A flag carrier is a transport company, such as an airline or shipping company, that, being locally registered in a given sovereign state, enjoys preferential rights or privileges accorded by the government for international operations.
Historically, the term was used to refer to airlines owned by the government of their home country and associated with the national identity of that country.[1] Such an airline may also be known as a national airline or a national carrier, although this can have different legal meanings in some countries. Today, it is any international airline with a strong connection to its home country or that represents its home country internationally, regardless of whether it is government-owned.[2] [3]
Flag carriers may also be known as such due to laws requiring aircraft or ships to display the state flag of the country of their registry.[4] For example, under the law of the United States, a U.S. flag air carrier is any airline that holds a certificate under Section 401 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (i.e., any U.S.-based airline operating internationally),[5] and any ship registered in the United States is known as a U.S. flag vessel.[6]
The term "flag carrier" is a legacy of the early days of commercial aviation when governments often took the lead by establishing state-owned airlines because of the high capital costs of running them. However, not all such airlines were government-owned; Pan Am, TWA, Cathay Pacific, Union de Transports Aériens, Canadian Pacific Air Lines and Olympic Airlines were all privately owned, but were considered to be flag carriers[7] as they were the "main national airline"[8] and often a sign of their country's presence abroad.[9] [10]
The heavily regulated aviation industry also meant aviation rights are often negotiated between governments, denying airlines access to an open market. These Bilateral Air Transport Agreements similar to the Bermuda I and Bermuda II agreements specify rights awardable only to locally registered airlines, forcing some governments to jump-start airlines to avoid being disadvantaged in the face of foreign competition. Some countries also establish flag carriers such as Israel's El Al[11] or Lebanon's Middle East Airlines[12] for nationalist reasons or to aid the country's economy, particularly in the area of tourism.[13]
In many cases, governments would directly assist in the growth of their flag carriers typically through subsidies and other fiscal incentives. The establishment of competitors in the form of other locally registered airlines may be prohibited or heavily regulated to avoid direct competition.[14] Even where privately run airlines may be allowed to be established, the flag carriers may still be accorded priority, especially in the apportionment of aviation rights to local or international markets.[15]
Near the end of the 20th century, many of these airlines have been corporatized as a public company or a state-owned enterprise, while others have been completely privatized.[16] The aviation industry has also been gradually deregulated and liberalized,[17] permitting greater freedoms of the air particularly in the United States and in the European Union with the signing of the Open Skies agreement.[18] One of the features of such agreements is the right of a country to designate multiple airlines to serve international routes with the result that there is no single "flag carrier".[19]
The chart below lists airlines considered to be a "flag carrier", based on current or former state ownership or other verifiable designation as a national airline.
| Country or Region | Airline | Details of current state ownership | Details of former state ownership | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| State-owned[20] | ||||
| Minority state-owned by Albcontrol (10%)[21] | ||||
| State-owned | ||||
| TAAG Angola Airlines | Majority | |||
| State-owned | ||||
| Aruba Airlines[22] | None | |||
| None | State-owned until 1992. | |||
| Austrian Airlines | State-owned until 5 December 2008. | |||
| State-owned[23] | ||||
| State-owned | ||||
| Gulf Air | State-owned | |||
| Biman Bangladesh Airlines | Public limited company | State-owned until 23 July 2007. | ||
| State-owned | ||||
| State-owned in its original incarnation . | ||||
| None | ||||
| State-owned | ||||
| State-owned | ||||
| State-owned | ||||
| Minority state-owned (0.01%) | ||||
| State-owned[24] | ||||
| Majority (51%) | ||||
| State-owned[25] | ||||
| Minority state-owned by the Government of Canada (Estimated 6.4%)[26] | State-owned until privatization in 1989. | |||
| TACV | Majority (90%)[27] | |||
| State-owned | ||||
| None | State-owned until September 1989. | |||
| Majority (51.7%): 40.98% through CNAHC and 10.72% through CNACG | State-owned until 2004. | |||
| None | ||||
| Avianca Costa Rica[28] | ||||
| Majority (98%) | ||||
| State-owned[29] | ||||
| Cyprus Airways[30] | None - 40% owned by Malta-based SJC Group[31] | |||
| None | ||||
| State-owned | ||||
| Joint venture | ||||
| Joint venture | ||||
| None | ||||
| State-owned | ||||
| CEIBA Intercontinental[32] | State-owned | |||
| State-owned | ||||
| Eswatini Air[33] | ||||
| State-owned | ||||
| Fiji Airways | Majority (51%) | |||
| Majority (55.8%) | ||||
| Air France | Minority (18% share) | |||
| Majority | ||||
| None | ||||
| None | State-owned until 1994; remaining government shares were sold in 1997.Minority (20.05%) in the Lufthansa Group acquired in 2020[34] [35] was sold in 2022.[36] | |||
| State-Owned[37] | ||||
| State-owned | ||||
| Minority (6.08% by Hong Kong Government) + 28.17% through Air China Limited[38] | ||||
| None - owned by Icelandair Group[39] | ||||
| None - owned by Tata Group[40] | State-owned until November 2021.[41] [42] | |||
| Garuda Indonesia | Majority (60.54%)[43] | State-owned until February 2011.[44] | ||
| State-owned | ||||
| State-owned until September 2006. | ||||
| Minority (~1.1%) | State-owned until June 2004. | |||
| ITA Airways[45] | State-owned, succeeded Alitalia starting from 15 October 2021[46] [47] [48] | |||
| Minority (49%) | ||||
| Minority (16%)[49] [50] [51] | ||||
| Majority (84%) | ||||
| None | State-owned until 1987.[52] [53] | |||
| Majority (51%) | ||||
| Minority (29.8%) | ||||
| State-owned | ||||
| State-owned | ||||
| Majority (80.05%) | ||||
| Majority (99%) | ||||
| State-owned | ||||
| State-owned | ||||
| Luxair | Majority (73.86%) | |||
| Air Macau | Minority (5%) | |||
| Majority | ||||
| Majority (51%) | ||||
| KM Malta Airlines[54] | Majority | |||
| Air Marshall Islands[55] | ||||
| State-owned | ||||
| None | State-owned until 2007. | |||
| State-owned | ||||
| Air Montenegro[56] | State-owned[57] | |||
| State-owned | ||||
| State-owned | ||||
| State-owned | ||||
| Nauru Airlines | State-owned | |||
| State-owned | ||||
| KLM | Minority (14%) | |||
| Majority (99%)[58] | ||||
| Air New Zealand | Majority (53%) | State-owned until 1989, partially re-nationalized in 2001.[59] [60] [61] | ||
| State-owned | ||||
| Majority | ||||
| State-owned | ||||
| None | ||||
| LATAM Paraguay[62] | ||||
| LATAM Perú[63] | ||||
| State-owned | ||||
| Majority (72%) [64] | ||||
| State-owned | ||||
| Majority (97.22%) | ||||
| Majority (51%) | ||||
| State-owned | ||||
| State-owned | ||||
| STP Airways[65] | None | |||
| Majority | ||||
| Air Serbia | Majority (51%) | |||
| State-owned (100%)[66] | ||||
| State-owned | ||||
| Majority (54.5% through Temasek Holdings) | ||||
| State-owned | ||||
| None – owned by Hanjin[67] | State-owned until 1969.[68] [69] [70] | |||
| Iberia | None – owned by International Airlines Group | |||
| State-owned | ||||
| State-owned | ||||
| State-owned | ||||
| State-owned | ||||
| Majority | State-owned until 1991. 51.28% held by non-profit Civic Aviation Development Foundation. | |||
| Tajik Air[71] | State-owned | |||
| State-owned | ||||
| Minority (47.86%) | ||||
| Majority | ||||
| Minority (49%) | ||||
| Turkmenistan Airlines | State-owned | |||
| Uganda Airlines | ||||
| State-owned by the Government of Dubai through the Investment Corporation of Dubai. | ||||
| None – owned by International Airlines Group | State-owned until 1987. | |||
| Majority | ||||
| Conviasa[72] | ||||
| Vietnam Airlines | Majority (86.2%) | |||
| Majority | ||||
| State-owned |