Morbillivirus Explained

Morbillivirus is a genus of viruses in the order Mononegavirales, in the family Paramyxoviridae.^{[1] [2]} Humans, dogs, cats, cattle, seals, and cetaceans serve as natural hosts. This genus includes six species, with a seventh species being extinct. Diseases in humans associated with viruses classified in this genus include measles; in animals, they include acute febrile respiratory tract infection and Canine distemper.^[3] In 2013, a wave of increased death among the Common bottlenose dolphin population was attributed to morbillivirus.^[4]

Genus

Genus Morbillivirus: species and their viruses^[5]

Genus	Species	Virus (Abbreviation)
Morbillivirus	Morbillivirus canis	Canine distemper virus (CDV)
	Morbillivirus caprinae	Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV)
	Morbillivirus ceti	Cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV)
	Morbillivirus felis	Feline morbillivirus (FeMV)
	Morbillivirus hominis	Measles virus (MeV)
	†Morbillivirus pecoris	Rinderpest virus (RPV)
	Morbillivirus phocae	Phocine distemper virus (PDV)

Structure

Morbillivirions are enveloped, with spherical geometries. Their diameter is around 150 nm. Genomes are linear, around 15–16 kb in length. The genome codes for eight proteins.^[3]

Genus	Structure	Symmetry !	Capsid	Genomic arrangement	Genomic segmentation
Morbillivirus	Spherical		Enveloped	Linear	Monopartite

Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by virus attaching to host cell. Replication follows the negative-stranded RNA virus replication model. Negative-stranded RNA virus transcription, using polymerase stuttering, through co-transcriptional RNA editing is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leaky scanning. The virus exits the host cell by budding.Humans, cattle, dogs, cats, and cetaceans serve as the natural hosts. Infection from this virus takes place in five stages: incubation, prodromal, mucosal, diarrheic, and convalescent.^[6] Transmission routes are respiratory.^{[3] [7] [8]} Morbillivirus are sensitive to high temperatures, sunlight, extreme pH levels, and any chemical that can destroy its outer envelope.

External links

• ICTV Report: Paramyxoviridae
• Viralzone: Morbillivirus
• Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Paramyxoviridae

Notes and References

1. Rima B, Balkema-Buschmann A, Dundon WG, Duprex P, Easton A, Fouchier R, Kurath G, Lamb R, Lee B, Rota P, Wang L . 6 . ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Paramyxoviridae . The Journal of General Virology . 100 . 12 . 1593–1594 . December 2019 . 31609197 . 7273325 . 10.1099/jgv.0.001328 . free . William Paul Duprex .
2. Web site: Family: Paramyxoviridae . International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) .
3. Web site: Morbillivirus . taxid:11229 . Viral Zone. ExPASy. 13 August 2015.
4. News: Jackson H . Virus causing Atlantic dolphin die-off . 21 November 2022 . The Daily Times . November 19, 2014 . T11 . en.
5. Kuhn JH, Abe J, Adkins S, Alkhovsky SV, Avšič-Županc T, Ayllón MA, Bahl J, Balkema-Buschmann A, Ballinger MJ, Kumar Baranwal V, Beer M, Bejerman N, Bergeron É, Biedenkopf N, Blair CD, Blasdell KR, Blouin AG, Bradfute SB, Briese T, Brown PA, Buchholz UJ, Buchmeier MJ, Bukreyev A, Burt F, Büttner C, Calisher CH, Cao M, Casas I, Chandran K, Charrel RN, Kumar Chaturvedi K, Chooi KM, Crane A, Dal Bó E, Carlos de la Torre J, de Souza WM, de Swart RL, Debat H, Dheilly NM, Di Paola N, Di Serio F, Dietzgen RG, Digiaro M, Drexler JF, Duprex WP, Dürrwald R, Easton AJ, Elbeaino T, Ergünay K, Feng G, Firth AE, Fooks AR, Formenty PB, Freitas-Astúa J, Gago-Zachert S, Laura García M, García-Sastre A, Garrison AR, Gaskin TR, Gong W, Gonzalez JJ, de Bellocq J, Griffiths A, Groschup MH, Günther I, Günther S, Hammond J, Hasegawa Y, Hayashi K, Hepojoki J, Higgins CM, Hongō S, Horie M, Hughes HR, Hume AJ, Hyndman TH, Ikeda K, Jiāng D, Jonson GB, Junglen S, Klempa B, Klingström J, Kondō H, Koonin EV, Krupovic M, Kubota K, Kurath G, Laenen L, Lambert AJ, Lǐ J, Li JM, Liu R, Lukashevich IS, MacDiarmid RM, Maes P, Marklewitz M, Marshall SH, Marzano SL, McCauley JW, Mirazimi A, Mühlberger E, Nabeshima T, Naidu R, Natsuaki T, Navarro B, Navarro JA, Neriya Y, Netesov SV, Neumann G, Nowotny N, Nunes MR, Ochoa-Corona FM, Okada T, Palacios G, Pallás V, Papa A, Paraskevopoulou S, Parrish CR, Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Pawęska JT, Pérez DR, Pfaff F, Plemper RK, Postler TS, Rabbidge LO, Radoshitzky SR, Ramos-González PL, Rehanek M, Resende RO, Reyes CA, Rodrigues TC, Romanowski V, Rubbenstroth D, Rubino L, Runstadler JA, Sabanadzovic S, Sadiq S, Salvato MS, Sasaya T, Schwemmle M, Sharpe SR, Shi M, Shimomoto Y, Kavi Sidharthan V, Sironi M, Smither S, Song JW, Spann KM, Spengler JR, Stenglein MD, Takada A, Takeyama S, Tatara A, Tesh RB, Thornburg NJ, Tian X, Tischler ND, Tomitaka Y, Tomonaga K, Tordo N, Tu C, Turina M, Tzanetakis IE, Maria Vaira A, van den Hoogen B, Vanmechelen B, Vasilakis N, Verbeek M, von Bargen S, Wada J, Wahl V, Walker PJ, Waltzek TB, Whitfield AE, Wolf YI, Xia H, Xylogianni E, Yanagisawa H, Yano K, Ye G, Yuan Z, Zerbini FM, Zhang G, Zhang S, Zhang YZ, Zhao L, Økland AL . 6 . Annual (2023) taxonomic update of RNA-directed RNA polymerase-encoding negative-sense RNA viruses (realm Riboviria: kingdom Orthornavirae: phylum Negarnaviricota) . The Journal of General Virology . 104 . 8 . 001864 . August 2023 . 37622664 . 10721048 . 10.1099/jgv.0.001864 .
6. Libbey . Jane E. . Fujinami . Robert S. . 2023-07-01 . Morbillivirus: A highly adaptable viral genus . Heliyon . 9 . 7 . e18095 . 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18095 . free . 2405-8440 . 10362132 . 37483821. 2023Heliy...918095L .
7. Haas . L. . Barrett . T. . 1996-01-12 . Rinderpest and Other Animal Morbillivirus Infections: Comparative Aspects and Recent Developments . Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B . en . 43 . 1–10 . 411–420 . 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1996.tb00333.x. 8885706 .
8. De Vries . Rory D. . Duprex . W. Paul . De Swart . Rik L. . 2015-02-03 . Morbillivirus Infections: An Introduction . Viruses . en . 7 . 2 . 699–706 . 10.3390/v7020699 . free . 1999-4915 . 4353911 . 25685949.