Mycoplasmataceae Explained

Mycoplasmataceae is a family of bacteria[1] in the order Mycoplasmatales. This family consists of the genera Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma.

In 1967, the order Mycoplasmatales was incorporated into the class Mollicutes.[2] Many species are sexually transmitted and cause pelvic inflammatory disease.[3]

Taxonomy

Mycoplasma

Mycoplasma is a genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall and possess a three-layered cellular membrane.[4] They can be parasitic or saprotrophic. Several species are sexually transmitted and pathogenic in humans. Others are found on cats, dogs, and barnyard fowl.

Ureaplasma

Ureaplasma is the second of two genera of bacteria belonging to the family Mycoplasmataceae. As the name implies, ureaplasma is urease positive. This genera is distinct from other genera in Mollicutes in that it hydrolyses urea for generation of ATP.

Ureaplasma spp. as human pathogens

Both Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum have been identified as important human pathogens, causing infection in the urogenital tract and, rarely, at distal sites.[5] [6] [7] Their role in neonatal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes has been well established, and semantic classifications are changing to reflect the nature of the detrimental outcomes these infections are associated with.[8] In the 2010s, Mycoplasma genitalium has been re-classified as an STI,[9] and it is possible that with more research, Ureaplasma spp. will follow this trend. Similar to other pathogens such as Chlamydia trachomatis, infection with Ureaplasma spp. is associated with adverse fertility outcomes in both men and women.[10] [11] [12] [13] [14] Both cause non-gonococcal urethritis. Ureaplasma spp. were implicated in conditions such as prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome as early as the 1980s.[15] [16] [17] Research in women has lagged several decades behind, but it is now becoming more clear how Ureaplasma spp. contribute to etiologies such as interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome.[18] [19] [20] Ureaplasma spp. are associated with alterations in host environment that increase susceptibility to other infections such as bacterial vaginosis and vaginal candidiasis.[21] [22] Ureaplasma spp. can cause reactive arthritis as well as directly infect the synovium.[23] Some case studies have suggested a causative role in complex regional pain syndrome/reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome.[24]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[25] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[26]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. E.A. Freundt The classification of the pleuropneumonia group of organisms (Borrelomycetales) International Bulletin of Bacteriological Nomenclature and Taxonomy, 1955, 5, 67–78.
  2. Edward DG, Freundt EA . 1967 . Proposal for Mollicutes as name of the class established for the order Mycoplasmatales . Int J Syst Bacteriol . 17 . 3 . 269–272 . 10.1099/00207713-17-3-267 . free .
  3. Ljubin-Sternak S, Meštrović T . Chlamydia trachomatis and Genital Mycoplasmas: Pathogens with an Impact on Human Reproductive Health . Journal of Pathogens . 2014 . 183167 . 183167 . 2014 . 25614838 . 4295611 . 10.1155/2014/183167 . free .
  4. Book: Ryan KJ, Ray CG . Sherris Medical Microbiology . 409–12 . 4th . McGraw Hill . 2004 . 978-0-8385-8529-0.
  5. 1 January 2015. Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasmas of Humans. Molecular Medical Microbiology. en. 1587–1609. 10.1016/B978-0-12-397169-2.00089-5. Waites. Ken B.. Xiao. Li. 9780123971692. 25 October 2023. 20 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230220075943/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123971692000895. live.
  6. Deetjen P, Maurer C, Rank A, Berlis A, Schubert S, Hoffmann R . Brain abscess caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum in an adult patient . Journal of Clinical Microbiology . 52 . 2 . 695–8 . February 2014 . 24478517 . 3911303 . 10.1128/JCM.02990-13 .
  7. Vittecoq O, Schaeverbeke T, Favre S, Daragon A, Biga N, Cambon-Michot C, Bébéar C, Le Loët X . 6 . Molecular diagnosis of Ureaplasma urealyticum in an immunocompetent patient with destructive reactive polyarthritis . Arthritis and Rheumatism . 40 . 11 . 2084–9 . November 1997 . 9365099 . 10.1002/art.1780401122 . free .
  8. Viscardi RM . Ureaplasma species: role in neonatal morbidities and outcomes . Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition . 99 . 1 . F87-92 . January 2014 . 23960141 . 4239122 . 10.1136/archdischild-2012-303351 .
  9. Horner P, Blee K, Adams E . Time to manage Mycoplasma genitalium as an STI: but not with azithromycin 1 g! . Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases . 27 . 1 . 68–74 . February 2014 . 24322592 . 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000030 . 10367939 .
  10. Zeighami H, Peerayeh SN, Yazdi RS, Sorouri R . Prevalence of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum in semen of infertile and healthy men . International Journal of STD & AIDS . 20 . 6 . 387–90 . June 2009 . 19451322 . 10.1258/ijsa.2008.008334 . 29253206 .
  11. Zhou YH, Ma HX, Shi XX, Liu Y . Ureaplasma spp. in male infertility and its relationship with semen quality and seminal plasma components . Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi . 51 . 6 . 778–783 . December 2018 . 28739435 . 10.1016/j.jmii.2016.09.004 . free .
  12. Haggerty CL, Totten PA, Tang G, Astete SG, Ferris MJ, Norori J, Bass DC, Martin DH, Taylor BD, Ness RB . 6 . Identification of novel microbes associated with pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility . Sexually Transmitted Infections . 92 . 6 . 441–6 . September 2016 . 26825087 . 10.1136/sextrans-2015-052285 . 5013099 . free .
  13. Abele-Horn M, Wolff C, Dressel P, Pfaff F, Zimmermann A . Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum biovars with clinical outcome for neonates, obstetric patients, and gynecological patients with pelvic inflammatory disease . Journal of Clinical Microbiology . 35 . 5 . 1199–202 . May 1997 . 9114407 . 10.1128/JCM.35.5.1199-1202.1997 . 232729 . free .
  14. Piscopo RC, Guimarães RV, Ueno J, Ikeda F, Bella ZI, Girão MJ, Samama M . Increased prevalence of endocervical Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma colonization in infertile women with tubal factor . JBRA Assisted Reproduction . 24 . 2 . 152–157 . May 2020 . 32031768 . 7169909 . 10.5935/1518-0557.20190078 .
  15. Weidner W, Brunner H, Krause W. 1 November 1980. Quantitative Culture of Ureaplasma Urealyticum In Patients with Chronic Prostatitis Or Prostatosis. Journal of Urology. 124. 5. 622–625. 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)55586-X. 7452788. 25 October 2023. 12 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210412183804/https://www.auajournals.org/doi/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)55586-X. live.
  16. Magri V, Perletti G, Stamatiou K, Montanari E, Trinchieri A . Lithogenic Potential of Ureaplasma in Chronic Prostatitis . english . Urologia Internationalis . 105 . 3–4 . 328–333 . 2021 . 33264795 . 10.1159/000511653 . 227261093 .
  17. Park H, Lee G . Roles of Ureaplasma Species in Idiopathic Chronic Prostatitis: A Case-Control Study . English . The World Journal of Men's Health . 37 . 3 . 355–363 . September 2019 . 30799562 . 6704302 . 10.5534/wjmh.180081 .
  18. Potts JM, Ward AM, Rackley RR. 1 April 2000. Association of chronic urinary symptoms in women and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Urology. English. 55. 4. 486–489. 10.1016/S0090-4295(99)00555-5. 10736488. 0090-4295. 25 October 2023. 25 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231025144212/https://www.goldjournal.net/article/S0090-4295%2899%2900555-5/fulltext. live.
  19. Combaz-Söhnchen N, Kuhn A . A Systematic Review of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma in Urogynaecology . Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde . 77 . 12 . 1299–1303 . December 2017 . 29269957 . 5734936 . 10.1055/s-0043-119687 .
  20. Kim MS, Lee DH, Kim TJ, Oh JJ, Rhee SR, Park DS, Yu YD . The role of Ureaplasma parvum serovar-3 or serovar-14 infection in female patients with chronic micturition urethral pain and recurrent microscopic hematuria . Translational Andrology and Urology . 10 . 1 . 96–108 . January 2021 . 33532300 . 7844479 . 10.21037/tau-20-920 . free .
  21. Rumyantseva T, Khayrullina G, Guschin A, Donders G . Prevalence of Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma hominis in healthy women and patients with flora alterations . Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease . 93 . 3 . 227–231 . March 2019 . 30344067 . 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.10.001 . 10067/1585870151162165141 . 53041181 . free .
  22. Payne MS, Ireland DJ, Watts R, Nathan EA, Furfaro LL, Kemp MW, Keelan JA, Newnham JP . 6 . Ureaplasma parvum genotype, combined vaginal colonisation with Candida albicans, and spontaneous preterm birth in an Australian cohort of pregnant women . BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth . 16 . 1 . 312 . October 2016 . 27756249 . 5070304 . 10.1186/s12884-016-1110-x . free .
  23. Hannu T . Reactive arthritis . Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology . 25 . 3 . 347–57 . June 2011 . 22100285 . 10.1016/j.berh.2011.01.018 .
  24. Palazzi C, D'Amico E, Izzo F, Pace-Palitti V, Petricca A . Ureaplasma urealyticum as a possible cause of reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome . Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology . 31 . 2 . 97–9 . 1 January 2002 . 12109655 . 10.1080/03009740252937621 . 35964460 .
  25. Web site: J.P. Euzéby . Mycoplasmataceae . List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) . 20 March 2022 . 25 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231025144210/https://lpsn.dsmz.de/family/mycoplasmataceae . live .
  26. Web site: Sayers . Mycoplasmatales . 20 March 2022 . National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database . etal . 3 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220903025311/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=2085&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock . live .
  27. Web site: The LTP . 20 November 2023.
  28. Web site: LTP_all tree in newick format. 20 November 2023.
  29. Web site: LTP_08_2023 Release Notes. 20 November 2023.
  30. Web site: GTDB release 08-RS214 . Genome Taxonomy Database. 10 May 2023.
  31. Web site: bac120_r214.sp_label . Genome Taxonomy Database. 10 May 2023.
  32. Web site: Taxon History . Genome Taxonomy Database. 10 May 2023.

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