National dish explained

A national dish is a culinary dish that is strongly associated with a particular country.^[1] A dish can be considered a national dish for a variety of reasons:

• It is a staple food, made from a selection of locally available foodstuffs that can be prepared in a distinctive way, such as fruits de mer, served along the west coast of France.
• It contains a particular ingredient that is produced locally, such as a paprika grown in the European Pyrenees.
• It is served as a festive culinary tradition that forms part of a cultural heritage—for example, barbecues at summer camp or fondue at dinner parties—or as part of a religious practice, such as Korban Pesach or Iftar celebrations.
• It has been promoted as a national dish, by the country itself, such as the promotion of fondue as a national dish of Switzerland by the Swiss Cheese Union (Schweizerische Käseunion) in the 1930s.

National dishes are part of a nation's identity and self-image. During the age of European empire-building, nations would develop a national cuisine to distinguish themselves from their rivals.^[2]

Some countries such as Mexico, China or India, because of their diverse ethnic populations, cultures, and cuisines, do not have a single national dish, even unofficially. Furthermore, because national dishes are so interwoven into a nation's sense of identity, strong emotions and conflicts can arise when trying to choose a country's national dish.

By country

This is not a definitive list of national dishes, but rather a list of some foods that have been suggested to be national dishes.

A

• Afghanistan: kabuli palaw^[3]
• Albania: tavë kosi,^[4] flia
• Algeria: couscous, rechta
• Andorra: escudella i carn d'olla^[5]
• Angola: moamba de galinha^[6]
• Antigua and Barbuda: fungee and pepperrpot
• Argentina: asado,^[7] empanada,^[8] matambre,^{[9] [10] [11]} locro^[12]
• Armenia: khorovats, harisa^[13] (not to be confused with the North African pepper paste harissa)
• Australia: roast lamb,^[14] meat pie,^{[15] [16] [17]} pavlova,^[18] Vegemite on toast^[19]
• Austria: Wiener schnitzel
• Azerbaijan: dolma^[13]

B

• Bahamas: crack conch with rice and peas^[20]
• Bahrain: kabsa^{[21] [22]}
• Bangladesh: Rice and fish (particularly ilish)^[23]
• Barbados: cou-cou and flying fish^[24]
• Belarus: draniki^[25]
• Belgium: frites^[26] (particularly served with mussels^[27] or steak^[28]), carbonade flamande,^[29] waterzooi,^[29] chocolate mousse,^[30] Belgian waffle^[31]
• Belize: rice and beans^[32]
• Benin: kuli-kuli
• Bhutan: ema datshi^[33]
• Bolivia: salteñas^[34]
• Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosnian pot,^[35] ćevapi,^{[36] [37]} burek^[38]
• Botswana: seswaa^[39]
• Brazil: feijoada^[40]
• Brunei: ambuyat^{[41] [42]}
• Bulgaria: Shopska salad,^[43] banitsa^[44]
• Burkina Faso: riz gras
• Burundi: boko boko^[45]

C

• Cambodia: fish amok,^{[46] [47]} num banhchok,^[48] samlar kako^{[49] [50]}
• Cameroon: ndolé^[51]
• Canada: poutine,^{[52] [53] [54]} macaroni and cheese,^{[55] [56]} butter tarts,^{[57] [58]} Nanaimo bar, tourtière
• Cape Verde: cachupa
• Central African Republic: cassava
• Chad: boule
• Chile: empanada,^[59] pastel de choclo,^[60] marraqueta.^{[61] [62]}
• China: Peking duck,^[63] crayfish,^{[64] [65]} hot pot, dumpling, malaxiangguo, dim sum,^[66] kaolengmian, tanghulu
• Colombia: ajiaco,^[67] bandeja paisa^[68]
• Comoros: Langouste a la vanille (vanilla lobster)^[69]
• Democratic Republic of the Congo: poulet à la moambé^[70]
• Republic of the Congo: poulet moambé^[70]
• Costa Rica: casado, chifrijo (chicharrón or deep fried seasoned pork pieces served with beans, usually red or black beans), white rice and pico de gallo (it may be served with avocado and/or corn chips), gallo pinto, olla de carne (stewed beef soup with a variety of vegetables).
• Croatia: zagorski štrukli,^[71] jota,^[72] pašticada (Dalmatia)
• Cuba: ropa vieja^{[73] [74]}
• Cyprus: souvla,^[75] kleftiko,^{[76] [77]} trachanás^[78]
• Czech Republic: vepřo knedlo zelo (Roast pork with dumplings and sauerkraut),^[79] svíčková^[80]

D

• Denmark: stegt flæsk,^[81] smørrebrød^{[82] [83] [84]}
• Djibouti: skoudehkaris
• Dominica: mountain chicken (historical), callaloo^[85]
• Dominican Republic: La bandera (rice, beans and meat)^[86]

E

• Ecuador: encebollado,^[87] guatitas,^[88] fanesca
• Egypt: ful medames, kushari, molokhiya,^[89] taʿamiya^[90]
• El Salvador: pupusa^{[91] [92]}
• Equatorial Guinea: Succotash
• Eritrea: zigini with injera^[93]
• Estonia: kama^[94]
• Eswatini: karoo roast ostrich steak
• Ethiopia: doro wat with injera^[95]

F

• Fiji: Fiji kokoda (Fijian ceviche)^[96]
• Finland: rye bread,^[97] karjalanpaisti, lohikeitto
• France: escargot, pot-au-feu,^{[98] [99]} beef bourguignon,^{[100] [101]} blanquette de veau,^[100] steak frites,^[100] baguette,^[102] cassoulet,^[103] cheese,^[104] crêpe,^[105] crème caramel,^[106] croissant, poule au pot (historical) ^[107]

G

• Gabon: poulet nyembwe^[108]
• The Gambia: domoda^[109]
• Georgia: khachapuri^{[110] [111] [112]}
• Germany: schnitzel, schweinshaxe, bratwurst, sauerbraten,^[113] döner kebab,^[114] currywurst,^[115] eisbein with sauerkraut^{[116] [117] [118]}
• Ghana

fufu, jollof rice

• Greece: horiatiki,^[119] moussaka,^[120] fasolada^{[121] [120]} souvlaki, gyros,^[120] magiritsa,^[120] kokoretsi^[120]
• Grenada: oil down^[122]
• Guatemala: pepián^[123]
• Guinea: poulet yassa
• Guinea-Bissau: caldo de mancarra
• Guyana: pepperpot and chicken curry^[124]

H

• Haiti: griot, soup joumou
• Honduras: baleada
• Hong Kong: pineapple bun, dim sum
• Hungary: goulash^{[99] [24]}
• Hawai'i: Saimin

I

• Iceland: lamb,^{[125] [126]} hákarl^{[127] [128] [129]}
• India: While India has no official national dish, sev puri is often considered one.^{[130] [131] [132] [133]}
• Indonesia: nasi goreng, tumpeng,^[134] satay,^[135] soto,^{[136] [137]} rendang,^[136] gado gado^[136]
• Iran: abgoosht,^[129] chelo kabab,^[138] ghormeh sabzi^[139] Fesenjan
• Iraq: masgouf,^[140] dolma, Iraqi kebab, quzi
• Ireland: soda bread,^[141] butter^{[142] [143]}
• Israel: falafel (served in pita),^{[144] [145] [146] [147] [148]} Israeli salad,^{[149] [150]} shakshouka, meorav Yerushalmi,^[151] sabich, Israeli couscous
• Italy: pasta,^{[152] [34]} pizza^{[153] [154]}
• Ivory Coast: atcheke^[155]

J

• Jamaica: Ackee and saltfish, jerk chicken^[156]
• Japan: sushi,^[157] Japanese curry,^[158] ramen,^[159] tempura,^[160] wagashi,^[161] sashimi, miso soup
• Jordan: mansaf^{[162] [163]}

K

• Kazakhstan: beshbarmak^[164]
• Kenya: ugali with sukuma wiki,^[165] githeri,^[165] chapati,^{[165] [166]} nyama choma^[167]
• Kiribati: Palusami
• Korea, North: raengmyŏn,^[168] kimchi^[169]
• Korea, South: kimchi,^[170] bulgogi,^[171] bibimbap,^[172] jajangmyeon,^{[173] [174]} bingsu,^[175] Tteokbokki
• Kosovo: flia^[176]
• Kyrgyzstan: beshbarmak^[177]

L

• Laos: larb/laap,^[178] sticky rice,^[179] tam mak hoong^[180]
• Latvia: layered rye bread,^[181] sklandrausis,^[182] Jāņi cheese^[183]
• Lebanon: kibbeh,^[156] tabbouleh^[184]
• Liberia: dumboy
• Liechtenstein: käsknöpfle
• Lithuania: bigos, cepelinai,^{[185] [186]} šaltibarščiai^[187]
• Luxembourg: Judd mat Gaardebounen^[188]

M

• Madagascar: romazava^[189]
• Malawi: chambo with nshima
• Malaysia: nasi lemak,^[190] satay^{[191] [192] [193]}
• Maldives: mas huni
• Mali: tiguadege na
• Malta: stuffat tal-fenek^[194]
• Marshall Islands: Barramundi cod, macadamia nut pie
• Mauritius: dholl puri (flatbread stuffed with lentils)^{[195] [196]}
• Mexico: taco,^[129] mole poblano,^[197] chiles en nogada^[198]
• Moldova: mămăligă^[199]
• Monaco: barbagiuan^[200]
• Montenegro: njeguški pršut
• Morocco: couscous,^[129] tagine
• Myanmar: mohinga,^[201] lahpet thoke^[202]

N

• Nauru: coconut fish
• Nepal: Gundruk and Dhido^[203]
• Netherlands: stamppot,^[204] soused herring with onion and pickles^[205]
• New Zealand: meat pie,^[206] bacon and egg pie,^[207] lamb,^[208] pavlova^[18]
• Nicaragua: gallo pinto, nacatamal,^[209] vigorón
• Niger: dambou
• Nigeria: tuwon shinkafa,^[129] Jollof rice,^{[210] [211]} pounded yam and egusi soup^{[212] [210]}
• North Macedonia: tavče gravče^[213]
• Norway: fårikål^{[214] [215]}

O

• Oman: shuwa^[216]

P

• Pakistan: biryani, nihari, chicken karahi, gulab jamun^[217]
• Palestine: maqluba,^[218] musakhan,^[219] falafel^{[220] [221]}
• Panama: sancocho^[129]
• Peru: ceviche^[222]
• Philippines: adobo,^{[223] [224] [225] [226]} sinigang, sisig,^[227] pancit,^[228] halo-halo
• Poland: bigos,^[129] pierogi,^[229] kotlet schabowy,^[230] Barszcz, Rosół
• Portugal: bacalhau,^[231] caldo verde,^[232] cozido à portuguesa,^{[129] [233] [234]} Pastel de Belem, Sardinha Assada (Grilled Sardines)^[235]

Q

• Qatar: machboos^[236]

R

• Romania: mămăligă,^[237] sarmale,^[238] mici,^[239] ghivetch^[240]
• Russia: beef stroganoff, chicken Kiev, pierogi, borscht,^[241] shchi, Kasha,^[242] pelmeni,^[129] pirozhki,^{[243] [244]} Olivier salad,^[245] blini^[246]
• Rwanda: ibihaza

S

• San Marino: torta tre monti, piadini
• Saudi Arabia: jareesh, maqshus^[247]
• Senegal: thieboudienne^[129]
• Serbia: ćevapčići,^{[248] [249] [250]} pljeskavica,^[251] gibanica (pastry),^[252] Karađorđeva steak,^[253] sarma,^[254] pasulj
• Singapore: chilli crab,^[255] Hainanese chicken rice,^[256] Hokkien mee^[257]
• Slovakia: pierogi, bryndzové halušky^[258]
• Slovenia: buckwheat dumplings^{[259] [260]} (particularly štruklji),^[261] Idrijski žlikrofi^[262]
• Somalia: bariis Iskukaris
• South Africa: bobotie^[263]
• Spain: tortilla de patatas^[264]
  • Catalonia: pa amb tomaquet^[265]
  • Galicia: polbo á feira^[266]
  • Valencia: paella^{[267] [268]}
• Sri Lanka: rice and curry,^[269] kottu^[34]
• Suriname: pom^[270]
• Sweden: köttbullar,^{[271] [129]} kräftskiva,^{[271] [272]} surströmming,^{[273] [274]} ostkaka^[275]
• Switzerland: fondue, muesli, raclette, rösti (core national dishes).^[276] Other dishes: cervelat (national sausage),^{[277] [129]} Zürcher geschnetzeltes,^[278] cordon bleu^[279]
• Syria: kibbeh^[24]

T

• Tajikistan: osh palov,^[280] qurutob^{[280] [281]}
• Taiwan: beef noodle soup,^[282] minced pork rice^[283]
• Tanzania: chipsi mayai^[284]
• Thailand: pad thai, pad gaprao, tom yum kung,^[285] som tam^[286]
• Togo: fufu
• Tonga: 'ota 'ika
• Trinidad and Tobago: doubles,^[287] pelau,^[288] bake and shark,^[289] Roti^[290]
  • Tobago: curry crab and dumplings^[291]
• Tunisia: couscous,^[129] brik/bric^[292]
• Turkey: kuru fasulye with pilaf/pilau,^{[293] [294]} kebap,^[295] baklava,^{[296] [297]} simit^[298]
• Tuvalu: pulaka

U

• Uganda: matooke^[299]
• Ukraine: chicken Kiev, pierogi, borscht,^{[300] [301]} varenyky^{[302] [303]}
• United Arab Emirates: harees, shuwa^[304]
• United Kingdom: fish and chips^[305]
  • Cornwall: Cornish pasty^[306]
  • Devon: Devonshire cream tea,^[307] pasty^[308]
  • England: sunday roast^[309] (especially roast beef),^[310] crumpets,^[311] custard^[312], apple pie,^[313] pudding (particularly Christmas plum pudding)^[314]
  • Northern Ireland: Ulster fry^[315]
  • Scotland: haggis,^[316] deep-fried Mars bar^[317]
  • Wales: cawl^[318]
• United States: apple pie,^[319] hamburger,^{[320] [321]} hot dog,^[322] fried chicken, Salisbury steak, turkey,^[323] mashed potatoes and gravy (historical)^[324]
  • American Samoa: palusami^[325]
  • Guam: Kelaguen,^[326] Spam^[327]
  • Northern Mariana Islands: Kelaguen^[328]
  • Puerto Rico: lechon,^[329] mofongo^[330]
  • United States Virgin Islands: funji^[331]
• Uruguay: chivito^[129]
• Uzbekistan: osh^[332]

V

• Vanuatu: laplap^[333]
• Vatican City: Fettuccine alla Papalina (unofficial)^[334]
• Venezuela: pabellón criollo,^[335] arepa^[336]

Y

• Yemen: saltah^[337]

Z

• Zambia: nshima^[338]
• Zimbabwe: sadza^[339]

Latin American dishes

In Latin America, dishes may be claimed or designated as a plato nacional,^[340] although in many cases, recipes transcend national borders with only minor variations. Preparations of ceviche are endemic in Peru and Ecuador, while a thin cut of beef known as matambre is considered close to being a national dish in Paraguay.^[341] Stews of meat, plantains, and root vegetables are the platos nacionales of several countries in Central America, South America, and the Caribbean: Colombian ajiaco, as well as the sancocho of the Dominican Republic, Colombia, and Panama, are examples of platos nacionales. Janer (2008) observes that this sharing of the same plato nacional by different countries calls into question the idea that every country has a unique national dish that is special to that country; she states that cuisine does not respect national and geopolitical borders.

The identification of Latin American national dishes is stronger among expatriate communities in North America. In Latin American countries, the plato nacional^[342] is usually part of the cuisine of rural and peasant communities, and not necessarily part of the everyday cuisine of city dwellers. In expatriate communities, the dish is strongly reclaimed in order to retain the sense of national identity and ties to one's homeland, and is proudly served in homes and restaurants. By this show of national identity, the community can resist social pressures that push for homogenization of many ethnically and culturally diverse communities into a single all-encompassing group identity, such as Latino or Hispanic American.

Drink

National drinks

See main article: List of national drinks. A national drink is a distinct beverage that is strongly associated with a particular country, and can be part of their national identity and self-image. National drinks fall into two categories, alcoholic and non-alcoholic. An alcoholic national drink is sometimes a national liquor drank straight/neat (as in the case of whiskey in Ireland), but is most often a mixed drink (e.g., caipirinhas in Brazil and pisco sours in Peru and Chile), or beer or wine. Examples of non-alcoholic national drinks include tea for China, Coca-Cola for the US, lassis for India, mate for Uruguay, and kompot for East European nations.

See also

• Index of sociology of food articles
• Traditional food

Notes and References

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2. Howes . David . Lalonde . Marc . The history of sensibilities: Of the standard of taste in mid-eighteenth century England and the circulation of smells in post-revolutionary France . Dialectical Anthropology . 0304-4092 . 16 . 2 . June 1991. 10.1007/BF00250241. 125–135. 143715189 .
3. Web site: Lee . Shoshanna . 3 November 2009 . Kabuli Pulao With Raisins And Carrots . https://web.archive.org/web/20100903190418/http://www.tastedefined.com/2009/11/kabuli-pulao-with-raisins-and-carrots.html . 3 September 2010 . 15 August 2011.
4. Web site: Stein . Rick . Albanian baked lamb with rice (Tavë kosi) . BBC . 24 June 2020.
5. Web site: Fox . Esme . 23 August 2017 . The 10 Most Traditional Dishes From Andorra . 21 August 2010 . Culture Trip.
6. Hamilton, Cherie (2001) Cuisines of Portuguese Encounters New York: Hippocrene Books. p. 219
7. Web site: 28 April 2010 . El asado . https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx . 3 December 2013 . 25 February 2012.
8. News: 5 October 2018. El mapa definitivo de las empanadas argentinas con sus 14 versiones. 3 August 2020. La Nación. es. Genova. Facundo Di.
9. Book: Goyan Kittler . Pamela . Food and Culture . Sucher . Kathryn P. . Nelms . Marcia . Cengage Learning . 2016 . 978-1-305-88687-2 . 307 . 23 August 2020.
10. Web site: Hibberd . Amy . 19 January 2006 . World traveler offers tips for making Argentinian specialty . 9 October 2022 . Herald Tribune.
11. Web site: How Different Countries Use Beef . Alani Trading. 21 April 2020. 23 August 2020.
12. Web site: 6 June 2008 . Gastronomia . https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php . 27 July 2008 . 25 February 2012 . Argentina . es.
13. Web site: Gaedtke . Felix . Parameswaran . Gayatri . 8 May 2013 . Food feuds continue to simmer in the Caucasus . 20 August 2020 . Al Jazeera.
14. News: 6 March 2013 . Roast Lamb crowned 'Australia's National Dish' . Sunshine Coast Daily . 6 October 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131006180221/https://www.sunshinecoastdaily.com.au/news/roast-lamb-crowned-australias-national-dish/1781137/ . 6 October 2013.
15. News: The question that won't die: is the meat pie Australia's national dish?. The Guardian. 1 January 2015 . 21 August 2020.
16. Web site: Lindsay . Emma . Our greatest Aussie recipes . https://web.archive.org/web/20100127182253/http://www.weightwatchers.com.au/util/art/index_art.aspx?tabnum=1&art_id=42481 . 27 January 2010 . 5 June 2011 . Weight Watcher, Australia and New Zealand.
17. Web site: Harland . Robert . Aussie meat pies . . 4 October 2016 . 24 June 2020.
18. Symons . Michael . The confection of a nation the social invention and social construction of the Pavlova . Social Semiotics . 15 April 2010 . 20 . 2 . 197 . 25 November 2019. 10.1080/10350330903566004 . 144496353 .
19. Web site: Marks . Kathy . 14 June 2009 . Cautious change to Australia's 'national dish' . subscription . live . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/cautious-change-to-australias-national-dish-1705216.html . 18 June 2022 . 23 September 2018 . Independent.co.uk.
20. Web site: National Dishes & Local Favorites from the Islands of the Caribbean . Caribbeanamericanfoods.com . 4 July 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100622063510/http://www.caribbeanamericanfoods.com/?page=island_dishes . 22 June 2010 .
21. Web site: Killebrew . Kimberly . 25 March 2013 . Chicken Machboos (Bahraini Chicken & Rice) . 17 September 2020 . The Daring Gourmet . en-US.
22. http://www.worldcuisine.org.uk/tag/bahrain-national-dish Bahrain's National Dish
23. Web site: Banerji . Chitrita . 3 July 2007 . A Bengali bounty . https://web.archive.org/web/20101203204751/http://www.salon.com/life/food/eat_drink/2007/07/03/eating_india/ . 3 December 2010 . 20 August 2020 . Salon.com.
24. Web site: 13 September 2011 . Top 10 National Dishes . https://web.archive.org/web/20161014060413/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/national-food-dishes/ . dead . October 14, 2016 . registration . 20 August 2020 . National Geographic.
25. Web site: Camilla . 3 July 2014 . The national dish of Belarus is Draniki - See recipe . 19 July 2021 . Ingmar - Recipes with your ingredients.
26. News: Belgium's national dish, fried potato sticks, are spared effects of national coronavirus lockdown . Gulf Today. 15 March 2020. 20 August 2020.
27. Book: Masters . Europe on a Shoestring . 1 October 2009 . Lonely planet . 978-1-74104-855-1 . 15 July 2010 . registration.
28. Book: Schehr. Lawrence R.. Weiss. Allen S.. French Food: On the Table On the Page and in French Culture. Routledge. Abingdon. 2001. 158. 0-415-93628-4.
29. Peter. Scholliers . Upgrading the Local: Belgian Cuisine in Global Waves. Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture. 1 May 2010 . 10 . 2 . 51–52 . 10.1525/gfc.2010.10.2.49 . 21539048 . 25 August 2010.
30. Web site: Belgian Chocolate Mousse. Belgium Tourist Office. 25 August 2020.
31. Web site: Keliher . Irene . 2023-09-06 . Belgian Waffles: Unlocking Belgium's Famous Dish . 2024-08-01 . Beyond Borders . en-US.
32. Web site: Gonzalez . Lorenzo . 2022-08-07 . What to eat in Belize: Top Belizean foods to try! . 2023-12-24 . Belize Adventure . en-US.
33. Web site: Food . https://web.archive.org/web/20181117233846/https://www.bhutan.travel/page/food . 17 November 2018 . Tourism Council of Bhutan.
34. Web site: Groundwater . Ben . 24 September 2014 . The world's 12 best national dishes . https://web.archive.org/web/20141003014838/http://www.theherald.com.au/story/2581479/the-worlds-12-best-national-dishes/ . 3 October 2014 . 17 September 2020 . live . The Herald.
35. Web site: Ackerson . Eric . 14 February 2010 . Bosanksi Lonac – Bosnia & Herzegovina National Dish . https://web.archive.org/web/20101118053858/http://myhungrytum.com/2010/02/14/bosanksi-lonac-bosnia-herzegovina-national-dish-day-38dish-21/ . 18 November 2010 . 18 September 2010.
36. Web site: Bedford . Sam . 14 August 2018 . The 21 Best Dishes to Eat in Bosnia and Herzegovina . 8 September 2020 . Culture Trip.
37. Web site: Gamulin . Tamara . 24 March 2018 . Ćevapi – the dish driving people crazy for decades . 8 September 2020 . Croatia Week.
38. Book: Parker Bowles, Tom . The World's Best Street Food . Lonely Planet . 2012 . 978-1-74220-593-9 . 224 . en.
39. Web site: Ettenberg . Jodi . 27 February 2017 . How to make Seswaa, Botswana's official national dist . 20 August 2020 . G Adventures.
40. Web site: Rodrigo . Elias . Feijoada: a short history of an edible institution . 5 July 2019 . Flavor From Brazil. Texts From Brazil. No. 13 . 35–41 . 5 July 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190705182246/https://sistemas.mre.gov.br/kitweb/datafiles/KualaLumpur/en-us/file/revistaing13-mat06.pdf .
41. News: Ali . Bahrum . 21 February 2009 . Fostering family ties with ambuyat feasts . . 5 April 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140404180705/http://bt.com.bn/life/2009/02/21/fostering_family_ties_with_ambuyat_feasts . 4 April 2014.
42. News: Tiah . Jessica . 8 January 2011 . Ambuyat - Our iconic heritage . The Brunei Times . live . 5 April 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140404182236/http://www.bt.com.bn/art-culture/2011/01/08/ambuyat-our-iconic-heritage . 4 April 2014.
43. Web site: 24 August 2020 . Bulgarian Cuisine . 15 December 2021 . youngpioneertours.com.
44. Web site: Banitsa Traditional Pastry from Bulgaria . 11 April 2023 . tasteatlas.com.
45. Web site: Roman . Claudio . 13 November 2018 . Boko Boko . 10 March 2022.
46. Gillan . Audrey . Cambodia: the art of amok . 7 September 2017 . . 4 October 2019.
47. News: Dunston . Lara . Cambodian Fish Amok Recipe – an Authentic Steamed Fish Curry in the Old Style . Grantourismo Travels . 23 May 2017 . 4 October 2019.
48. Web site: Dunston . Lara . Nom Banh Chok Fermented Rice Noodles Are Cambodia in a Bowl . Grantourismo Travels . 7 February 2020 . 7 January 2021.
49. Web site: Khmer Foods . Tourism of Cambodia. 8 August 2014.
50. Web site: Samlor Korko Recipe - How to Make Cambodian Stirring Pot Soup . Dunston . Lara . 26 June 2020 . Grantourismo Travels . 7 January 2021.
51. News: Emily. Brady. The Years of Living Nervously . New York Times. 5 November 2008 . 7 December 2008.
52. Calvin . Trillin . Canadian Journal, "Funny Food,". The New Yorker . 23 November 2009 . 68–70.
53. News: Canada's national dish: 740 calories -- and worth every bite? . 2 October 2010 . Grace . Wong . CNN . https://web.archive.org/web/20110130122239/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-10-02/world/canada.poutine_1_dish-cheese-curds-foie?_s=PM%3AWORLD . 30 January 2011 .
54. Is poutine Canada's national food? Two arguments for, two against . Jon . Sufrin . 22 April 2010 . Toronto Life . https://web.archive.org/web/20110322002206/http://www.torontolife.com/daily/daily-dish/aprons-icons/2010/04/22/is-poutine-canadas-national-food-two-arguments-for-two-against/ . 22 March 2011 .
55. Web site: 2012-09-12 . Kraft Dinner Is Canada’s True National Dish The Walrus . 2024-08-18 . en-US.
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227. News: . Try These Innovative Sisig Dishes That Might Just Win a National Competition . Pepper . Philippines . 18 September 2018 . 26 December 2019 . 26 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191226152442/https://www.pepper.ph/try-these-innovative-sisig-dishes-that-might-just-win-a-national-competition/ .
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228. Book: McKinnon, Leila. Australia's Favourite Recipes. 1 November 2012. Pan Macmillan Australia. 978-1-74334-955-7. 76.
     Stafford . Paul . 20 August 2018 . Like A Local: 10 Of The Most Unique Foods Of The Philippines . Travel Magazine . 26 December 2019 .
229. "Kapusta kiszona (sauerkraut) is the basis for Poland's national dish bigos (sauerkraut with a variety of meats), kapuśniak (sauerkraut soup)" [in:] Polish Holiday Cookery by Robert Strybel, 2003, p. 14; "Bigos, the national dish of Poland — a hunter's stew of mixed meats and vegetables" [in:] The food lover's companion to Portland by Lisa Shara Hall, Roger J. Porter, 1996
230. "Two national specialities you'll find everywhere are bigos (cabbage stewed with meat and spices) and pierogi" [in:] Poland: the rough guide, 1991 and kotlet schabowy is a close cousin of the Teutonic Wiener Schnitzel" [in:] Joey Porcelli, Clay Fong . The Gyros Journey: Affordable Ethnic Eateries Along the Front Range, 2006
231. News: PORTUGUESE CUISINE The Food of Portugal. Go Lisbon. 20 August 2020.
232. Web site: Top 10 foods to try in the Algarve. BBC Goodfood . BBC . 20 August 2020.
233. Book: Holland, Mina. The World on a Plate: 40 Cuisines, 100 Recipes, and the Stories Behind Them. Penguin Books. 2015. 978-0-14-312765-9. New York. 78. en. 2014.
234. Book: Poelzl, Volker. Culture Shock! Portugal: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette. Marshall Cavendish. 2007. 978-0-7614-5672-8. Tarrytown, NY. 150.
235. https://wetravelportugal.com/national-dish-portugal/ National Dish of Portugal
236. News: Eight Authentic Qatari Food You Must Try. Kiran Paul. Qatar Day. 20 August 2014. 9 September 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170909090453/http://www.qatarday.com/blog/food/eight-authentic-qatari-food-you-must-try/29066.
237. News: Some Call It Porridge, Others Call It Mush, Romanians Call It Mamaliga. Kay Shaw Nelson. The Washington Post. 27 September 1979. 11 October 2020.
238. News: A guide to Romanian cuisine. Mark Baker. Lonely Planet. 27 September 2014. 11 October 2020.
239. News: EU agrees to open its grills to Romania's national sausage. Alison Mutler. Vancouver Sun. 17 February 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140519072752/http://www.vancouversun.com/agrees+open+grills+Romania+national+sausage/9517219/story.html. 19 May 2014.
240. News: 1983-12-14 . Q&A . 2024-07-31 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
241. News: Feed the World . Groundwater . Ben . Sydney Sun Herald . 5 February 2017 . Beetroot soup: it may not sound that enticing, and it certainly doesn't look it. But imagine it's freezing cold outside, that the snow has been piling up for months. Imagine that a pot of soup has been sitting on the stove all day, improving and intensifying. Imagine that the best root vegetables have gone in there, plus herbs, and maybe hunks of sausage. Imagine that a steaming bowl is placed in front of you, topped with a dollop of sour cream. Now you're getting why this is Russia's favourite dish.. .
242. Book: Food in Motion: The Migration of Foodstuffs and Cookery Techniques : Proceedings: Oxford Symposium 1983 . 1983 . Oxford Symposium . 978-0-907325-16-1 . 62.
243. Леонид Беловинский. Энциклопедический словарь российской жизни и истории: XVIII-начало XX в., стр. 557, Пирог (Leonid Belovinskiy. The encyclopedic dictionary of Russian life and history: from the 18th to the beginning of the 20th centurym p. 557, "Pirog"; in Russian)
244. Вильям Похлебкин. Большая энциклопедия кулинарного искусства, Пироги русские. Москва: Центрполиграф, 2010, (William Pokhlyobkin. The Great Encyclopedia of Culinary Art, "Russian pirogi". Moscow: Centrpoligraph, 2010; in Russian)
245. Web site: Florian . 2012-01-24 . Salad Olivier Food Perestroika . 2024-08-12 . en-US.
246. Web site: 2015-01-22 . 3 National Russian Dishes - Friendly Local Guides Blog . 2024-08-16 . en-US.
247. Web site: Jareesh, maqshush announced as Saudi Arabia's national dishes . 12 January 2023.
248. Book: Encyclopedia Britannica. The New Encyclopedia Britannica. 1. 2002. Encyclopedia Britannica. 978-0-85229-787-2.
249. Book: Countries and Their Cultures: Saint Kitts and Nevis to Zimbabwe. 68. 978-0-02-864946-7. Ember. Melvin. 2001. Macmillan Reference USA .
250. Web site: TravelSerbia. 9 August 2010. Serbian cuisine.
251. Book: Pamela Goyan Kittler. Kathryn P. Sucher. Marcia Nahikian-Nelms. Food and Culture, 6th ed.. August 2011. Cengage Learning. 978-0-538-73497-4. 410. Large, thin meat patties made from lamb and beef, known as pljeskavica, are considered a national dish of Serbia but are also a favorite with Bosnians and Croatians.
252. News: Gibanica, a pie like no other. serbia.com . 21 March 2013.
253. Web site: You are being redirected.... 21 February 2022. www.serbia.com.
254. Web site: You are being redirected.... 21 February 2022. www.serbia.com.
255. Web site: The quest for Singapore's next national dish . CNN . 26 January 2010 . 7 July 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120614233721/http://www.cnngo.com/singapore/none/hunt-singapores-next-national-dish-630473 . 14 June 2012 .
256. News: Kugiya . Hugo . Singapore's national dish: Hainan chicken rice . Crosscut.com . 18 March 2010 . 3 October 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110831041040/http://crosscut.com/2010/03/18/food/19683/Singapore-s-national-dish%3A-Hainan-chicken-rice/ . 31 August 2011 .
257. Book: Peter Turner . Chris Taylor . Hugh Finlay . Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei: A Lonely Planet Travel Survival Kit. Lonely Planet Publications. 1996 . 978-086-442-393-1. 78.
258. Web site: National Food . Slovak Republic. 1 August 2010.
259. Web site: Slovenia National Day 2018 Doodle. 25 June 2018. 23 August 2010.
260. Web site: Ajda - koristna za ljudi in čebele. Tanja Glogovčan Belančić. 28 May 2020. Government Communication Office of the Republic of Slovenia. 23 August 2010.
261. Web site: Buckwheat dumplings – Ajdovi štruklji. Find Eat Local. 23 August 2010. 22 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210122051853/https://www.findeatlocal.com/en/blog/post/buckwheat-dumplings-ajdovi-struklji/.
262. Web site: Idrijski žlikrofi – a true speciality of Idrija . Government Communication Office of the Republic of Slovenia . Polona Prešeren. April 2010 . 23 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130427001158/http://www.slovenia.si/visit/cuisine/modern-culinary-trends/idrijski-zlikrofi-a-true-speciality-of-idrija/. 27 April 2013 .
263. Book: Crais . C. . McClendon . T.V. . The South Africa Reader: History, Culture, Politics . Duke University Press . The World Readers . 2013 . 978-0-8223-7745-0 . 64.
264. News: Spain's tortilla de patatas is simply satisfying. 18 May 2011 . The Seattle Times. Melissa. Kronenthal. 1 May 2010.
265. News: 5 must tastes of Barcelona. 28 June 2011 . The Chicago Tribune . Irene . Levine. 23 August 2020.
266. Web site: The world wants to eat more octopus. Is farming them ethical?. https://web.archive.org/web/20200224151536/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2020/02/octopus-aquaculture-debate/ . dead . February 24, 2020 . Eric Scigliano . 21 February 2020. National Geographic . 26 August 2020.
267. Web site: Paella, on the way to becoming a World Heritage Site. Generalitat Valenciana. 19 February 2020. For the Region of Valencia, paella is much more than a recipe, it is a ritual and an icon of our culture..
268. News: Diario16. La paella valenciana quiere ser Patrimonio de la Humanidad. Panadero . Amparo . 11 March 2019. 19 February 2020. es. En el caso de la paella valenciana, se trata de una tradición culinaria y social que constituye un icono de hospitalidad y un símbolo de unión e identidad valencianas ....
269. Web site: Sri Lanka Food Rice & Curry. 18 May 2011.
270. Web site: National Dish of Suriname Pom. National Dishes of the World. 10 July 2021.
271. Web site: Food and Drink in Sweden: Sweden Travel Guide . Swedentravelnet.com . 3 October 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181116220136/http://swedentravelnet.com/sweden-food-amp-drink.html . 16 November 2018 .
272. Web site: The crayfish party . Sweden.Se . 3 October 2013 . 26 December 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181226023258/https://sweden.se/culture-traditions/the-crayfish-party/ .
273. News: Airlines ban 'foul' Swedish fish. 1 April 2006. BBC News.
274. http://cederling.multiply.com/recipes/item/3/3 Cederling: Surströmming (Rotten or more like sour herring)
275. Web site: Motion 2004/05:K378 Ostkaka som Sveriges nationalrätt . riksdagen.se . 3 April 2014 . sv.
276. Web site: Switzerland's national dishes . . . 18 January 2023 . Some traditional Swiss dishes, such as fondue and raclette, are more typically eaten in the winter. Others, such as muesli – also known in Switzerland as Birchermüesli – and rösti are popular all year round and come in many variations..
277. News: Swiss Sausage Fans Fret Over How to Save Their Skin. 3 February 2008. John Tagliabue. John Tagliabue. The New York Times.
278. Web site: Top 10 foods to try in Switzerland. Zaino . Caitlin . BBC Goodfood . BBC . 20 August 2020.
279. Web site: 15 Traditional Swiss Dishes To Try in Switzerland – Switzerland Trip Ideas Viator.com . 2024-08-09 . Viator . en-IE.
280. Web site: Qurutob, Tajikistan's National Dish. Food Perestroika. 15 October 2013. 23 August 2020.
281. Web site: Qurutob Recipe. Florian Pinel . Vice.com . 10 January 2014. 23 August 2020.
282. Web site: National Dish of Taiwan Beef Noodle Soup. National Foods Org.. 22 July 2020.
283. Web site: In Appreciation of Taiwan's 'National Dish'—Braised Pork Ricep. National Foods Org.. 22 July 2020.
284. Web site: Chipsi mayai Tanzania's national dish . 6 February 2020 . 19 October 2021.
285. Web site: Typical Thai Meals & Eating Habits . Bangkok.com. 7 July 2010.
286. Web site: Best places to eat somtum in Bangkok . Time Out. Phavitch Theeraphong and Sopida Rodsom . 21 February 2018. 20 August 2020.
287. Web site: What it takes to make doubles a national dish. 24 December 2020. Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. 10 July 2021.
288. Web site: Popular Dishes in Trinidad & Tobago. 19 November 2014. 10 July 2021.
289. Web site: Bake and Shark Recipe .
290. Web site: Quick food made with chickpeas and curry: Trinidad's national dish . caribbean-sun.com. 28 April 2024.
291. Web site: Crab and Dumplings (Tobago). Wine Enthusiast. 10 July 2021.
292. Web site: The Storied History Of A Tunisian Tuna Pastry Called Bric. 5 June 2012. NPR.
293. Web site: Pilaf. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. 20 August 2020.
294. http://www.sabah.com.tr/yazarlar/pazar/ors/2012/12/16/kuru-fasulyemi-geri-istiyorum Kuru fasulyemi geri istiyorum!
295. Book: Travels in Turkey, Italy and Russia During the Years 1803, 1804, 1805, and 1806: With an Account of Some of the Greek Islands, Volume 2. J. Murray. 1808. Thomas MacGill. 127. 978-2-06-100063-2.
296. News: Gaziantep: The Little Known Culinary Paradise of Turkey. The Quint. PUJA CHANGOIWALA. 23 July 2019 . 25 August 2020 .
297. News: Ooh la la over baklava. Deccan Herald. Aruna Chandaraju. 26 August 2020 . 26 August 2020 .
298. Alisa. Roth. Simit: Turkey's National Bread. Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture. 1 November 2012. 12. 4. 31–36. 10.1525/GFC.2012.12.4.31. 26 August 2010.
299. News: CNN Travel.
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304. Web site: Food & Drink in Abu Dhabi . February 2021 .
305. "Fish and Chips," in Fast Food and Junk Food: An Encyclopedia of What We Love to Eat (2011). Ed. Andrew F. Smith. ABC-CLIO p. 258 .
     Darwin Porter and Danforth Prince, Frommer's England 2011: With Wales (2010). John Wiley & Sons: p. 163.
     Heston Blumenthal, In Search of Total Perfection (2010). Bloomsbury: p. 205.
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306. Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs . 22 February 2011 . Cornish pasties can't be pirated . 21 July 2022 . gov.uk.
307. Web site: Simon . 2023-04-29 . History of the Devon Cream Tea . 2024-05-17 . VisitDartmoor . en-GB.
308. Web site: Tamplin . Harley . 2017-06-17 . Historians reveal the Cornish Pasty was invented in Devon and now there's beef . 2024-05-17 . Metro . en.
309. Web site: 13 September 2011. Top 10 National Dishes -- National Geographic. https://web.archive.org/web/20161014060413/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/national-food-dishes/. dead. October 14, 2016. 8 August 2020. Travel. en.
310. Robert Appelbaum, Aguecheek's Beef, Belch's Hiccup, and Other Gastronomic Interjections: Literature, Culture, and Food Among the Early Moderns (2006). University of Chicago Press, p. 214
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311. Web site: Crumpet Man, the history of crumpets . 2024-05-17 . crumpetman.com.
312. Web site: Made up in Britain: Custard : Alfred Bird 1837 . 2024-05-17 . madeupinbritain.uk.
313. Web site: 2017-07-12 . American by Association ⎮ Milk + Honey . 2024-05-17 . Milk + Honey . en-US.
314. Peter Earle. The Making of the English Middle Class: Business, Society and Family Life in London 1660-1730 (1989). University of California Press: p. 279.
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315. Web site: Ireland: Ulster Fry (March 10, 2008) . European Cuisines . 10 March 2008 . 3 October 2013.
316. Sari Edelstein. Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals (2010). Jones & Bartlett : p. 118.
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317. Web site: 2023-02-17 . Deep Fried Mars Bars Recipe . 2024-08-18 . Frymax . en-US.
318. Web site: Welsh national dish . Foodmuseum.com . 4 July 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100715175929/http://www.foodmuseum.com/wales.html. 15 July 2010.
319. Book: Crawford, Constance. The Muse of Menus: Stories from Life and Cooking. 1988. J. Daniel. 978-0-936784-64-9. 113.
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320. Web site: Top 10 National Dishes . https://web.archive.org/web/20161014060413/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/national-food-dishes/ . dead . October 14, 2016 . . 13 September 2011 . National Geographic . subscription . 1 January 2020.
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321. Book: Mark Stewart. The United States and Canada. August 2016. Capstone. 978-1-4846-3814-9. 40.
322. Book: Danny Walsh. Recipes for Reminiscence: The Year in Food-Related Memories, Activities and Tastes. 5 July 2017. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-351-70537-0. 125.
323. Book: George Frederick Scotson-Clark. Eating Without Fears. 1923. N.L. Brown. 87.
324. Book: Smyth, Clifford. The Literary Digest International Book Review. 1924. Funk and Wagnalls Company. 637.
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325. Book: Trumbull, Robert . 1977 . Tin Roofs and Palm Trees . Two Samoas . Australian National University . Australian National University Press . 196 . 0-7081-0744-3 .
326. News: Martinez . Lacee A.C. . 19 May 2016 . Pucker up: Yigo to celebrate first citrus festival . Pacific Daily News . Guam . 4 January 2020 .
327. News: Kramer . Hilary . 24 August 2013 . Spam Is For Eating --- Not Deleting . Forbes . 4 January 2020 .
328. Book: Minahan, James B.. The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 volumes]. 23 December 2009. ABC-CLIO. 978-0-313-34497-8. 139.
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329. News: Squires . Kathleen . 5 December 2014 . Where to Find the Best Roast Pork in Puerto Rico . subscription . The Wall Street Journal . New York City . 14 February 2020 .
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330. News: Mariano . Maureen Aimee . 4 April 2016 . The Five Best Places for Mofongo in Miami . Miami New Times . 3 January 2020 .
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     Web site: On the mofongo trail in Puerto Rico . Zaino . Caitlin . 15 July 2013 . Travel . BBC . 3 January 2020 . From urban Old San Juan to the beaches of Isla Verde, past the cities of Bayamón and Ponce, through lush rainforest and striking coastlines, mofongo proudly stands as Puerto Rico's unofficial national dish. .
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332. Web site: Cuisine of Uzbekistan. Uzbek national dish :: Plov . Orexca.com . 3 October 2013.
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333. Web site: Correspondents Report - The secrets of Vanuatu's national dish, the Lap Lap. www.abc.net.au. 24 April 2021 . 10 July 2021.
334. Web site: 2023-05-22 . National Dishes of the World – Ranked . 2024-08-03 . The Hungry Voyagers . en.
335. Web site: The Best and Wackiest Foods to Try in Venezuela . 2 March 2015 .
336. Web site: How Venezuelan Traditions Work . 25 July 2011 .
337. Book: Asian Cooking Made Simple: A Culinary Journey along the Silk Road and Beyond . Habeeb Salloum . Salloum, Habeeb . 2014 . 154–162 . 978-1-59152-134-1.
338. Web site: Why Africa should 'stop eating one of its favourite foods'. Pumza Fihlani. 17 September 2019. 28 August 2020. BBC.
339. Book: Africa Overland. Bob Gibbons, Siân Pritchard-Jones. 28 August 2020. Bradt Travel Guides. 2 May 2014. 978-184-162-494-5. 177.
340. https://www.linguee.com/spanish-english/translation/plato+nacional.html "plato nacional"
341. Web site: Boiling Point: Matambre a South American spin on Italian beef. Leavenworth Times. Jim Hillibish. 3 June 2010. 23 August 2020. 23 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201023134338/https://www.leavenworthtimes.com/article/20100603/news/306039804. dead.
342. Web site: online . testing . 12 December 1990 . plato nacional . spanishdict.