Novel coronavirus explained

Novel coronavirus (nCoV) is a provisional name given to coronaviruses of medical significance before a permanent name is decided upon. Although coronaviruses are endemic in humans and infections normally mild, such as the common cold (caused by human coronaviruses in ~15% of cases), cross-species transmission has produced some unusually virulent strains which can cause viral pneumonia and in serious cases even acute respiratory distress syndrome and death.[1] [2] [3]

Species

The following viruses could initially be referred to as "novel coronavirus", before being formally named:

Human pathogenic novel coronaviridae species
Official nameOther namesOriginal host[4] Place of discoveryDisease caused
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)[5] (2019) novel coronavirus (nCoV);[6] [7] SARS virus 2; Human coronavirus 2019 (HCoV-19)Wuhan, China coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)[9] [10]
Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (MERS-CoV)[11] (2012) novel coronavirus;[12] MERS virus; Middle East virus; camel flu virus Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)
Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1)(2004) novel coronavirus;[13] New Haven virus Hong Kong, China unnamed, extremely rare, usually mild variant of coronavirus respiratory syndrome
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1)(2002) novel coronavirus;[14] [15] SARS virus Foshan, China severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

All four viruses are part of the Betacoronavirus genus within the coronavirus family.

Etymology

The word "novel" indicates a "new pathogen of a previously known type" (i.e. known family) of virus. Use of the word conforms to best practices for naming new infectious diseases published by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2015. Historically, pathogens have sometimes been named after locations, individuals, or specific species. However, this practice is now explicitly discouraged by the WHO.[16]

The official permanent names for viruses and for diseases are determined by the ICTV and the WHO's ICD, respectively.

At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei a 2020 study from the University of Alabama at Birmingham found a more than ten-fold increase in use of expressions such as "Chinese virus" or "Wu flu virus" on Twitter compared to before the outbreak. The researchers voiced concerns whether such terminology could hinder public health efforts or be stigmatizing. No such effects were observed in the wake of the MERS outbreaks being referred to as "Camel flu virus" or "Middle East virus".[17]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Book: Lee FE, Treanor JJ . 527–556.e15 . Chapter 31: Viral Infections . Mason RJ, Broaddus VC, Martin TR, King TE, Schraufnagel D, Murray JF, Nade JA . Murray and Nadel's textbook of respiratory medicine. . 2010 . Saunders Elsevier . Philadelphia . 978-1-4377-3553-6 . 5th . 10.1016/B978-1-4557-3383-5.00032-4 . 7152149 .
  2. Book: Cunha BA . Infectious Diseases in Critical Care Medicine . 2010 . Informa Healthcare USA . New York . 978-1-4200-9241-7 . 3rd . 6–18 .
  3. Stawicki SP, Jeanmonod R, Miller AC, Paladino L, Gaieski DF, Yaffee AQ, De Wulf A, Grover J, Papadimos TJ, Bloem C, Galwankar SC, Chauhan V, Firstenberg MS, Di Somma S, Jeanmonod D, Garg SM, Tucci V, Anderson HL, Fatimah L, Worlton TJ, Dubhashi SP, Glaze KS, Sinha S, Opara IN, Yellapu V, Kelkar D, El-Menyar A, Krishnan V, Venkataramanaiah S, Leyfman Y, Saoud Al Thani HA, Wb Nanayakkara P, Nanda S, Cioè-Peña E, Sardesai I, Chandra S, Munasinghe A, Dutta V, Dal Ponte ST, Izurieta R, Asensio JA, Garg M . 6 . The 2019-2020 Novel Coronavirus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) Pandemic: A Joint American College of Academic International Medicine-World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine Multidisciplinary COVID-19 Working Group Consensus Paper . Journal of Global Infectious Diseases . 12 . 2 . 47–93 . 2020 . 32773996 . 7384689 . 10.4103/jgid.jgid_86_20 . free .
  4. Host jump capability may not persist
  5. This virus is not a distinct species, but rather a strain of the species SARSr-CoV
  6. Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, Si HR, Zhu Y, Li B, Huang CL, Chen HD, Chen J, Luo Y, Guo H, Jiang RD, Liu MQ, Chen Y, Shen XR, Wang X, Zheng XS, Zhao K, Chen QJ, Deng F, Liu LL, Yan B, Zhan FX, Wang YY, Xiao GF, Shi ZL . 6 . A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin . Nature . 579 . 7798 . 270–273 . March 2020 . 32015507 . 7095418 . 10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7 . 2020Natur.579..270Z .
  7. Web site: World Health Organization . Novel Coronavirus – China . 12 January 2020 . 2020-10-29 . 23 January 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200123165233/https://www.who.int/csr/don/12-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-china/en/. dead .
  8. Lau SK, Luk HK, Wong AC, Li KS, Zhu L, He Z, Fung J, Chan TT, Fung KS, Woo PC . 6 . Possible Bat Origin of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 . en-us . Emerging Infectious Diseases . 26 . 7 . 1542–1547 . July 2020 . 32315281 . 7323513 . 10.3201/eid2607.200092 . Sequence alignment around the RBD supported potential recombination between SARSr-Ra-BatCoV RaTG13 and pangolin-SARSr-CoV/MP789/Guangdong/2019 and the receptor-binding motif region showing exceptionally high sequence similarity to that of pangolin-SARSr-CoV/MP789/Guangdong/2019. .
  9. Synonyms include 2019 coronavirus pneumonia and Wuhan respiratory syndrome
  10. According to ICD-10 the disease is referred to as "2019-new coronavirus acute respiratory disease [temporary name]". It is not listed in ICD-11.
  11. Strains include MERS coronavirus EMC/2012 and London1 novel CoV/2012
  12. Zaki AM, van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA . Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia . The New England Journal of Medicine . 367 . 19 . 1814–1820 . November 2012 . 23075143 . 10.1056/NEJMoa1211721 . 7671909 . free .
  13. Woo PC, Lau SK, Chu CM, Chan KH, Tsoi HW, Huang Y, Wong BH, Poon RW, Cai JJ, Luk WK, Poon LL, Wong SS, Guan Y, Peiris JS, Yuen KY . 6 . Characterization and complete genome sequence of a novel coronavirus, coronavirus HKU1, from patients with pneumonia . Journal of Virology . 79 . 2 . 884–895 . January 2005 . 15613317 . 538593 . 10.1128/JVI.79.2.884-895.2005 . Yuen Kwok-yung .
  14. Yang M, Li CK, Li K, Hon KL, Ng MH, Chan PK, Fok TF . Hematological findings in SARS patients and possible mechanisms (review) . International Journal of Molecular Medicine . 14 . 2 . 311–315 . August 2004 . 15254784 . 10.3892/ijmm.14.2.311 . review .
  15. Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, Sui J, Wong SK, Berne MA, Somasundaran M, Sullivan JL, Luzuriaga K, Greenough TC, Choe H, Farzan M . 6 . Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus . Nature . 426 . 6965 . 450–454 . November 2003 . 14647384 . 7095016 . 10.1038/nature02145 . 2003Natur.426..450L .
  16. Web site: World Health Organization. . World Health Organization best practices for the naming of new human infectious diseases. . May 2015 .
  17. Budhwani H, Sun R . Creating COVID-19 Stigma by Referencing the Novel Coronavirus as the "Chinese virus" on Twitter: Quantitative Analysis of Social Media Data . Journal of Medical Internet Research . 22 . 5 . e19301 . May 2020 . 32343669 . 7205030 . 10.2196/19301 . free .

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