In pre-colonial Hawaiʻi Hawaiian: moe aikāne was an intimate relationship between partners of the same gender, known as Hawaiian: aikāne. These relationships were particularly cherished by Hawaiian: aliʻi nui (chiefs) and the male and female Hawaiian: kaukaualiʻi performing a Hawaiian: hana lawelawe or expected service with no stigma attached.[1] There were several Hawaiian terms to describe Hawaiian: aikāne including Hawaiian: hoʻokamaka and Hawaiian: noho ai (a poetic form that translates to ‘one to lie with’).[2]
Moe Hawaiian: aikāne were celebrated in many Hawaiian: moʻolelo (legends and history), including the Hawaiian: [[Pele (deity)|Pele]] and Hawaiian: [[Hiʻiaka]] epics. Most of the major chiefs, including Kamehameha III, had Hawaiian: moe aikāne. Lieutenant James King stated that "all the chiefs had them" and recounts a tale that Captain Cook was asked by one chief to leave King behind, considering such an offer a great honor. A number of Cook's crew related tales of the tradition with great disdain. American adventurer and sailor John Ledyard commented in detail about the tradition as he perceived it. The relationships were official and in no way hidden. The sexual relationship was considered natural by the Hawaiians of that time.[3]
The word and social category of Hawaiian: aikāne refers to: Hawaiian: ai or intimate sexual relationship; and Hawaiian: kāne or male/husband. In traditional Hawaiian: moʻolelo or chants, women and goddesses (as well as Hawaiian: [[ali'i|aliʻi]] chiefs) referred to their female lovers as Hawaiian: aikāne, as when the goddess Hawaiian: Hiʻiaka|italic=no refers to her female lover Hawaiian: Hōpoe|italic=no as her Hawaiian: aikāne. During the late 19th and early 20th century, the word Hawaiian: aikāne was "purified" of its sexual meaning by colonialism, and in print meant simply friend, although in Hawaiian language publications its metaphorical meaning could mean either friend or lover without stigmatization.[4]
Among men, the sexual relationships usually begin when the partners are teens and continue throughout their lives, even though they also maintain heterosexual partners.[5] These relationships are accepted as part of the history of ancient Hawaiian culture.[6] While Hawaiian: moe aikāne might be thought of as an example of a nominally heterosexual community accepting homosexual and bisexual relationships,[7] author Kanalu G. Terry Young states in his book Rethinking the Native Hawaiian Past that these relationships were not bisexual in a social sense. These were relationships from the Hawaiian: ʻōiwi wale times that held no stigmatism to the person's Hawaiian: ʻano (one's nature or character).
Hawaiian: Moe aikāne is distinct from Hawaiian: [[māhū]], a traditional Hawaiian term referring to individuals who have dual male and female spirit.