Murals of Los Angeles explained

Greater Los Angeles, California, is home to thousands of murals, earning it the nickname "the mural capital of the world" or "the mural capital of America."[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] The city's mural culture began and proliferated throughout the 20th century.[6] Murals in Los Angeles often reflect the social and political movements of their time and highlight cultural symbols representative of Southern California.[7] In particular, murals in Los Angeles have been influenced by the Chicano art movement and the culture of Los Angeles. Murals are considered a distinctive form of public art in Los Angeles, often associated with street art, billboards, and contemporary graffiti.[8] [9]

From 2002 to 2013, Los Angeles had a moratorium on the creation of new murals in the city, stemming from legal conflicts regarding large-scale commercial out-of-home advertising, primarily billboards.[10] [11] The ban was lifted with the passing of LA Ordinance No. 182706, known as the mural ordinance.[12] [13] Mural registration is administered through the City of Los Angeles Department of Cultural Affairs.[14] Because of the large number of murals throughout the city, numerous programs exist for their preservation and documentation, including the Mural Conservancy of Los Angeles, the Getty Conservation Institute, and others.[15] [16]

History

Many of the city's oldest murals have been lost, usually from weathering or the process of urban development. Among the earliest known murals from Los Angeles were featured in the central business district, including those of Einar Petersen in 1912 and a ceramic tile panel for a cafeteria, created in 1913.

The New Deal

See main article: New Deal artwork. In the early 1930s, most prominent Los Angeles murals were on commercial rather than civic buildings.[17] Notable exceptions to this trend include the political works of muralists David Alfaro Siqueiros and Myer Shaffer, often supported by artistic and cultural institutions in the city.[18]

Between 1933 and 1943, the United States government, as part of the New Deal, funded "federal art projects", a series of murals, paintings, and sculptures in and around public institutions.[19] [20] These funds supported the creation of hundreds of murals around Los Angeles. Many of the resultant works feature rural landscapes, scenes from regional history, and portrayals of immigration, especially influenced by Mexican muralism after the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920).[21] [22] Certain murals funded by the project were subsequently painted over, often because of their political overtones.[23] For example, Myer Shaffer's The Social Aspects of Tuberculosis (1936) at the Los Angeles Tuberculosis Sanitarium, originally supported by the Federal Art Project, was covered completely by 1938 because of its Communist themes.[24] Shaffer went on to document the growing number of murals blanketed by local authorities in the Jewish Community Press.

2002 mural moratorium

Through the 1980s, commercial advertising on signage and billboards in Los Angeles was regulated by multiple government institutions, including the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans),[25] often without clear distinctions between murals and other types of signs. Numerous efforts to ban billboards in the city had been proposed and in 1984 Los Angeles City Council passed a law preventing the development of billboards within 600 feet of each other.[26] Some advertisers sought to present commercials works as murals, in order to take advantage of a rule exempting murals from restrictions on sign posting.[27] In the 1990s, the Los Angeles city council faced lawsuits from advertisers, based on the claim that restrictions on commercial speech were an unfair exception to the First Amendment.[28] [29]

In 1999, the Los Angeles Department of Cultural Affairs was in the process of developing guidelines for the regulation of supergraphic signage, including advertising billboards. In June of the same year, Jackie Goldberg, city councilmember for Los Angeles City Council District 13, filed a motion to temporarily halt the placement of new billboards after an influx of new signs were erected to pre-empt forthcoming regulations.[30] An interim control ordinance (ICO 173562) prohibiting the issuance of building permits for any off-site signs was passed to combat the accelerated pace of sign development in Hollywood, signed in 2000 by Los Angeles mayor Richard Riordan.[31] [32] An extension to ICO 173562 was instituted in 2001, initially presented by city councilmember Eric Garcetti, also of the 13th district.

In April 2002, LA Ordinance No. 174547 was passed, banning new "off-site signs" across the city.[33] [34] The definition of an off-site sign structure had recently been added to the municipal code after the implementation of a periodic sign inspection program.[35] Later, in May 2002, City Council adopted LA Ordinance No. 174552, approved by mayor James Hahn, creating the supplemental use district designation "SN" for sign districts.[36] [37] The establishment of sign districts would allow certain districts to have more flexible regulations regarding sign posting, with the intent of minimizing public advertising, the expansion of which being seen as a blight on the city.[38] [39] A March 2003 amendment to the municipal code updated the definition of an off-site sign to: Previously, in autumn 2002, three advertising companies had filed a lawsuit against the city of Los Angeles on the grounds that the restrictions on off-site signs limited their freedom of expression.[40] [41] The companies were initially granted a preliminary injunction against the city, although it was vacated shortly thereafter by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, in part based on the subsequent 2003 amendment.

In 2013, City Council and mayor Eric Garcetti passed LA Ordinance No. 182706, amending the city municipal code to allow for the creation and preservation of existing and new non-commercial murals.[42] LA Ordinance No. 182825 the same year amended the Los Angeles administrative code, maintaining the general prohibition of murals on single family residences and accessory structures but excepting residences in city council districts 1, 9, and 14.[43] [44] [45] In 2017, Ordinance No. 185059 extended the exemption to Los Angeles City Council District 15 after being proposed by councilmember Joe Buscaino.[46] [47]

El Monte city council instituted a similar ban in the adjacent city in 1977.[48] [49] [50] The ban was later lifted and numerous mural projects have since been organized in the city.[51] [52] [53]

Major themes

Chicano art movement

See main article: Chicano art movement. Since the original settlement of Los Angeles by the pobladores from New Spain (modern Mexico), the art and culture of the city have been heavily influenced by that of Mexico. Multiple major waves of immigration have brought migrants to the region, including the Mexican–American War (1846-1848), the California Gold Rush (1848-1855), and the growth of agriculture in California in the early 20th century.[54] [55] [56] Some of the earliest known murals in Los Angeles come from Mexican refugees, including David Alfaro Siqueiros, known as one of the "Big Three" of Mexican muralism.[57] [58] Siqueiros's fresco mural América Tropical (1932), at El Pueblo de Los Ángeles Historical Monument, is the only of his American murals found in its original location, although it was once painted over due to its controversial anti-imperialist message.[59] [60] [61]

The Chicano movement and California labor movement, especially in the 1960s, were sources of inspiration for many murals in the region. Labor leaders Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta often appear prominently in murals, as does the Aztec eagle, a symbol featured in the logo of the United Farm Workers, an agricultural labor union.[62] Religious identity, predominantly Catholicism, has also been a major theme.[63] In the second half of the century, the Chicano street art movement spread throughout barrios and other neighborhoods in East Los Angeles.[64] [65] [66]

In 1974, muralist and activist Judy Baca organized a citywide mural program in Los Angeles.[67] [68] The program resulted in the production of hundreds of murals across the city, including Baca's Great Wall of Los Angeles (1978) along the Tujunga Wash.[69] [70] [71] In 1976, with painter Christina Schlesinger and filmmaker Donna Deitch, Baca founded the Social and Public Art Resource Center, a community art center that sponsors the development and restoration of murals throughout the city.

Sports and athletics

Many Los Angeles sports icons and teams are commemorated in murals, especially near their respective stadiums. Roadside murals have been commissioned for the Los Angeles Marathon multiple times, dating back to the original race in 1986.[72] Other major sports events represented in murals include the 1994 FIFA World Cup,[73] the Los Angeles Rams' 2022 victory in Super Bowl LVI at SoFi Stadium,[74] [75] the Los Angeles Lakers' multiple NBA championships,[76] [77] the Los Angeles Dodgers' 2020 World Series win,[78] [79] the Los Angeles Kings' two Stanley Cup wins in 2012 and 2014,[80] and the MLS Cups of the LA Galaxy.[81] [82] A number of murals also exist honoring significant Los Angeles baseball players, such as Jackie Robinson,[83] Sandy Koufax,[84] [85] Fernando Valenzuela,[86] and others.[87] [88]

Olympics

Los Angeles has hosted the Summer Olympics twice, in 1932 and 1984.[89] Prior to the 1932 Summer Olympics, Los Angeles Times art critic Arthur Millier recommended taking visiting attendees on a tour of the city's murals. For the 1984 Summer Olympics, a series of ten murals were painted along the 110 and 101 freeways as part of the Olympic Arts Festival.[90] [91] [92] Beginning in 2007 after years of disrepair and tagging, Caltrans "hibernated" the murals, applying a coating and layer of gray paint to be removed later for restoration.[93] [94] Efforts to restore many of the Olympic Festival freeway murals began in commemoration of the 30th anniversary of the Games.[95] [96] [97]

Kobe Bryant

See main article: Murals of Kobe Bryant. Kobe Bryant was a highly-decorated basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers, winning five championships with the team. Throughout his career, murals were created acknowledging his accomplishments, including his career-high 81 point game in 2006 and retirement in 2016.[98] [99] Following his 2020 death in a helicopter crash, many tributes to Bryant were created around the city, frequently featuring his daughter Gianna, who was also killed in the crash.[100] [101] The prominence of these murals has led to their becoming a notable tourist attraction, resulting in maps and city guides documenting the collection of Kobe artwork.[102] [103] [104]

In media

The documentary film Mur Murs (1981) by French filmmaker Agnès Varda explores murals across the city and shares imagery of Los Angeles murals with Varda's feature film from the same year, Documenteur.[105] [106] [107] The documentary Exit Through the Gift Shop (2010) directed by street artist Banksy tells the story of Thierry Guetta, a French street artist in Los Angeles.[108] [109]

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Book: 5–21 . Signs from the Heart: California Chicano Murals . Sperling Cockcroft . E. . Barnet-Sánchez . H. . Introduction . 9780826314482 . 1993 . UNM Press .
  2. Book: Sperling Cockcroft, E. . From Barrio to Mainstream: The Panorama of Latino Art . 192–217 . Handbook of Hispanic Cultures in the United States: Literature and Art . C. . Esteva-Fabregat . F. . Lomeli . N. . Kanellos . 9781611921632 . 1993. Arte Publico Press .
  3. News: Los Angeles Times . Defending the Mural Capital of America . 5 April 1998 . Morrison . Patt .
  4. News: The New York Times . Art/Architecture; Where Miles of Murals Preach a People's Gospel . Tannenbaum . Barbara . 26 May 2002 .
  5. News: The Orange County Register . Graham . Jordan . A guide to the Mural Capital of the World . 8 September 2014.
  6. Book: Nodal, Adolfo V. . Foreword . Street Gallery: Guide to 1000 Los Angeles Murals . 1993 . V-VI . RJD Enterprises . 0-9632862-1-8.
  7. Book: Dunitz, Robin J. . Street Gallery: Guide to 1000 Los Angeles Murals . 1993 . 0-9632862-1-8 . Introduction . 1–4. RJD Enterprises .
  8. The Changing Face of Wall Space: Graffiti-Murals in the Context of Neighborhood Change in Los Angeles . Bloch . Stefano . PhD . 2012 . University of Minnesota . 11299/179789 .
  9. Book: Sánchez-Tranquilino, M. . 27. Space, Power, and Youth Culture: Mexican American Graffiti and Chicano Murals in East Los Angeles, 1972–1978 . Chicano and Chicana Art: A Critical Anthology . J.A. . González . C. . Ondine Chavoya . C. . Noriega . T. . Romo . 9781478003403 . 2019 . 10.1515/9781478003403-038 . 278–291. 240860948 .
  10. Web site: Berg . Nate . The Convoluted Path to Ending Los Angeles's Mural Ban . 22 March 2012 . Bloomberg.
  11. Book: Davalos, K.M. . Chicana/o Remix: Art and Errata Since the Sixties . 2017 . 9781479877966 . Notes. NYU Press .
  12. Web site: 2013 . Los Angeles City Council . Ordinance No. 182706 . en . Los Angeles City Planning.
  13. Bjorgum . E. . January 2014 . Los Angeles Gets a New Mural Ordinance . 36 . Los Angeles Lawyer . 36 . 10.
  14. Web site: Frequently asked questions . Department of Cultural Affairs, City of Los Angeles . 2 February 2023 .
  15. Web site: Isabel Rojas-Williams is on a Mission to Save L.A.'s Street Art . Arnold . Shayna Rose . Los Angeles Magazine . 26 December 2014 .
  16. Web site: Erin . Migdol . Julian . Brooks . Leslie . Rainer . Judith F. . Baca . How Do You Keep a Mural Alive? . Getty . 24 August 2022 .
  17. Jovanovich . M.E. . Power and Patronage: Public Art and Corporate Mural Commissions in Los Angeles, 1928–1936 . PhD . UC San Diego . 2016 .
  18. Public Art at the Global Crossroads: The Politics of Place in 1930s Los Angeles . Schrank . Sarah . 10.1353/jsh.2010.0046 . 25790365 . Journal of Social History . 44 . 2 . 435–457 . 2010. 144416855 .
  19. Book: Dunitz, Robin J. . Street Gallery: Guide to 1000 Los Angeles Murals . 1993 . 0-9632862-1-8 . The New Deal Art Projects, 1933-1943 . 6–10. RJD Enterprises .
  20. Book: Dailey . Victoria . Shivers . Natalie . Dawson . Michael . LA's Early Moderns: Art / Architecture / Photography . 2003 . Art . 17–116 . 1-890449-16-4.
  21. The Influence of the Mexican Muralists in the United States. From the New Deal to the Abstract Expressionism . MA . Leticia . Alvarez . 2001 . Virginia Tech. 10919/32407 .
  22. Web site: SDSU University Library . California New Deal Murals and Reliefs . 2 February 2023.
  23. News: Los Angeles Times . Colker . David . 9 July 1989 . Hidden in Plain Sight: A brief guide to Los Angeles' forgotten public artworks .
  24. Web site: The Kaspare Cohn Hospital and the Mt. Sinai Hospital and Clinic, Part Five . Boyle Heights Historical Society . 4 February 2023 . 21 October 2020.
  25. Web site: Outdoor Advertising . Caltrans . 3 February 2023.
  26. News: LA Weekly . 24 April 2008 . Pelisek . Christine . Billboards gone wild: 4,000 illegal billboards choke L.A.'s neighborhoods . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080920050538/https://www.laweekly.com/2008-04-24/news/billboards-gone-wild/ . 20 September 2008.
  27. News: Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles moves to lift decade-old ban on public murals . Saillant . Catherine . 28 August 2013 .
  28. News: Daily Sundial . Cal State Northridge . Los Angeles mural regulations may be loosening soon . Lopez . Andrew . 7 November 2011 .
  29. Web site: Photos: Rethinking LA's mural ban . Gonzalez . Saul . 29 August 2013 . KCRW.
  30. Web site: Council File: 99-1092 . LA City Clerk Connect . Office of the City Clerk .
  31. Web site: 2000 . Los Angeles City Council . Ordinance No. 173562 . en . Office of the City Clerk.
  32. News: Los Angeles Times . Casillas . Ofelia . A Hollywood Sign That Gets Mixed Reviews . 20 June 2001 .
  33. Web site: 2002 . Los Angeles City Council . Ordinance No. 174547 . en . Office of the City Clerk.
  34. News: Mehta . Seema . Council Bans New Billboards Citywide . Los Angeles Times . 1 May 2002 .
  35. Web site: Council File: 02-0070 . LA City Clerk Connect . Office of the City Clerk .
  36. Web site: 2002 . Los Angeles City Council . Ordinance No. 174552 . en . Office of the City Clerk.
  37. Web site: Council File: 02-1167 . LA City Clerk Connect . Office of the City Clerk . 2002.
  38. Web site: . 29 January 2014 . Rushmore . RJ . When Is a Mural Not a Mural? .
  39. Book: Reitan, Meredith Drake . 2017 . Regulating Visual Blight . Planning Los Angeles . Sloane . David C. . Taylor & Francis . 9781351177436.
  40. California Planning & Development Report . 2003 . 18 . 10 . L.A., Inspection Fees Withstand Sign Companies' 1st Amendment Challenge .
  41. Web site: 340 F.3d 810 (9th Cir.) - Clear Channel Outdoor v. City of Los Angeles . 2003 . Casetext . 8 February 2023.
  42. Book: 71–72 . 4.6 Public Art . Great Streets for Los Angeles: Complete Streets Design Guide . Los Angeles Department of City Planning . City of Los Angeles Streets Standards Committee.
  43. Web site: 2013 . Los Angeles City Council . Ordinance No. 182825 . en . Office of the City Clerk.
  44. Web site: Ordinance to Allow Murals on Single-Family Residences in Council Districts 1, 9, and 14 . Office of the City Clerk . 7 February 2023.
  45. News: Los Angeles Times . Saillant . Catherine . Los Angeles council approves murals on single family homes . 3 December 2013 .
  46. Web site: 2017 . Los Angeles City Council . Ordinance No. 185059 . en . Office of the City Clerk.
  47. Web site: Council File: 11-0923-S4 . Office of the Los Angeles City Clerk . 7 February 2022.
  48. News: Barker . Mayerene . El Monte Mural Stirs Ban Move . Los Angeles Times . 10 March 1977.
  49. Book: Isé, Claudine . Considering the art world alternatives: LACE and community formation in Los Angeles . 85–107 . James . D.E. . The Sons and Daughters of Los: Culture and Community in L.A. . 9781439901373 . 2003. Temple University Press .
  50. Web site: KCET . Fuentes . The Moratorium that Stomped El Monte Murals . Ed . 28 May 2015.
  51. News: Los Angeles Times . Martinez . Fidel . Latinx Files: The lost murals of El Monte . 14 October 2021 .
  52. Web site: A 1970s Moratorium Stunted El Monte's Mural Movement. A New Work Brings It Back to Life. . Ohanesian . Liz . 3 November 2021 . KCET .
  53. News: Colorful murals enliven downtown El Monte's Main Street thanks to an idea by online retailer Shein . Rivera . Anissa . 15 October 2022 . San Gabriel Valley Tribune.
  54. Book: Sánchez, G.J.. Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945 . Farewell Homeland . 1993 . 17–37 . https://books.google.com/books?id=sqM31q9EulMC&pg=PA17 . 9780195096484 . Oxford University Press, USA .
  55. Web site: Benitez . Tomas . East L.A.: Past and Present . American Family: Journey of Dreams . PBS . 2004.
  56. Book: Flores, L.A. . The Racial and Labor Landscapes of the Salinas Valley Before World War II . 12–38 . Grounds for Dreaming: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the California Farmworker Movement . 2016 . 9780300216387 . 10.12987/yale/9780300196962.003.0001.
  57. Book: Helm, MacKinley . Mexican Painters: Rivera, Orozco, Siqueiros and Other Artists of the Social Realist School . 1941 . Siqueiros and the Younger Muralists . 88–108 . Courier Corporation . 9780486260280.
  58. Siqueiros and Three Early Murals in Los Angeles . Goldman . S.M. . Art Journal . 321–327 . 33 . 1974 . 4 . 10.2307/775970 . 775970.
  59. Piqué . F. . Derrick . M. . Parker . A. . Schilling . M. . Scott . D. . Original Technique of the Mural America Tropical by David Alfaro Siqueiros . MRS Online Proceedings Library . 1995. 352 . 10.1557/PROC-352-365.
  60. Book: Estrada, William David . The Los Angeles Plaza: Sacred and Contested Space . 2008 . Parades, Murals, and Bulldozers . 203–230 . University of Texas Press . 9780292717558. Notes to chapter 7 on pg 300-305.
  61. Web site: Conservation of América Tropical (1988–2012) . The Getty Conservation Institute . 3 February 2023.
  62. Book: Erickson, Mary . Mexican American Murals: Making a Place in the World . 1998 . 4 February 2022 . Getty Center for Education in the Arts.
  63. Salim . Z. . Painting a Place: A Spatiothematic Analysis of Murals in East Los Angeles . Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers . 2017 . University of Hawai'i Press . 79 . 41–70 . 10.1353/pcg.2017.0003 . 26385008. 135232184 .
  64. Simon . E. . The Journal of Popular Culture . X . 3 . 642–652 . 1976 . 10.1111/j.0022-3840.1976.1003_642.x . Chicano Street Murals.
  65. Simon . E. . Chicano Street Murals: A Sociological Perspective . The Journal of Popular Culture . XIII . 3 . 1980 . 516–525 . 10.1111/j.0022-3840.1980.1303_516.x.
  66. Arreola . D.D. . Mexican American Exterior Murals . Geographical Review . 74 . 4 . 1984 . 409–424 . 10.2307/215024 . 215024. 1984GeoRv..74..409A .
  67. Book: Neumaier, D. . Cultures in Contention . Kahn . D. . Neumaier . D. . 1985 . 9780941104067 . Judy Baca: our people are the internal exiles . Real Comet Press .
  68. News: Los Angeles Times . Kapitanoff . Nancy . 14 March 1993 . Street Gallery Works : A slide presentation and a tour will both emphasize women muralists and the many images they've made on the walls of Los Angeles .
  69. The great wall of Los Angeles . MA . 1980 . Baca . Judy . California State University Northridge . 10211.3/125594 .
  70. Web site: The Great Wall of Los Angeles . Los Angeles City Planning . 4 February 2023.
  71. Web site: Great Wall of Los Angeles (Mural) . National Park Service .
  72. Web site: Ducker . Eric . Grantland . Roadside Attractions: A Look at the Los Angeles Marathon Murals . 18 March 2013 .
  73. News: 30 May 1994 . Los Angeles Times . World Cup Gives Artist Chance to Send Message: Art: Willie Herron's mural saluting the soccer tournament will welcome LAX's diverse visitors with a call for unity. . Andrew . LePage .
  74. Web site: Scurlock . Amanda . L.A. Rams Give Watts Rams Murals, Super Bowl LVI Tickets . Los Angeles Sentinel . 3 February 2022.
  75. Web site: D'Andrea . Christian . Artist paints portrait of Odell Beckham Jr. saving himself from the Cleveland Browns . 29 June 2022 . USA Today .
  76. Web site: Benjamin . Cody . 19 July 2018 . LOOK: There's a new LeBron James Lakers mural in L.A., and it's got Kobe, Shaq, Kareem and Wilt . CBS .
  77. Web site: 'Leave A Legacy': Kobe Bryant Looks Over Champion Lakers In New Mid-City Mural . CBS News . 13 October 2020.
  78. Web site: Borelli . Matt . Dodger Blue . Dodgers News: Jonas Never Painted Joe Kelly Mural From World Series Ring Ceremony. 13 April 2021 .
  79. Web site: Dodgers: New Mural Featuring Julio Urias and Lakers' Kobe Bryant Spotted In LA . Fan Nation . Sports Illustrated . 27 November 2021.
  80. Web site: Merola . Lauren . 12 October 2022 . Kings unveil beachy hockey mural in Los Angeles . NHL .
  81. Web site: 3 March 2019 . LA Galaxy Unveil Beckham Mural & Statue . Soccer Bible . 8 March 2023.
  82. Web site: Sigal . Jonathan . Javier "Chicharito" Hernandez visits LA Galaxy mural near Venice Beach . 24 February 2020 . MLS Soccer.
  83. Web site: KPCC . 14 April 2013 . UCLA unveils Jackie Robinson mural at stadium named for baseball legend . DeBord . Matthew .
  84. Web site: Stuart . Gwynedd . One of L.A.'s Most Iconic Chicano Murals Is Being Displayed in a Museum for the First Time Ever . 15 February 2018 . Los Angeles Magazine.
  85. Web site: Fairfax Community Mural . Mural Conservancy of Los Angeles . 6 February 2023.
  86. Book: Klein, Alan M. . Stavans . Ilan . Latinizing the "National Pastime" . Béisbol . The Ilan Stavans Library of Latino Civilization . 31 January 2012 . 978-0313375132 . 1–16.
  87. Web site: Demeke . Matthew . List Of All The Best Los Angeles Dodgers Murals In Los Angeles . 2 January 2021 . .
  88. Web site: New Dodgers mural in Los Angeles features Vin Scully and Tommy Lasorda . . 13 October 2022 . 6 February 2023.
  89. Web site: Legislative Analyst's Office . 10 November 2016 . Los Angeles' Bid for the 2024 Olympics and Paralympics . 4 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221027144718/https://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Report/3506 . 27 October 2022.
  90. News: The New York Times . Olympic Arts Festival Opens in L.A. . Harmetz . Aljean . 2 June 1984 .
  91. News: Giovannini . Joseph . The New York Times . Murals Deck Freeways Approaching Olympics . 17 July 1984 .
  92. Web site: Hummel . Emily . 50 Years In LA: A Gallery Amidst Gridlock . NHL.com . 6 April 2017.
  93. Web site: Jao . Carren . Uncovered Olympic Glories: Murals Restoration on the 101 Freeway . KCET . 22 May 2013 .
  94. News: Los Angeles Times . L.A. again carries a torch for 1984 Olympic murals, their artists . Gelt . Jessica . 20 August 2014 .
  95. News: Los Angeles Times . Vankin . Deborah . Bringing back a piece of L.A.'s Olympic glory . 1 March 2013 .
  96. Web site: The Quarterly Magazine . Olympic Freeway Murals Come Alive Again . Suk Wang . Ann . 2014 . 4 February 2023.
  97. https://www.losangeles.co.il/ Los Angeles Traveling Guide
  98. Web site: Lemire . Christy . Paint the Town . UCLA Newsroom . 1 January 2015.
  99. News: Los Angeles Times . Tschorn . Adam . Kobe Bryant marks Day of the Dead by burying his basketball career and unveiling a new shoe . 1 November 2016.
  100. A 6′6″ Guard from Lower Merion High School . . . . . Jeffries . J.L. . Beckham . J. . Journal of African American Studies . 25 . 163–165 . 2021 . 2 . 10.1007/s12111-021-09532-8. 236307020 . free .
  101. Web site: Lloyd . J. . 24 February 2022 . Map: Kobe Bryant Murals in Southern California and Around the World . NBC Los Angeles.
  102. News: The New York Times . Walter . Thompson-Hernández . 22 February 2020 . In L.A., Kobe Dominates the Paint .
  103. News: Los Angeles Times . Marantos . Jeanette . 24 July 2020 . He's looking for Kobe Bryant everywhere, in murals across L.A. and the world .
  104. Web site: 'An outpouring of public art:' Hundreds of Kobe Bryant murals fill Los Angeles landscape . Josh . Peter . 22 January 2021 . USA Today .
  105. News: The New York Times . Maslin . Janet . 2 October 1981 . Agnes Varda's Murals .
  106. Web site: Oyallon-Koloski . Jenny . Mur murs & Documenteur: Agnès Varda in Los Angeles . Cinematheque . University of Wisconsin-Madison . 2015.
  107. Web site: The Murals of East Los Angeles: (A Museum Without Walls) with Mur murs . . 19 February 2023.
  108. News: Bradshaw . Peter . Review: Exit Through the Gift Shop . The Guardian . 4 March 2010.
  109. News: Los Angeles Times . Getting at the truth of 'Exit Through the Gift Shop' . Felch . Jason . 22 February 2011.

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