Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests explained

Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest is a temperate climate terrestrial habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature, with broadleaf tree ecoregions, and with conifer and broadleaf tree mixed coniferous forest ecoregions.

These forests are richest and most distinctive in central China and eastern North America, with some other globally distinctive ecoregions in the Himalayas, Western and Central Europe, the southern coast of the Black Sea, Australasia, Southwestern South America and the Russian Far East.[1] [2]

Ecology

The typical structure of these forests includes four layers.[3]

Trees

In the Northern hemisphere, characteristic dominant broadleaf trees in this biome include oaks (Quercus spp.), beeches (Fagus spp.), maples (Acer spp.), or birches (Betula spp.).[3] The term "mixed forest" comes from the inclusion of coniferous trees as a canopy component of some of these forests. Typical coniferous trees include pines (Pinus spp.), firs (Abies spp.), and spruces (Picea spp.). In some areas of this biome, the conifers may be a more important canopy species than the broadleaf species. In the Southern Hemisphere, endemic genera such as Nothofagus and Eucalyptus occupy this biome, and most coniferous trees (members of the Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae) occur in mixtures with broadleaf species, and are classed as broadleaf and mixed forests.

Climate

Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests occur in areas with distinct warm and cool seasons, including climates such as humid continental, humid subtropical, and oceanic, that give them moderate annual average temperatures: 3to. These forests occur in relatively warm and rainy climates, sometimes also with a distinct dry season. A dry season occurs in the winter in East Asia and in summer on the wet fringe of the Mediterranean climate zones. Other areas, such as central eastern North America, have a fairly even distribution of rainfall; annual rainfall is typically over 600mm and often over 1500mm, though it can go as low as 300mm in some parts of the Middle East and close to 6000mm in the mountains of New Zealand and the Azores. Temperatures are typically moderate except in parts of Asia such as Ussuriland, or the Upper Midwest, where temperate forests can occur despite very harsh conditions with very cold winters.

The climates are typically humid for much of the year, usually appearing in the humid subtropical climate and in the humid continental climate zones to the south of tundra and the generally subarctic taiga. In the Köppen climate classification they are represented respectively by Cfa, Dfa/Dfb southern range and Cfb, and more rarely, Csb, BSk and Csa.

Ecoregions

Eurasia

Indomalayan temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forestsBhutan, India, Nepal
Northern Triangle temperate forestsMyanmar
Western Himalayan broadleaf forestsIndia, Nepal, Pakistan
Palearctic temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
Apennine deciduous montane forestsItaly
Atlantic mixed forestsDenmark, France, Belgium, Germany, Netherlands
Azores temperate mixed forestsPortugal
Balkan mixed forestsBulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Turkey
Baltic mixed forestsSweden, Denmark, Germany, Poland
Cantabrian mixed forestsSpain, Portugal
Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forestsIran, Azerbaijan
Caucasus mixed forestsGeorgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russia, Turkey, Iran
Celtic broadleaf forestsUnited Kingdom, Ireland
Central Anatolian deciduous forestsTurkey
Central China loess plateau mixed forestsChina
Central European mixed forestsAustria, Germany, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Belarus, Czech Republic, Ukraine
Central Korean deciduous forestsNorth Korea, South Korea
Changbai Mountains mixed forestsChina, North Korea
Changjiang Plain evergreen forestsChina
Crimean Submediterranean forest complexRussia, Ukraine
Daba Mountains evergreen forestsChina
Dinaric Mountains mixed forestsAlbania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Italy, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia
East European forest steppeBulgaria, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Ukraine
Eastern Anatolian deciduous forestsTurkey
English Lowlands beech forestsUnited Kingdom
Euxine-Colchic deciduous forestsBulgaria, Georgia, Turkey
Hokkaido deciduous forestsJapan
Huang He Plain mixed forestsChina
Madeira evergreen forestsPortugal
Manchurian mixed forestsChina, North Korea, Russia, South Korea
Nihonkai evergreen forestsJapan
Nihonkai montane deciduous forestsJapan
North Atlantic moist mixed forestsIreland, United Kingdom
Northeast China Plain deciduous forestsChina
Pannonian mixed forestsAustria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine, Croatia
Po Basin mixed forestsItaly
Pyrenees conifer and mixed forestsFrance, Spain, Andorra
Qin Ling Mountains deciduous forestsChina
Rodope montane mixed forestsBulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, Serbia
Sarmatic mixed forestsRussia, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Belarus
Sichuan Basin evergreen broadleaf forestsChina
South Sakhalin-Kurile mixed forestsRussia
Southern Korea evergreen forestsSouth Korea
Taiheiyo evergreen forestsJapan
Taiheiyo montane deciduous forestsJapan
Tarim Basin deciduous forests and steppeChina
Ussuri broadleaf and mixed forestsRussia
West Siberian broadleaf and mixed forestsRussia
Western European broadleaf forestsSwitzerland, Austria, France, Germany, Czech Republic
Zagros Mountains forest steppeIran, Iraq, Turkey

Americas

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Zhao. Ji. Zheng. Guangmei. Wang. Huadong. Xu. Jialin. 1990. The natural history of China. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. New York.
  2. Book: Martin. WH. SG. Boyce. AC. Echternacht. 1993. Biodiversity of the southeastern United States: Lowland terrestrial communities. John Wiley and Sons. New York.
  3. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20110401124425/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/about/habitat_types/selecting_terrestrial_ecoregions/habitat04.cfm. 2011-04-01. Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forest Ecoregions. World Wide Fund for Nature. 2019-05-29. dead.