MX1 explained

Interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MX1 gene.^{[1] [2]}

In mice, the interferon-inducible Mx protein is responsible for a specific antiviral state against influenza virus infection. Furthermore, the human orthologue MxA is a major determinant for influenza viruses of animal origin.^[3] The protein encoded by this gene is similar to the mouse protein as determined by its antigenic relatedness, induction conditions, physicochemical properties, and amino acid analysis. This cytoplasmic protein is a member of both the dynamin superfamily and the family of large GTPases.^[2]

Further reading

• Pavlovic J, Haller O, Staeheli P . Human and mouse Mx proteins inhibit different steps of the influenza virus multiplication cycle . J. Virol. . 66 . 4 . 2564–9 . 1992 . 1548781 . 10.1128/JVI.66.4.2564-2569.1992. 289059 .
• Horisberger MA . Interferon-induced human protein MxA is a GTPase which binds transiently to cellular proteins . J. Virol. . 66 . 8 . 4705–9 . 1992 . 1629950 . 10.1128/JVI.66.8.4705-4709.1992. 241296 .
• Petersen MB, Slaugenhaupt SA, Lewis JG, etal . A genetic linkage map of 27 markers on human chromosome 21 . Genomics . 9 . 3 . 407–19 . 1991 . 1674496 . 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90406-5 . free .
• Horisberger MA, McMaster GK, Zeller H, etal . Cloning and sequence analyses of cDNAs for interferon- and virus-induced human Mx proteins reveal that they contain putative guanine nucleotide-binding sites: functional study of the corresponding gene promoter . J. Virol. . 64 . 3 . 1171–81 . 1990 . 2154602 . 10.1128/JVI.64.3.1171-1181.1990. 249231 .
• Pavlovic J, Zürcher T, Haller O, Staeheli P . Resistance to influenza virus and vesicular stomatitis virus conferred by expression of human MxA protein . J. Virol. . 64 . 7 . 3370–5 . 1990 . 2161946 . 10.1128/JVI.64.7.3370-3375.1990. 249583 .
• Aebi M, Fäh J, Hurt N, etal . cDNA structures and regulation of two interferon-induced human Mx proteins . Mol. Cell. Biol. . 9 . 11 . 5062–72 . 1990 . 2481229 . 10.1128/mcb.9.11.5062. 363658 .
• Weitz G, Bekisz J, Zoon K, Arnheiter H . Purification and characterization of a human Mx protein . J. Interferon Res. . 9 . 6 . 679–89 . 1990 . 2607176 . 10.1089/jir.1989.9.679.
• Maruyama K, Sugano S . Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides . Gene . 138 . 1–2 . 171–4 . 1994 . 8125298 . 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8 .
• Melén K, Keskinen P, Ronni T, etal . Human MxB protein, an interferon-alpha-inducible GTPase, contains a nuclear targeting signal and is localized in the heterochromatin region beneath the nuclear envelope . J. Biol. Chem. . 271 . 38 . 23478–86 . 1996 . 8798556 . 10.1074/jbc.271.38.23478 . free .
• Ponten A, Sick C, Weeber M, etal . Dominant-negative mutants of human MxA protein: domains in the carboxy-terminal moiety are important for oligomerization and antiviral activity . J. Virol. . 71 . 4 . 2591–9 . 1997 . 9060610 . 10.1128/JVI.71.4.2591-2599.1997. 191379 .
• Fernández M, Quiroga JA, Martín J, etal . Impaired interferon induction of human MxA protein in chronic hepatitis B virus infection . J. Med. Virol. . 51 . 4 . 332–7 . 1997 . 9093949 . 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199704)51:4<332::AID-JMV12>3.0.CO;2-K . 12578068 .
• Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, etal . Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library . Gene . 200 . 1–2 . 149–56 . 1997 . 9373149 . 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3 .
• Li Y, Youssoufian H . MxA overexpression reveals a common genetic link in four Fanconi anemia complementation groups . J. Clin. Invest. . 100 . 11 . 2873–80 . 1998 . 9389754 . 10.1172/JCI119836 . 508494 .
• Kochs G, Trost M, Janzen C, Haller O . MxA GTPase: oligomerization and GTP-dependent interaction with viral RNP target structures . Methods . 15 . 3 . 255–63 . 1998 . 9735310 . 10.1006/meth.1998.0629 .
• Weber F, Haller O, Kochs G . MxA GTPase blocks reporter gene expression of reconstituted Thogoto virus ribonucleoprotein complexes . J. Virol. . 74 . 1 . 560–3 . 2000 . 10590150 . 10.1128/JVI.74.1.560-563.2000 . 111572 .
• Hattori M, Fujiyama A, Taylor TD, etal . The DNA sequence of human chromosome 21 . Nature . 405 . 6784 . 311–9 . 2000 . 10830953 . 10.1038/35012518 . 2000Natur.405..311H . free .
• Hijikata M, Ohta Y, Mishiro S . Identification of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the MxA gene promoter (G/T at nt -88) correlated with the response of hepatitis C patients to interferon . Intervirology . 43 . 2 . 124–7 . 2000 . 10971132 . 10.1159/000025035 . 19445539 .
• Engelhardt OG, Ullrich E, Kochs G, Haller O . Interferon-induced antiviral Mx1 GTPase is associated with components of the SUMO-1 system and promyelocytic leukemia protein nuclear bodies . Exp. Cell Res. . 271 . 2 . 286–95 . 2002 . 11716541 . 10.1006/excr.2001.5380 .
• Hijikata M, Mishiro S, Miyamoto C, etal . Genetic polymorphism of the MxA gene promoter and interferon responsiveness of hepatitis C patients: revisited by analyzing two SNP sites (-123 and -88) in vivo and in vitro . Intervirology . 44 . 6 . 379–82 . 2002 . 11805446 . 10.1159/000050075 . 46752867 .
• Kochs G, Haener M, Aebi U, Haller O . Self-assembly of human MxA GTPase into highly ordered dynamin-like oligomers . J. Biol. Chem. . 277 . 16 . 14172–6 . 2002 . 11847228 . 10.1074/jbc.M200244200 . free .

Notes and References

1. Haller O, Staeheli P, Kochs G . Interferon-induced Mx proteins in antiviral host defense . Biochimie . 89 . 6–7 . 812–8 . Jul 2007 . 17570575 . 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.04.015 .
2. Web site: Entrez Gene: MX1 myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1, interferon-inducible protein p78 (mouse).
3. Ciminski. Kevin . Chase. Geoffrey. Beer. Martin . Schwemmle. Martin . Influenza A Viruses: Understanding Human Host Determinants . Trends in Molecular Medicine . 2021 . 27 . 2 . 104–112 . 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.09.014 . 33097424. 225058479 .