Moneybomb Explained

Moneybomb (alternatively money bomb, money-bomb, or fundraising bomb) is a neologism coined in 2007 to describe a grassroots fundraising effort over a brief fixed time period,[1] usually to support a candidate for election by dramatically increasing, concentrating, and publicizing fundraising activity during a specific hour or day. The term was coined by Trevor Lyman to describe a massive coordinated online donation drive on behalf of presidential candidate Ron Paul, in which context the San Jose Mercury News described a moneybomb as being "a one-day fundraising frenzy".[2] The effort combines traditional and Internet-based fundraising appeals focusing especially on viral advertising through online vehicles such as YouTube, Twitter, and online forums. In the case of lesser-known candidates it is also intended to generate significant free mass media coverage the candidate would otherwise not receive. Moneybombs have been used for grassroots fundraising and viral activism over the Internet by several 2008 presidential candidates in the United States.[3] [4] [5] It emerged as an important grassroots tool leading up to the 2010 midterm elections and 2012 presidential election in the United States.[6]

History

Origin

The phrase "money bomb" has had other usages in the past, but the coinage of "moneybomb" or "money bomb" to describe a coordinated mass donation drive for a political candidate[7] came to prominence in 2007, during the campaign of American presidential candidate Ron Paul with the help of his technology team, Terra Eclipse. His supporters had earlier initiated multiple grassroots fundraising drives; New York City musician Jesse Elder[8] [9] [10] is said to have coined the usage of "moneybomb" for such an event,[8] and active-duty service member Eric Nordstrom[11] registered the dotcom domain on October 16[12] and designed the first moneybomb site.[8] A large moneybomb involving over 35,000 donors[13] was created and proposed by James Sugra on October 14 through a YouTube video and organized by Trevor Lyman[14] took place on November 5, 2007, Guy Fawkes Day. The fundraising drive raised over $4.2 million in one day, making it at that time the largest one-day Internet political fundraiser ever,[13] [15] and was backed largely by new or disaffected voters.[16] After this, news media such as CNN began widely reporting the term "money bomb" to refer to the event.[17] The term has also been used as a verb[18] and apparently arose from analogy with the neologism "googlebomb".[19]

Expansion

Multiple other similar events were scheduled for several of the 2008 presidential candidates, generally in coordination with a historical date. Imagery in the November 5 fundraiser drew on the history of the revolutionary Guy Fawkes, the film V for Vendetta, and the traditional rhyme celebrating Fawkes's plot being foiled.[20] Unofficial drives in support of Fred Thompson,[21] [22] Barack Obama,[5] Mike Huckabee,[23] John McCain,[24] and Dennis Kucinich were referred to by the media as moneybombs and seen as attempts to replicate the November 5 event.[8]

Thompson's campaign disavowed his supporters' effort, which was speculated to have failed because it had been scheduled for the day before Thanksgiving and due to lack of realtime donation tracking feedback.[25] Neither the campaign nor the site released contemporaneous fundraising results after the fundraiser.[26] Kucinich's supporters organized a drive on December 15, in honor of the Bill of Rights adoption.[27] Murray Sabrin, New Jersey candidate for U.S. Senate, also repeatedly brought the moneybomb concept to his own race,[28] [29] as well as Jim Forsythe, candidate for New Hampshire's 1st congressional district.[30]

No fundraising drives for any campaign matched the success of the Fawkes bomb until December 16, when the moneybomb on the Boston Tea Party's anniversary,[31] organized entirely by online volunteers, raised an amount estimated as $6.0–$6.6 million[32] [33] [34] [35] ($6 million in approved credit card receipts),[36] [37] from 58,407 individual contributors to Paul's campaign.[38] This broke the November 5 record, as well as the 2004 one-day political fundraising record of John Kerry,[39] indicating it was the largest single-day fundraiser of any kind in U.S. presidential campaign history.[40] Professor Anthony J. Corrado, a campaign finance expert, found the event "extraordinary ... What [Paul] has done is establish himself as a major candidate, and he's no longer a fringe voice."[41]

On February 10, 2016 the Bernie Sanders campaign had raised $6.4 to $6.5 million in the previous 24 hours. At an average of $34/contributor there were about 190,000 donors. In one 15 minute period the campaign processed 26,000 donations.[42] [43] [44]

The first political money bomb in Canada was organized by Dr. Ryan Meili during his 2009 campaign for the leadership of the Saskatchewan NDP Party. Meili set a goal of raising $10,000 and ended up raising over $12,000 in the week leading up to the leadership convention. Meili asked for donations in multiples of 34[45] —$3.40, $34, $340—to reflect his age at the time he was seeking the leadership of the party. After winning the 2012 South Carolina Republican primary Newt Gingrich organized a two-day moneybomb asking supporters to fund a "knockout punch" going into Florida.[46]

Effectiveness

Political consultant Ed Rollins said of the moneybomb concept, "I'll tell you, I've been in politics for 40 years, and these days everything I've learned about politics is totally irrelevant because there's this uncontrollable thing like the Internet. Washington insiders don't know what to make of it."[47]

A 2006 Federal Election Commission ruling, exempting most Internet activity from campaign finance rules, created the loophole for moneybombs, according to Paul Ryan, a lawyer at the nonprofit Campaign Legal Center: "It's difficult to imagine any threat of corruption posed by an activist sitting at home trying to talk people into making small donations directly to a candidate's campaign.... These small donors are a good thing for the system.... This is the classic example of the modern soapbox."

Sonia Arrison of TechNewsWorld considered the transparency in pledge and donation amounts to be an important open-source element of moneybomb success: "Those revelations stand in direct contrast to traditional campaigns, which tend to be silent and proprietary about who is donating."[48]

Campaign finance analyst Leslie Wayne regarded the YouTube and viral campaigning associated with moneybombs as an unexpected new trend in campaign finance. Wayne found the November 5 event a remarkable success because "the Paul campaign never even asked donors for the money. A grassroots group of Paul supporters, via the Internet, all decided to have a one-day online fund-raiser for Dr. Paul."[49] RealClearPolitics considered Paul's two largest moneybombs to be one of the five moments that changed the 2007 GOP race,[50] and the "incredibly successful" November 5 moneybomb was awarded a Golden Dot as "Technology Impact Moment of the Year" at the 2008 Politics Online Conference.[51] [52]

The link between moneybombs and polling results is unclear.[53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58]

Single-day fundraising comparisons

In 2000, after defeating George W. Bush in the New Hampshire Republican primary, John McCain raised $1 million online in 24 hours.[3]

When John Kerry accepted the Democratic nomination in 2004, he raised $5.7 million in one day, partially over the Internet.[39] [59]

On January 8, 2007, a one-day call center organized by Mitt Romney raised $3,143,404 in donations[15] [60] ($6.5 million including both donations and pledges).[61]

An anonymous Republican fundraising strategist found a close comparison between moneybombs and smaller Daily Kos fundraising pushes, and looked forward the possibility of "efforts to replicate this performance".[62]

In November 2007, The New York Times and the Associated Press stated that the one-day fundraising record among 2008 presidential candidates was held by Hillary Clinton for raising $6.2 million on June 30, 2007.[15] [63] Other sources awarded Paul the one-day record for the December 16 event,[64] [65] [66] while the Times and AP did not mention Clinton's total in their December coverage.[39] [36]

On December 15, 2007, Dennis Kucinich raised $131,400 from approximately 1,600 donors.[67]

On February 5–6, 2008, in the aftermath of the Super Tuesday primaries, Barack Obama raised at least $3 million from 7 p.m. to 7 p.m. EST.[68] On September 3–4, 2008, the night after Sarah Palin gave her speech at the Republican National Convention, Barack Obama raised $10 million from over 130,000 donors.[69]

On November 2, 2009, Congressman Alan Grayson (D-Orlando) raised nearly $570,000 in a one-day moneybomb for his re-election campaign.

On January 11, 2010, the Republican candidate for the United States Senate seat in Massachusetts, Scott Brown, used this method of fundraising to raise well over one million dollars for his campaign.[70]

On October 19, 2011, Ron Paul campaigners conducted a major online fundraiser to counteract what they saw as a blackout of Ron Paul by the mainstream media.[71] [72]

On February 9–10, 2016, Bernie Sanders raised $6.4 million after winning the New Hampshire Primary. This came after raising $3 million after a close loss in the Iowa caucus on February 1.[73]

On September 26–27, 2016, Donald Trump raised $18 million after the first presidential debate of 2016. His campaign pulled in $18 million in online donations in the 24 hours after the first debate with Hillary Clinton.[74]

On February 19–20, 2019, Bernie Sanders raised $5.9 million from 223,000 donors after announcing his campaign for the 2020 Democratic presidential nomination.[75]

In the 24 hours after the 2024 State of the Union Address, which occurred on March 7, Joe Biden's re-election campaign raised $10 million.[76] In a fundraiser at Radio City Music Hall on March 28, Biden raised $25 million.[77]

Notes and References

  1. News: Ron Paul, Gone But Not Forgotten, Could Teach The Media a Lesson . Friedman, Jon . . . 2008-04-04 . 2008-04-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080407192516/http://www.foxbusiness.com/markets/industries/media/article/ron-paul-gone-forgotten-teach-media-lesson_548653_15.html . April 7, 2008 . dead . mdy .
  2. News: Primary preview: Ron Paul's anti-war bid powered by Net activists. Davies, Frank. 2008-01-20. 2008-03-07. San Jose Mercury News.
  3. News: Who are Ron Paul's Donors? Republican raises stunning $4.3 million online in 24 hours. ABC News. 2007-11-06. Wolf, Z. Byron. 2007-11-27.
  4. News: Fred Bloggers Aim For Big Wednesday Before Black Friday. Geraghty, Jim. 2007-11-21. 2007-12-08. National Review. https://web.archive.org/web/20071123191617/http://campaignspot.nationalreview.com/post/?q=Mzg2MTc0YmQzNzc5YTBhZGJiZjg3NTE0ODFkMDkwZTg=. November 23, 2007. dead. mdy-all.
  5. Barack Obama's Supporters Emulate Ron Paul's. Wired. Stirland, Sarah Lai. 2007-11-12. 2007-12-06.
  6. Web site: Candidates for Kennedy Senate seat raking in cash - BostonHerald.com . news.bostonherald.com . 17 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120402214258/http://news.bostonherald.com/news/politics/view/20091231candidates_for_kennedy_senate_seat_raking_in_cash/srvc%3Dhome%26position%3Drecent . 2 April 2012 . dead.
  7. News: Paul supporter hopes lightning will strike twice. Vogel, Kenneth P. 2007-11-27. 2007-11-27. Politico.
  8. News: Ron Paul 'Moneybombs' Fizz For Other Candidates. 2007-11-28. 2008-03-06. Wolf, Z. Byron. ABC News. Political Radar.
  9. News: Jazz Listings: Jesse Elder Quintet. 2007-09-28. 2007-11-27. The New York Times.
  10. Web site: Jesse Elder Quintet. 2005-03-30. 2007-11-27. Orthmann, David A.. All About Jazz.
  11. News: Supporters Pump Ron Paul Full of Hot Air: A 'Ron Paul Blimp' Readies for Take Off. ABC News. 2007-12-07. 2008-03-06. Wolf, Z. Byron. Politics.
  12. Web site: WHOIS Search Results: ronpaulmoneybomb.com. Network Solutions. 2007-10-16. 2007-11-27.
  13. News: Paul breaks single-day online fundraising record. Dinan, Stephen. 2007-11-06. 2007-11-12. The Washington Times.
  14. News: The Ron Paul Phenomenon. https://web.archive.org/web/20071216005647/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L3NtysJ5WI0. 2007-12-16 . dead. NOW. PBS. 2007-12-10. 2008-01-01.
  15. News: Candidate's Pleased to Remember This Fifth of November. Kirkpatrick, David D. The New York Times. 2007-11-06. 2007-12-02.
  16. News: Paul's Money Draws Attention . 2007-11-07 . . Kuhnhenn, Jim . 2007-12-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071212203936/http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldlatest/story/0,,-7055741,00.html . December 12, 2007 . dead . mdy .
  17. News: Blitzer, Wolf, and Costello, Carol. Money Bomb. https://web.archive.org/web/20071114141555/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cVZSuzk5Tv0. 2007-11-14 . dead. CNN. 2007-11-06. 2007-12-06. video.
  18. News: Ron Paul's High-Tech, Low-Experience Political Machine. Chicago Tribune. George, Jason. 2007-12-16. 2007-01-16. McClatchy-Tribune Information Services.
  19. Ron Paul and the Real Meaning of Guy Fawkes Day . Levy, Jacob T . 2007-11-06 . 2007-03-06 . The New Republic . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071216000522/http://blogs.tnr.com/tnr/blogs/open_university/archive/2007/11/06/ron-paul-and-the-real-meaning-of-guy-fawkes-day.aspx . December 16, 2007 .
  20. News: Paul Raises More Than $3.5M in One Day. Kuhnhenn, Jim. The Washington Post. 2007-11-05. 2007-12-06.
  21. News: What's The Worst Possible Day For a Fundraiser?. Geraghty, Jim. 2007-11-12. 2007-11-27. National Review. https://web.archive.org/web/20071114144142/http://campaignspot.nationalreview.com/post/?q=NzdlMWQ1ZjQ3MTk5MDRkZGIwZTY2ZDkwMDRiMWIxZDQ=. November 14, 2007. dead. mdy-all.
  22. News: Fred Thompson's money man steps it up: Chief fundraiser exudes confidence. Brooks, Jennifer. 2007-11-26. 2007-12-11. The Tennessean.
  23. News: Daily Digest: Get Ready for the CNN/YouTube Debate . Levy, Joshua . 2007-11-26 . 2007-11-27 . Tech President . Personal Democracy Forum . https://web.archive.org/web/20080222222900/http://www.techpresident.com/blog/entry/13913/daily_digest_get_ready_for_the_cnn_youtube_debate . February 22, 2008 . dead . mdy .
  24. News: Republican Web Consultant Rips Chapter From Ron Paul Supporters' Playbook. Stirland, Sarah Lai. 2008-02-06. 2008-03-07. Wired News.
  25. News: If 'Fredsgiving Day' Went Well, We'd Have a Number By Now. Geraghty, Jim. 2007-11-25. 2007-12-11. National Review. https://web.archive.org/web/20071127184612/http://campaignspot.nationalreview.com/post/?q=M2NhNzc4ODI1NzVhNWIzOWY5YmI0ZDYyMjMyMjhmYTI=. November 27, 2007. dead. mdy-all.
  26. News: 'Fredsgiving' turns out to be a turkey. 2007-11-27. 2007-11-27. United Press International. https://web.archive.org/web/20080419071310/http://www.upi.com/NewsTrack/Top_News/2007/11/27/fredsgiving_turns_out_to_be_a_turkey/7868/. April 19, 2008. dead. mdy-all.
  27. News: Roadkill: OffTheBus's Ongoing RoundUp of the Awkward, the Ugly, and the Just Plain Weird: Many Happy Returns. Riehl, Richard, and Wheeler, Denise, eds.. 2007-12-17. 2007-12-20. The Huffington Post.
  28. News: You Got Yr. Moneybomb. Weigel, David. Reason magazine. 2008-02-28. 2008-04-08.
  29. News: U.S. Senate candidate Sabrin wagers campaign cash on Derby. Press of Atlantic City. DeAngelis, Martin. 2008-05-03. 2008-05-09.
  30. News: John DiStaso's Granite Status: Sununu's pockets are twice as deep as Shaheen's. DiStaso, John. 2008-04-18. 2008-05-09. New Hampshire Union Leader.
  31. News: Ron Paul's grass-roots groundswell: Next blitz: Boston Tea Party anniversary. Bennett, George. 2007-11-17. 2007-12-17. 1A, 26A. Palm Beach Post.
  32. News: 'Money bomb': Ron Paul raises $6 million in 24-hour period. USA Today. 2007-12-17. 2007-12-19. Vogel, Kenneth P.
  33. News: Ambinder, Marc. Paul's $16M Haul... Impressive. No Buts.. 2007-12-17. 2007-12-21. The Atlantic.
  34. News: Rutherford, Tony. Ron Paul Surpasses Fund Raising Record Held by John Kerry. Huntington News Network. 2007-12-17. 2007-12-21.
  35. News: Huckabee's rise has set the GOP rankings into motion. Kruh, Nancy. 2007-12-21. 2007-12-21. Dallas Morning News.
  36. News: Paul Raises $6 Million in 24-Hour Effort . 2007-12-17 . 2007-12-13 . Associated Press . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071219041810/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hyQLduiFMFTNmeUdgpf5cMvLi6awD8TJ04TG0 . December 19, 2007 .
  37. News: Ron Paul collects more than $6 million in a single day . 2007-12-17 . 2007-12-23 . . Associated Press . https://web.archive.org/web/20071220094131/http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-paul17dec17,1,7570032.story?coll=la-politics-campaign . December 20, 2007 . dead . mdy .
  38. News: Ron Paul's Internet Savvy. Worthen, Ben. The Wall Street Journal. 2007-12-17. 2007-12-20.
  39. News: More Hiring and Advertising Ahead for Paul Campaign as the Donations Pour In. The New York Times. 2007-12-18. 2007-12-19. Bosman, Julie.
  40. News: Ron Paul, a Republican outsider, sets fund-raising record . Associated Press . 2007-12-18 . 2007-12-18 . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080117034227/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/18/america/camp.php . January 17, 2008 .
  41. News: Ron Paul Supporters Make History with $6 Million Online Haul -- Updated. Stirland, Sarah Lai. 2007-12-17. 2008-03-07. Wired News.
  42. News: Matea Gold . John Wagner . amp . Bernie Sanders's fundraising prowess boosts his post-New Hampshire efforts. The Washington Post . 2016-02-10. 2016-02-11.
  43. News: Tom LoBianco. Sanders campaign raised $6.4 million after New Hampshire polls closed. CNN. 2016-02-10. 2016-02-11.
  44. News: Sanders Raises $6.5 Million Day After Beating Clinton, $ 34 at a Time. https://web.archive.org/web/20160213094608/http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/Sanders-Raises-6.5-Million-Day-After-Beating-Clinton--34-at-a-Time/2016/02/12/article3273448.ece. dead. February 13, 2016. The Daily Telegraph . The New Indian Express . 2016-02-12. 2016-02-12.
  45. Web site: Head Tale - Yet Another Librarian's Blog :: Money Bomb for Ryan Meili . 2011-01-31 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110723142449/http://blog.jason.hammond.net/blog/_archives/2009/5/25/4200125.html . July 23, 2011 . mdy .
  46. News: Gingrich kicks off 'money-bomb' effort. Eldridge, David. 2012-01-21. 2012-01-22. The Washington Times.
  47. News: Paul's Money-Bomb Throwers. Vargas, Jose Antonio. The Washington Post. The Trail. 2007-11-06. 2007-11-30.
  48. News: Considering an Open Future. Arrison, Sonia. 2007-11-16. 2007-12-12. TechNewsWorld.
  49. News: Uncovering New Trends in Campaign Finance. 2007-12-19. 2007-12-19. Wayne, Leslie. Business Journalism. Donald W. Reynolds National Center for Business Journalism. https://archive.today/20120728003711/http://www.businessjournalism.org/pages/biz/2007/12/uncovering_new_trends_in_campa/. July 28, 2012. dead. mdy-all.
  50. News: 5 Moments That Changed The GOP Race. Wilson, Reid. RealClearPolitics. Politics Nation Blog. 2007-12-28. 2008-01-16.
  51. Web site: 2008 Golden Dot Award Winners . Institute for Politics, Democracy and the Internet . Kellner, Alex . 2008-03-10 . 2008-03-19 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080315023112/http://www.ipdi.org/blog/index.php/2008/03/10/2008-golden-dot-award-winners/ . March 15, 2008 . mdy .
  52. Web site: Golden Dot Awards voting open to public . Institute for Politics, Democracy and the Internet . Kellner, Alex . 2008-02-11 . 2008-03-19 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080317104641/http://www.ipdi.org/blog/index.php/2008/02/11/golden-dot-awards-voting-open-to-public/ . March 17, 2008 . mdy .
  53. News: The mystery man behind Ron Paul's millions. Malcolm, Andrew. 2007-12-15. 2007-12-20. Los Angeles Times. Top of the Ticket.
  54. News: GOP Poll: Romney Opens N.H. Lead. NBC. 2007-11-19. 2007-12-07.
  55. News: Ron Paul's Fundraising Surpasses Former GOP Frontrunner Fred Thompson. HNN Staff. 2007-11-30. 2007-12-20. Huntington News Network.
  56. News: N.H. Gop: Romney Leads, Rudy Slips, Ron Paul Rises. Nichols, John. 2007-11-20. 2007-12-20. The Nation.
  57. News: Ron Paul Collecting Fans, Big Money. Babington, Charles. 2007-11-15. 2007-12-20. Associated Press.
  58. News: Ron Paul's "money bomb"?. Cafferty, Jack. CNN. 2007-12-17. 2007-12-20.
  59. News: Kerry Kept Money Coming With the Internet as His ATM. 2004-11-06. The New York Times. Justice, Glen. 2007-12-19.
  60. Web site: Contributions by Date: Romney for President Inc.. Federal Election Commission. 2007-10-19. 2007-11-30. https://web.archive.org/web/20071109152524/http://query.nictusa.com/pres/2007/Q1/C00431171/A_DATE_C00431171.html. November 9, 2007. dead. mdy-all.
  61. News: Romney Raises $6.5 Million in One-Day Blitz. Cillizza, Chris. The Washington Post. 2007-01-09. A06. 2007-12-19.
  62. News: The man, the technique behind Paul's haul. Vogel, Kenneth P. 2007-12-06. 2008-02-04. Politico.
  63. News: Ron Paul Sets Online Fundraising Record with $4.2 Million in One Day. Fox News. 2007-11-06. 2007-12-06. Walensky, Robyn, and the Associated Press. https://web.archive.org/web/20071209111523/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,308404,00.html. December 9, 2007. dead. mdy-all.
  64. News: Ron Paul Beats Own Fundraising Record. Vargas, Jose Antonio. The Washington Post. 2007-12-17. 2008-01-16.
  65. News: The Buzz: John McCain . . 2007-12-17 . 2008-01-16 . Levings, Darryl . https://web.archive.org/web/20071221200611/http://www.kansascity.com/news/nation/story/408008.html . December 21, 2007 . dead . mdy .
  66. Web site: Ron Paul raises over $6 million in one day. December 17, 2007. Shakopee Valley News. 3 October 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20081017072000/http://www.shakopeenews.com/node/4389. October 17, 2008 .
  67. Web site: Congratulations! . December 2007 . 2007-12-20 . December152007.com . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071208153223/http://www.december152007.com/ . December 8, 2007 .
  68. News: Obama Raises $3M Post Super Tuesday . Babington, Charles . 2008-02-07 . 2008-02-07 . Associated Press . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080210134651/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5isOFwdbq0tsqatW6vJpkDRTI1gMgD8ULHMF00 . February 10, 2008 .
  69. News: Obama raises $10 million after Palin speech. 2008-09-04. 2009-08-30. Associated Press . NBC News.
  70. News: How Scott Brown Friended, Tweeted and LOLed His Way Into The Senate. August 12, 2010. Wired. February 7, 2010.
  71. http://www.blackthisout.com/ blackthisout.com
  72. Web site: Hudson . John . Ron Paul Media Blackout Confirmed . The Wire . 2011-10-17.
  73. News: Sanders campaign raised $6.4 million after New Hampshire polls closed. February 10, 2016. CNN. LoBianco, Tom. February 23, 2016.
  74. News: Trump reports $18 million post-debate fundraising haul. September 27, 2016. Politico. Yousef Saba. September 27, 2016.
  75. News: Bernie Sanders' campaign said it raised a whopping $5.9 million in first 24 hours. February 20, 2019. CNBC. Carmin Chappell. February 20, 2019.
  76. Web site: 2024-03-10 . Biden team brings in $10 million in the 24 hours after the State of the Union . 2024-03-27 . NBC News . en.
  77. Web site: 2024-03-28 . Biden fundraiser with past presidents Obama and Clinton nets record $25 million, campaign says . 2024-03-28 . PBS NewsHour . en-us.

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