
Pajonga Daeng Ngalle Polobangkeng190119582006Coordinated attacks in South Sulawesi during the National Revolution, promoted integration
Paku Alam VIII191019982022Vice Governor of Yogyakarta, independence activist, and politician
Pakubuwono VI180718491964Susuhunan of Surakarta, rebelled against Dutch colonial forces
Pakubuwono X186619392011Susuhunan of Surakarta, supported various projects which furthered Native Indonesian interests
190119792018Banjar Prince, guerrilla fighter, 1st Governor of Kalimantan & former Minister of Public Works
Pattimura178318171973Guerrilla from Maluku who fought against Dutch colonial forces
Pierre Tendean193919651965Soldier in the Army, killed by the 30 September Movement
Pong Tiku184619072002Torajan noble, fought against Dutch colonialists
Raden Ajeng Kartini187919041964Javanese women's rights figure
Raden Aria Wangsakara17212021Indonesian cleric and nobleman, regarded as the founder of Tangerang and defended the region from Dutch attack in the early 18th century
Raden Eddy Martadinata192119661966Admiral in the Navy and diplomat, killed in a helicopter crash
Raden Mas Suryopranoto187119591959Education and workers' rights figure, brother of Ki Hajar Dewantara
Raden Mas Tumenggung Ario Suryo189619481964First Governor of East Java during the National Revolution
Raden Panji Suroso189319811986Politician and independence activist, first Governor of Central Java
190819932020First Chief of the Indonesian National Police
Sudirman191619501964Commander in Chief of the Indonesian Armed Forces for most of the National Revolution
Raden Suleiman Effendi Kusumahatmaja189819521965First Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Indonesia
Raja Ali Haji18092004Historian and poet from Riau
Raja Haji Fisabilillah172717841997Warrior from Riau who fought against Dutch colonial forces
Rajiman Wediodiningrat187919522013First head of the People's Representative Council
Ranggong Daeng Romo191519472001Led troops in two battles against Dutch forces during the National Revolution
Ratu Kalinyamat152015792023
Rasuna Said191019651974Women's rights advocate and nationalist
190619442022Medical doctor, killed during Mandor affair
Robert Wolter Mongisidi192519491973Guerrilla fighter in Makassar during the National Revolution, executed by the Dutch
Rohana Kudus188419722019First female journalist, activist for education and women's emancipation.
Saharjo190919631963Minister of Justice, pioneered legal reform in the country
187419482022North Maluku politician and supporter of Indonesian independence, executed by the Dutch
Sam Ratulangi189019491961Minahasa politician and supporter of Indonesian independence
Samanhudi187819561961Businessman, established Sarekat Islam
188919702019First rector of Gadjah Mada University
Silas Papare191819781993Fought for Papua's independence from the Dutch, promoted Papuan integration in Indonesia
Sisingamangaraja XII184919071961Batak leader who fought a lengthy guerrilla campaign against Dutch colonial forces
Siswondo Parman191819651965General in the Army, killed by the 30 September Movement
Siti Hartinah192319961996Wife of president Suharto, active in social work, established Taman Mini Indonesia Indah
Syam'un189419492018Islamic scholar, guerrilla fighter for independence.
Siti Walidah187219461971Founder of Aisyiyah, Muhammadiyah figure, wife of Ahmad Dahlan,
Slamet Riyadi192719502007Brigadier General in the Army, killed while putting down a rebellion in Sulawesi
Sugiyono Mangunwiyoto192619651965Colonel in the Army, killed by the 30 September Movement
Soeharto Sastrosoeyoso190820002022Medical doctor, founder of Indonesian Medical Association
Suharso191219711973Medical pioneer in prosthetics
Sukarjo Wiryopranoto190319621962Independence figure, diplomat, and politician
Sukarni191619712014Youth leader and activist
Sukarno190119702012First President of Indonesia, Independence activist, orator, read the Proclamation of Independence
Sultan Agung159116451975Sultan of Mataram, fought against encroachment by the Dutch East India Company
Andi Sultan Daeng Raja189419632006Independence activist and politician
Supeno191619491970Government minister, killed while fighting against the Dutch during the National Revolution
Supomo190319581965First Minister of Justice, helped write the Constitution
Suprapto192019651965General in the Army, killed by the 30 September Movement
Supriyadi192519451975Leader of a rebellion against the Japanese occupation forces in Blitar
Sutan Mohammad Amin Nasution190419932020First governor of North Sumatra
Sutan Syahrir190919661966Politician, first Prime Minister of Indonesia
Sutomo188819381961Javanese educator, established Budi Utomo
Sutomo192019812008Military officer who led troops in the Battle of Surabaya
Sutoyo Siswomiharjo192219651965General in the Army, killed by the 30 September Movement
Syafruddin Prawiranegara191119892011First governor of Bank Indonesia
Syarif Kasim II189319681998Sultan of Siak, promoted integration of the East Sumatran kingdoms
Tahi Bonar Simatupang192019902013General who served as chief of staff from 1950 to 1954
178418821995Islamic leader from Riau who fought against Dutch colonial forces in the Padri War
Tan Malaka188419491963Minang politician and communist activist
Thaha Syaifuddin181619041977Sultan of Jambi, led an armed revolution against Dutch colonial forces
Tirtayasa163116831970Guerrilla from Banten who fought against the Dutch
Tirto Adhi Suryo188019182006Early journalist, exiled for his anti-Dutch editorials
Tengku Amir Hamzah191119461975Langkat royal family member, poet, nationalist; victim of the East Sumatra Social Revolution
185418991973Acehnese guerrilla leader, fought against Dutch colonial forces; husband of Cut Nyak Dhien
185719012021Monarch of the Kingdom of Moutong who fought a guerilla campaign against Dutch colonial government from 1898–1901
Untung Surapati166017061975Led several rebellions against the Dutch East India Company
Urip Sumoharjo189319481964Early leader of Indonesian Armed Forces, second in command to Sudirman
Usmar Ismail192119712021Indonesian journalist and film director, regarded as the Father of Indonesian Cinema
Wage Rudolf Supratman190319381971Composer of the national anthem "Indonesia Raya"
Wahid Hasyim191419531964Leader of Nahdlatul Ulama, first Minister of Religion of Indonesia
Wahidin Sudirohusodo185219171973Doctor and leader in Budi Utomo
Wilhelmus Zakaria Johannes189519521968Medical pioneer in radiology
Yos Sudarso192519621973Navy Commodore, killed in a confrontation with the Dutch over Netherlands New Guinea
Yusuf Tajul Khalwati162616991995Islamic leader, led a guerrilla rebellion against the Dutch East India Company
Zainal Mustafa190719441972Islamic leader who fought against the Japanese occupation forces
Zainul Arifin190919631963Politician and guerrilla fighter, killed by an assassin targeting Sukarno

Works cited

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Safitri . Eva . Jokowi Resmi Beri Gelar Pahlawan Nasional ke 6 Tokoh . detik.com . Detik . 10 November 2023. 9 April 2024.
  2. Web site: President Jokowi Bestows National Hero Titles to Five Figures. 2022-11-07. 2022-11-18. Cabinet Secretariat of Republic of Indonesia.