Sexual abuse explained

Sexual abuse or sex abuse, also referred to as molestation, is abusive sexual behavior by one person upon another. It is often perpetrated using force or by taking advantage of another.[1] Molestation often refers to an instance of sexual assault against a small child, whereas sexual abuse is a term used for a persistent pattern of sexual assaults.[2]

The offender is referred to as a sexual abuser or (often pejoratively) molester.[3] The term also covers behavior by an adult or older adolescent towards a child to stimulate any of the involved sexually. The use of a child, or other individuals younger than the age of consent, for sexual stimulation is referred to as child sexual abuse or statutory rape. Live streaming sexual abuse involves trafficking and coerced sexual acts and or rape in real time on webcam.[4] [5] [6] [7]

Victims

Spouses

See also: Domestic violence and Marital rape. Spousal sexual abuse is a form of domestic violence. When the abuse involves threats of unwanted sexual contact or forced sex by a woman's husband or ex-husband, it may constitute rape, depending on the jurisdiction, and may also constitute an assault.[8]

Children

See main article: Child sexual abuse.

Child sexual abuse is a form of child abuse in which a child is abused for the sexual gratification of an adult or older adolescent.[9] [10] It includes direct sexual contact, the adult or otherwise older person engaging indecent exposure (of the genitals, female nipples, etc.) to a child with intent to gratify their own sexual desires or to intimidate or groom the child, asking or pressuring a child to engage in sexual activities, displaying pornography to a child, or using a child to produce child pornography.[9] [11] [12]

Effects of child sexual abuse include shame, self-blame,[13] depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, self-esteem issues, sexual dysfunction, chronic pelvic pain, addiction, self-injury, suicidal ideation, borderline personality disorder, and propensity to re-victimization in adulthood.[14] Child sexual abuse is a risk factor for attempting suicide.[15] Additionally, some studies have shown childhood sexual abuse to be a risk factor of the perpetration of intimate partner violence in men.[16] Much of the harm caused to victims becomes apparent years after the abuse happens. With specific regard to addiction, a study by Reiger et al. supports previous findings that adverse life events increase sensitivity to drug rewards and bolster drug reward signaling by exposing an association between heightened limbic response to cocaine cues.[17]

Sexual abuse by a family member is a form of incest, which can result in severe long-term psychological trauma, especially in the case of parental incest.[18]

Globally, approximately 18–19% of women and 8% of men disclose being sexually abused during their childhood.[19] [20] The gender gap may be caused by higher victimization of girls, lower willingness of men to disclose abuse, or both. Most sexual abuse offenders are acquainted with their victims; approximately 30% are relatives of the child, most often fathers, uncles or cousins; around 60% are other acquaintances such as friends of the family, babysitters, or neighbors; strangers are the offenders in approximately 10% of child sexual abuse cases. Most child sexual abuse is committed by men; women commit approximately 14% of offenses reported against boys and 6% of offenses reported against girls.[21] Child sexual abuse offenders are not pedophiles unless they have a primary or exclusive sexual interest in prepubescent children.[22]

People with developmental disabilities

See main article: Sexual abuse of people with developmental disabilities. People with developmental disabilities are often victims of sexual abuse. According to research, people with disabilities are at a greater risk for victimization of sexual assault or sexual abuse because of lack of understanding (Sobsey & Varnhagen, 1989).

Elderly and people with dementia

Elderly people, especially those with dementia, can be at risk of abuse. There were over 6,000 "safeguarding concerns and alerts" at UK care homes from 2013 to 2015. These included alleged inappropriate touching and worse allegations. Offenders were most often other residents but staff also offended. It is suspected some care homes may deliberately overlook these offenses.[23]

People in poverty

People in poverty, including those from developing countries, are vulnerable to forced prostitution,[24] [25] [26] live streaming sexual abuse,[5] [6] [7] and other forms of molestation. Victims who come from families in poverty often have less connections, power, protection, and education about sex crimes.[27]

Minorities

Sexual abuse is a problem in some minority communities. In 2007, a number of Hispanic victims were included in the settlement of a massive sexual abuse case involving the Los Angeles archdiocese of the Catholic Church.[28] A qualitative study by Kim et al. discusses the experiences of sexual abuse in the US population of Mexican immigrant women, citing immigration, acculturation, and several other social elements as risk factors for abuse.[29]

Animals

Captive breeding activities are sometimes described as sexual abuse. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) has specifically objected, for example, to SeaWorld's breeding of orcas (Orcinus orca).[30] Captive breeding of animals led to the idea of capturing and enslaving women for involuntary breeding according to Charles Patterson.[31]

Treatment

See main article: article and Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims. In the emergency department, contraceptive medications are offered to women raped by men because about 5% of such rapes result in pregnancy.[32] Preventative medication against sexually transmitted infections are given to victims of all types of sexual abuse (especially for the most common diseases like chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis) and a blood serum is collected to test for STIs (such as HIV, hepatitis B and syphilis).[32] Any survivor with abrasions are immunized for tetanus if 5 years have elapsed since the last immunization.[32] Short-term treatment with a benzodiazepine may help with acute anxiety and antidepressants may be helpful for symptoms of PTSD, depression and panic attacks.[32]

Sexual abuse has been linked to the development of psychotic symptoms in abused children. Treatment for psychotic symptoms may also be involved in sexual abuse treatment.[33]

In regards to long term psychological treatment, prolonged exposure therapy has been tested as a method of long-term PTSD treatment for victims of sexual abuse.[34]

Prevention

See main article: article and Initiatives to prevent sexual violence. Child sexual abuse prevention programmes were developed in the United States of America during the 1970s and originally delivered to children. Programmes delivered to parents were developed in the 1980s and took the form of one-off meetings, two to three hours long.[35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] In the last 15 years, web-based programmes have been developed.

Survivor

The term survivor is sometimes used for a living victim, including victims of non-fatal harm, to honor and empower the strength of an individual to heal, in particular a living victim of sexual abuse or assault.[41] For example, there are the Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests and The Survivors Trust.

Positions of power

See also: Abusive power and control, Power harassment and Rankism. Sexual misconduct can occur where one person uses a position of authority to compel another person to engage in an otherwise unwanted sexual activity. For example, sexual harassment in the workplace might involve an employee being coerced into a sexual situation out of fear of being dismissed. Sexual harassment in education might involve a student submitting to the sexual advances of a person in authority in fear of being punished, for example by being given a failing grade.

Several sexual abuse scandals have involved abuse of religious authority and often cover-up among non-abusers, including cases in the Southern Baptist Convention,[42] Catholic Church, Episcopalian religion,[43] Islam,[44] Jehovah's Witnesses, Lutheran church,[45] Methodist Church,[46] Anabaptist/Mennonite Church, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,[47] the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Orthodox Judaism,[48] other branches of Judaism,[49] various buddhist schools such as Zen and Tibetan,[50] [51] [52] [53] Yoga classes,[54] and various cults.

In October 2020, a powerful member of the United Arab Emirates' royal family, Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan, was accused of exploiting his authority by a British citizen, Caitlin McNamara, who was working on Abu Dhabi Hay Festival. On February 14 that year, the UAE's Minister of Tolerance called McNamara for a dinner at his villa on private island and sexually abused the woman, who was organizing the literary festival for the country.[55]

Social media

Due to social media censorship algorithms, people wishing to discuss sex and particular sexual assault have adopted the 'algospeak'[56] code word 'mascara' to refer to a boyfriend or romantic partner in a sexual context and then proceed to euphemistically describe bad experiences. The use of such code language can also lead to confusion and embarrassment for those who are unfamiliar with the intended meaning.[57]

Animals

See main article: Sexual coercion among animals. Sexual abuse has been identified among animals as well, for example, among the Adélie penguins.[58]

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Sexual abuse. American Psychological Association. 2018 American Psychological Association. 28 January 2018. 2 February 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190202181808/https://www.apa.org/topics/sexual-abuse/index.aspx. live.
  2. Web site: Child Molestation vs. Sexual Abuse . Manly, Stewart & Finaldi . 2021-05-24 . 2022-07-04.
  3. Peer commentaries on Green (2002) and Schmidt (2002). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2002. 31. 6. 479–503. Child molester is a pejorative term applied to both the pedophile and incest offender.. 10.1023/A:1020603214218. 102340546.
  4. pp. 1–4.
  5. Web site: Child Sex Abuse Livestreams Increase During Coronavirus Lockdowns. April 8, 2020. NPR. May 15, 2020. May 15, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200515220525/https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/08/828827926/child-sex-abuse-livestreams-increase-during-coronavirus-lockdowns. live.
  6. News: Philippines child slavery survivors fight to heal scars of abuse. Reuters. April 8, 2020. May 15, 2020. March 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180328033023/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-trafficking-children/philippines-child-slavery-survivors-fight-to-heal-scars-of-abuse-idUSKBN1H400E. live.
  7. Web site: What is Online Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation?. 2020. NCA. 2020-05-15. 2020-04-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20200426111855/https://www.ceop.police.uk/Safety-Centre/what-is-online-child-sexual-abuse/. live.
  8. Web site: Patricia. Mahoney. The Wife Rape Fact Sheet. National Violence Against Women Prevention Research Center. 28 January 2018. 29 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190429041147/https://mainweb-v.musc.edu/vawprevention/research/wiferape.shtml. live.
  9. Web site: Child Sexual Abuse . Medline Plus . 2008-04-02 . U.S. National Library of Medicine . 2016-05-08 . 2013-12-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131205001005/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childsexualabuse.html . live .
  10. Committee on Professional Practice and Standards (COPPS) . Board of Professional Affairs (BPA) . American Psychological Association (APA) . American Psychological Association . Catherine Acuff . Steven Bisbing . Michael Gottlieb . Lisa Grossman . Jody Porter . Richard Reichbart . Steven Sparta . C. Eugene Walker . August 1999 . Guidelines for Psychological Evaluations in Child Protection Matters . 54 . 8 . 586–593 . 10.1037/0003-066X.54.8.586 . American Psychologist . 2008-05-07 . Abuse, sexual (child): generally defined as contacts between a child and an adult or other person significantly older or in a position of power or control over the child, where the child is being used for sexual stimulation of the adult or other person. . 10453704 . 2008-04-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080422025317/http://www.apa.org/practice/childprotection.html . live .
  11. Martin . J. . Anderson . J. . Romans . S. . 1993 . Mullen . P . O'Shea . M . Asking about child sexual abuse: methodological implications of a two-stage survey . Child Abuse and Neglect . 17 . 3. 383–392 . 8330225 . 10.1016/0145-2134(93)90061-9.
  12. http://www.nspcc.org.uk/helpandadvice/whatchildabuse/sexualabuse/sexualabuse_wda36370.html Child sexual abuse definition
  13. Whiffen, V. E. . MacIntosh, H. B. . 2005 . Mediators of the link between childhood sexual abuse and emotional distress: a critical review . Trauma, Violence, & Abuse . 6 . 1 . 24–39 . 10.1177/1524838004272543. 15574671 . 10.1.1.331.7436 . 10627203 .
  14. Maniglio, R. . 2009 . The impact of child sexual abuse on health: A systematic review of reviews . Clinical Psychology Review . 29 . 7 . 647–657 . 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.08.003. 19733950 .
  15. Maniglio, R. . 2011 . The role of child sexual abuse in the etiology of suicide and non-suicidal self-injury . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica . 124 . 1 . 30–41 . 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01612.x. 20946202 . 35525949 .
  16. Teitelman . AM . Bellamy . SL . Jemmott . JB III . Icard . L . O'Leary . A . Ali . S . Ngwane . Z . Makiwane . M . 2017 . Childhood sexual abuse and sociodemographic factors prospectively associated with intimate partner violence perpetration among South African heterosexual men . Annals of Behavioral Medicine . 51 . 2. 170–178 . 10.1007/s12160-016-9836-2 . 27844325 . 6200456 .
  17. Regier . PS . Monge . ZA . Franklin . TR . Wetherill . RR . Teitelman . AM . Jagannathan . K . etal . 2017 . Emotional, physical and sexual abuse are associated with a heightened limbic response to cocaine cues . Addiction Biology . 22 . 6. 1768–177 . 10.1111/adb.12445 . 5767126 . 27654662 .
  18. Book: Courtois, Christine A.. Healing the Incest Wound: Adult Survivors in Therapy. registration. W. W. Norton & Company. 208. 1988. 978-0-393-31356-7.
  19. Stoltenborgh, M. . van IJzendoorn, M. H. . Euser, E. M. . Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. . 2011 . A global perspective on child sexual abuse: meta-analysis of prevalence around the world . Child Maltreatment . 16 . 2 . 79–101 . 10.1177/1077559511403920. 21511741 . 10.1.1.1029.9752 . 30813632 .
  20. Pereda, N. . Guilera, G. . Forns, M. . Gómez-Benito, J. . 2009 . The prevalence of child sexual abuse in community and student samples: A meta-analysis . Clinical Psychology Review . 29 . 4 . 328–338 . 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.02.007. 19371992 . 2445/27746 . free .
  21. Web site: Child Sexual Abuse . Whealin, Julia Whealin . National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, US Department of Veterans Affairs . 2007-05-22 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090730101002/http://www.ptsd.va.gov/public/pages/child-sexual-abuse.asp . 2009-07-30 .
  22. Book: Seto, Michael . 2008 . Pedophilia and Sexual Offending Against Children . Washington, DC . American Psychological Association . vii.
  23. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37416483 Sex crimes against the elderly - are they being ignored?
  24. Web site: Myanmar officials blame human trafficking on poverty, unemployment. September 7, 2018. Myanmar Times. May 15, 2020. March 24, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200324150737/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-officials-blame-human-trafficking-poverty-unemployment.html. live.
  25. Web site: Poverty Causes Trafficking to China, Says Report. September 1, 2016. Khmer Times. May 15, 2020. July 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220704004249/https://www.khmertimeskh.com/64043/poverty-causes-trafficking-to-china-says-report/. live.
  26. Web site: POVERTY AND CONFLICT IN MYANMAR FUEL HUMAN TRAFFICKING. Caritas. 23 November 2017. 15 May 2020. 24 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200324153115/https://www.caritas.org/2017/11/poverty-and-conflict-in-myanmar-fuel-human-trafficking/. live.
  27. Web site: China's Bride Trafficking Problem. October 30, 2019. The Diplomat. May 15, 2020. December 5, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211205043318/https://thediplomat.com/2019/10/chinas-bride-trafficking-problem/. live.
  28. Web site: Catholic Sex Abuse Hits Home for Latinos. NPR.org . 2018-04-02. 2018-05-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20180507085620/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12098261. live.
  29. Kim . T . Draucker . CB . Bradway . C . Grisso . JA . Sommers . MS . 2017 . Somos Hermanas Del Mismo Dolor (We Are Sisters of the Same Pain): intimate partner sexual violence narratives among Mexican immigrant women in the United States . Violence Against Women . 23 . 5. 623–642 . 10.1177/1077801216646224 . 27130923 . 43738091 .
  30. 2018 . 2046-147X . Public Relations Inquiry . . 7 . Wendy . Ashli Q. . 2 . Stokes . 149–170 . Atkins-Sayre . 10.1177/2046147x18770216 . PETA, rhetorical fracture, and the power of digital activism. 158981724 .
  31. Book: Patterson, Charles . 2002 . Charles Patterson (author) . Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust . Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust . . New York City, New York, US . 9781930051997 . 48249492 . xvi+296.
  32. Book: Varcarolis, Elizabeth . 2013 . Essentials of psychiatric mental health nursing . St. Louis . Elsevier . 439–442.
  33. Crush . E . Arseneault . L . Jaffee . SR . Danese . A . Fisher . HL . 2018. Protective factors for psychotic symptoms among poly-victimized children . Schizophrenia Bulletin . 44. 3. 691–700. 10.1093/schbul/sbx111 . 28981896 . 5890453 . free .
  34. Schiff . M . Nacasch . N . Levit . S . Katz . N . Foa . EB . 2015 . Prolonged exposure for treating PTSD among female methadone patients who were survivors of sexual abuse in Israel . Social Work & Health Care . 54 . 8. 687–707 . 10.1080/00981389.2015.1058311 . 26399489 . 9288531 .
  35. Babatsikos . Georgia . Parents' knowledge, attitudes and practices about preventing child sexual abuse: a literature review . Child Abuse Review . 19 . 2 . 2010 . 0952-9136 . 10.1002/car.1102 . 107–129.
  36. Hébert . Martine . Lavoie . Francine . Parent . Nathalie . An Assessment of Outcomes Following Parents' Participation in a Child Abuse Prevention Program . Violence and Victims . 17 . 3 . 2002-06-01 . 0886-6708 . 10.1891/vivi.17.3.355.33664 . 355–372 . 12102058. 33445782 .
  37. Wurtele . Sandy K. . Sandy K. Wurtele . Moreno . Tasha . Kenny . Maureen C. . Evaluation of a Sexual Abuse Prevention Workshop for Parents of Young Children . Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma . 1 . 4 . 2008 . 1936-1521 . 10.1080/19361520802505768 . 331–340. 146651342 .
  38. Wurtele . Sandy K. . Kenny . Maureen C. . Partnering with parents to prevent childhood sexual abuse . Child Abuse Review . 19 . 2 . 2010 . 0952-9136 . 10.1002/car.1112 . 130–152.
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  40. Web site: Working with a community to prevent child sexual abuse in the home. Williams. Mike. 2018. NSPCC. 1 August 2018. 19 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200819085626/https://heritagescripts/Hapi.dll/filetransfer/2018WorkingWithACommunityToPreventCSAInTheHome.pdf?CookieCheck=44062.415370162&filename=AA58F75CEDE68892A73FB681FE246B8371684F102152F0AA780A14959D3BCE5767137B3B2A935011CBAEC3068664FF681AA6D2524E357BAB96C006752CCD756759AD77BD1E389823A55CFAAE74B2EE64F46C611AD1724BE1AC500B025490CCB1CD8D9D26B00674E723A731951BB13FBE2976BA14838E6BBB09A4EB52B96A653DDB0BA5CD78B3E4F0B5A317270E32E79B9F7322E26DEE69E8F9DA1AD4D57D6203CA56A4641A004820ECE9E3EB4F712C3FED9F46CEBCE377C14C55CB2FBCFD7942&DataSetName=LIVEDATA. live.
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  42. Web site: StopBaptistPredators.org. stopbaptistpredators.org. 2010-01-18. 2021-01-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20210123043912/http://stopbaptistpredators.org/index.htm. live.
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  44. Web site: Joe Murphy . Baroness Warsi: Some Pakistani men think young white girls are "fair game" for sex abuse - Politics - News - Evening Standard . Thisislondon.co.uk . 2012-05-18 . 2012-06-02 . 2012-06-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120606093049/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/politics/baroness-warsi-some-pakistani-men-think-young-white-girls-are-fair-game-for-sex-abuse-7766319.html . live .
  45. Web site: Lutheran abuse. https://web.archive.org/web/20100110040936/http://www.reformation.com/CSA/lutheranabuse.html. dead. January 10, 2010.
  46. Web site: Methodist abuse. https://web.archive.org/web/20090625045228/http://www.reformation.com/CSA/methodistabuse.html. dead. June 25, 2009.
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  48. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=99913807 Abuse Scandal Plagues Hasidic Jews In Brooklyn
  49. Book: Neustein. Amy. Tempest in the Temple: Jewish Communities and Child Sex Scandals. Brandeis Series in American Jewish History, Culture, and Life. 2009. Brandeis University Press. Waltham, Massachusetts. 978-1-58465-671-5.
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  57. Web site: 'Mascara,' 'Unalive,' 'Corn': What Common Social Media Algospeak Words Actually Mean . Anthony . Tellez . 2023-01-31 . 2023-03-08 . Forbes .
  58. News: 'Sexual depravity' of penguins that Antarctic scientist dared not reveal . Guardian.co.uk . 9 June 2012 . Robin . McKie . 17 December 2016 . 25 December 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181225080445/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/09/sex-depravity-penguins-scott-antarctic . live .

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