Demographics of Hungary explained

Place:Hungary
Image Size:350
Size Of Population: 9,597,085 (1st January 2023)
Growth:−4.9 births/1,000 population (2020)
Birth:9.5 births/1,000 population (2020)
Death:14.3 deaths/1,000 population (2020)
Life:76.16 years (2019)
Life Male:72.86 years (2019)
Life Female:79.33 years (2019)
Fertility:1.52 children born/woman (2022)[1]
Infant Mortality:3.4 / 1000 live births (2020)
Age 0-14 Years:14.8%
Age 15-64 Years:67.7%
Age 65 Years:17.5%
Sr Total Mf Ratio:0.91 male(s)/female
Sr At Birth:1.06 male(s)/female (2013 est.)
Sr Under 15:1.06 male(s)/female
Sr 15-64 Years:0.96 male(s)/female
Sr 65 Years Over:0.59 male(s)/female
Nation:noun: Hungarian(s) adjective: Hungarian
Major Ethnic:Hungarians
Spoken:Hungarian

Demographic features of the population of Hungary include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects.

Population

Hungary's population has been slowly declining since 1980. The population composition at the foundation of Hungary (895) depends on the size of the arriving Hungarian population and the size of the Slavic (and remains of Avar-Slavic) population at the time. One source mentions 200 000 Slavs and 400 000 Hungarians,[2] while other sources often don't give estimates for both, making comparison more difficult. The size of the Hungarian population around 895 is often estimated between 120 000 and 600 000,[3] with a number of estimates in the 400-600 000 range.[2] [4] [5] Other sources only mention a fighting force of 25 000 Magyar warriors used in the attack,[6] [7] while declining to estimate the total population including women and children and warriors not participating in the invasion. In the historical demographics the largest earlier shock was the Mongol Invasion of Hungary, several plagues also took a toll on the country's population.

According to demographers, about 80 percent of the population was made up of Hungarians before the Battle of Mohács, however the Hungarian ethnic group became a minority in its own country in the 18th century due to centuries long Ottoman and Habsburg wars, the resettlement policies and continuous immigration from neighboring countries. Major territorial changes made Hungary ethnically homogeneous after World War I. Nowadays, more than nine-tenths of the population is ethnically Hungarian and speaks Hungarian as the mother tongue.[8]

Population over time

Population of Hungary over time with estimated percentages of ethnic Hungarians within Hungary
width=10%Datewidth=20%Estimated Populationwidth=30%Estimated Percentages of Hungarian people, with and without Inclusion of the Kingdom of Croatiawidth=40%Notes
900 AD
  • 250,000-350,000
  • 500,000-600,000
  • 600,000
  • 1,000,000-1,500,000
66%Size of the country was about 330 thousand square km, with a density of 3-4.5 or 0.56-1.06 persons per square km
10001,000,000-1,500,000[9]
1060500,000-550,000A density of 1.51-1.67 persons per square km.
11002,000,000[10]
11812,600,000
12001,000,000-1,100,000A density of 3.03-3.33 persons per square km (330 thousand square km).
12222,000,000[11] 70–80%[12] The time of the Golden Bull. The last estimate before the Tatar invasion.
1242
  • 1,020,000-1,220,000
  • 1,200,000
Population decreased after the Mongol invasion of Hungary (estimates of population loss range from 20% to 50%).[13]
1300
  • 1,400,000-1,600,000
  • 2,000,000[14]
  • 3,000,000
1348 Before the plague (at the time of the Angevin kings).
1370 2,000,00060–70% (including Croatia)
1400
  • 3,000,000-3,500,000[18]
  • 3,000,000
1490
  • 5,000,000[19] [20]
  • 4,500,000-5,000,000[21]
  • 4,000,000-4,500,000
  • 4,000,000
  • 3,500,000-4,000,000
  • 3,400,000[22]
 Before the Ottoman conquest (about 3.2 million Hungarians).
1600
  • 4,000,000-4,500,000
  • 3,500,000
Populations of Royal Hungary, Transylvania, and Ottoman Hungary combined.
1699 At the time of Treaty of Karlowitz (not more than 2 million Hungarians).
1711
  • 4,000,000[38]
  • 2,500,000
  • 53%
  • 45%
At the end of the Kuruc War, starting date of the organized resettlement.
1720
  • 55%
  • 45%
  • 44%[45]
  • 40%
  • 35%
1785-878,000,0005% urban subjects.[46]
1790
  • 9,000,000[47]
  • 8,500,000
  • 8,100,000-8,200,000
 End of the organized resettlement (around 800 new German villages had been established between 1711 and 1780).[52]
182811,495,536
1830
  • 37% (44 percent in central Hungary)[53]
1837
184612,033,399
  • 40–45%
  • 41.6%[55]
  • 36.5-40% (with Kingdom of Croatia)
Two years before the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.
185011,600,000
185713,830,87044.5%
186913,508,00045.2%[57]
188013,749,60346%
190016,838,25551.4%[58]
191018,264,533
  • 54.4%
  • 48.1% (with Kingdom of Croatia)[59]
5% Jews (estimated according to their religion).
Note: The data refer to the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, and not that of the present-day republic.

Demographics of Kingdom of Hungary, (1910 Census)

Land Mother tongues (1910 census) - Hungarian (54.4%), Romanian (16.1%), Slovak (10.7%), German (10.4%), Ruthenian (2.5%), Serbian (2.5%), Croatian (1.8%) - Croatian (62.5%), Serbian (24.6%), German (5.0%), Hungarian (4.1%)
Hungarian! colspan=1
RomanianGermanSlovakCroatianSerbianRuthenianOtherTotal
Danube Right Bank72% (2,221,295)0% (833)18% (555,694)0.6% (17,188)5.5% (168,436)0.5% (15,170)0% (232)3.4% (105,556)14.8% (3,084,404)
Danube Left Bank32.7% (711,654)0% (704)6.6% (144,395)58.8% (1,279,574)0.1% (2,294)0% (200)0% (393)1.7% (36,710)10.4% (2,175,924)
Danube-Tisza81.2% (3,061,066)0.1% (4,813)9.5% (357,822)2.1% (79,354)0.1% (4,866)4.1% (154,298)0.3% (11,121)4.1% (96,318)18% (3,769,658)
Tisza Right Bank53.5% (945,990)0.1% (1,910)5.6% (98,564)25% (441,776)0% (486)0% (247)14.3% (253,062)1.6% (27,646)8.5% (1,769,681)
Tisza Left Bank61.8% (1,603,924)24% (621,918)3.2% (83,229)3.1% (81,154)0% (327)0% (321)7.5% (194,504)0.3% (8,547)12.4% (2,594,924)
Tisza-Maros22.2% (474,988)39.5% (845,850)19.9% (427,253)2.1% (44,715)0.2% (4,950)13.6% (290,434)0.1% (3,188)2.4% (50,391)10.3% (2,141,769)
Transylvania34.3% (918,217)55% (1,472,021)8.7% (234,085)0.1% (2,404)0% (523)0% (421)0.1% (1,759)1.8% (48,937)12.8% (2,678,367)
Fiume13% (6,493)0.3% (137)4.6% (2,315)0.4% (192)26% (12,926)0.9% (425)0% (11)54.8 (27,307, mostly Italian)0.2% (49,806)
Croatia-Slavonia4% (105,948)0% (846)5.1% (134,078)0.8% (21,613)62.5% (1,638,354)24.6% (644,955)0.3% (8,317)2.6% (67,843)12.6% (2,621,954)
Total48.1% (10,050,575)14.1% (2,949,032)9.8% (2,037,435)9.4% (1,967,970)8.8% (1,833,162)5.3% (1,106,471)2.3% (472,587)2.2% (469,255)100% (20,886,487)

[60] [61] [62]

Fertility

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period in the present-day Hungary. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.

YearTotal Fertility Rate
1901 5.32
1910 4.86
1921 3.80
1930 2.84
1941 2.48
1949 2.54
1955 2.81
1960 2.02
1965 1.82
1970 1.98
1975 2.34
1980 1.91
YearTotal Fertility Rate
1985 1.85
1990 1.86
1995 1.57
2000 1.32
2005 1.30
2010 1.25
2015 1.44
2019 1.49
2020 1.56
2021 1.59
2022 1.52
2023 1.51
[63]

Total Fertility Rate by county

County1980199020012011
1.70 1.65 1.52 1.47
1.81 1.73 1.59 1.56
1.82 1.75 1.62 1.57
1.88 1.83 1.72 1.66
1.59 1.55 1.44 1.41
1.85 1.79 1.62 1.56
1.81 1.73 1.56 1.49
1.92 1.82 1.65 1.56
1.79 1.69 1.57 1.53
1.90 1.80 1.67 1.62
1.80 1.73 1.58 1.53
1.84 1.76 1.64 1.60
1.76 1.69 1.54 1.48
1.74 1.68 1.58 1.53
2.21 2.05 1.85 1.75
1.83 1.76 1.65 1.60
1.82 1.72 1.58 1.51
1.88 1.79 1.64 1.58
1.78 1.73 1.56 1.52
1.25 1.27 1.17 1.13
All 1.71 1.65 1.53 1.47
Source: 2011 census [64]

Life expectancy

PeriodLife expectancy in
Years[65]
1950–195564.01
1955–1960 66.91
1960–1965 68.79
1965–1970 69.45
1970–1975 69.41
1975–1980 69.59
1980–1985 69.08
1985–1990 69.42
1990–1995 69.41
1995–2000 70.88
2000–2005 72.54
2005–2010 73.74
2010–2015 75.26
2015–2020 76.65

Infant mortality rate

The infant mortality rate (IMR) decreased considerably after WW II. In 1949, the IMR was 91.0. The rate decreased to 47.6 in 1960, 35.9 in 1970, 23.2 in 1980, 14.8 in 1990, 9.2 in 2000 and reached an all-time low in 2018: 3.4 per 1000 live born children.[66]

Vital statistics

[67] [68] [69] [70] [71]

Source: Hungarian Central Statistical Office[72]

Average population (January 1)Live birthsDeathsNatural changeCrude birth rate (per 1000)Crude death rate (per 1000)Natural change (per 1000)Crude migration change (per 1000)Total fertility rates
19006,854,000268,019177,36390,65639.427.012.4 5.28
1901260,439166,66293,77737.625.012.6 5.22
1902270,385179,26091,12538.626.911.7 5.16
1903258,209179,51878,69136.526.110.4 5.10
1904260,446172,70487,74237.024.812.2 5.04
1905252,501203,51648,98535.527.87.7 4.98
1906258,296176,93881,35836.124.911.2 4.91
1907261,231180,21681,01536.225.610.6 4.85
1908268,637177,87290,76536.725.011.7 4.79
1909271,177184,44586,73237.125.411.7 4.73
19107,612,000265,457168,87596,58235.423.412.0 4.67
1911261,375184,00977,36634.824.810.0 4.59
1912270,804172,14898,65636.023.013.0 4.50
1913264,418174,24190,17734.323.211.1 4.42
1914270,690176,57494,11634.523.411.1 4.34
1915187,734189,418-1,68423.725.3-1.6 4.26
1916135,443159,810-24,36716.820.9-4.1 4.17
1917130,817163,507-32,69016.020.7-4.7 4.09
1918127,894207,395-79,50115.325.7-10.4 4.01
19197,860,000217,431157,39260,03927.620.07.6 8.63.93
19207,987,000249,458169,71779,74131.421.410.0 -5.93.84
19218,020,000255,453170,05985,39431.821.210.6 -3.13.81
19228,080,000249,279173,35175,92830.821.49.4 1.73.60
19238,170,000238,971159,28779,68429.219.59.8 -3.73.39
19248,220,000221,462167,66853,79426.920.46.5 3.23.18
19258,300,000235,480142,15093,33028.317.111.2 -2.83.36
19268,370,000229,484139,90589,57927.416.710.7 3.63.24
19278,490,000218,548150,67567,87325.817.88.0 -5.63.05
19288,510,000224,693146,49678,19726.417.29.2 -1.03.08
19298,580,000215,463152,84762,97625.117.87.3 4.92.92
19308,685,000219,784134,34185,44325.415.59.9 -4.72.84
19318,730,000206,925144,96861,95723.716.67.1 -1.02.84
19328,783,000205,529157,10648,42323.417.95.5 1.62.78
19338,845,000193,911129,91363,99821.914.77.2 0.72.72
19348,915,000194,279129,04965,23021.814.57.3 02.57
19358,980,000189,479136,92352,55621.115.25.9 0.82.55
19369,040,000183,369128,33355,03620.314.26.1 0.52.48
19379,100,000182,449128,04954,40020.014.16.0 0.52.42
19389,159,000182,206130,62851,57819.914.35.6 0.82.46
19399,217,000178,633124,59154,04219.413.55.9 0.92.50
19409,280,000185,562132,73552,82720.014.35.7 -1.82.48
19419,316,000177,047123,34953,69819.013.25.7 2.52.52
19429,392,000187,187136,84450,34319.914.65.4 -0.32.55
19439,440,000173,295127,15846,13718.413.54.9 -25.02.55
19449,250,000190,000144,04845,95220.515.65.0 -26.12.61
19459,055,000169,091211,323-42,23218.723.3-4.7 3.32.64
19469,042,000169,120135,48633,63418.715.03.7 1.92.67
19479,093,000187,316117,53769,77920.612.97.7 -0.62.70
19489,158,000191,907105,78086,12721.011.69.4 -4.32.73
19499,205,000 [73] 190,398105,71884,68020.611.49.2 0.42.76
19509,293,000195,567106,90288,66520.911.49.5 0.22.77
19519,383,000190,645109,99880,64720.211.78.6 -0.12.76
19529,463,000185,820107,44378,37719.611.38.2 0.52.72
19539,545,000206,926112,03994,88721.611.79.9 0.62.67
19549,645,000223,347106,670116,67723.011.012.0 0.62.61
19559,767,000210,43097,848112,58221.410.011.5 0.42.53
19569,883,000192,810104,23688,57419.510.58.9 -14.42.44
19579,829,000167,202103,64563,55717.010.56.5 -4.42.34
19589,850,000158,42897,86660,56216.09.96.1 0.32.23
19599,913,000151,194103,88047,31415.210.54.8 02.12
19609,961,000146,461101,52544,93614.710.24.5 0.12.02
196110,007,000140,36596,41043,95514.09.64.4 0.11.94
196210,052,000130,053108,27321,78012.910.82.2 01.79
196310,074,000132,33599,87132,46413.19.93.2 0.21.82
196410,108,000132,141100,83031,31113.110.03.1 0.11.81
196510,140,000133,009108,11924,89013.110.72.5 0.11.82
196610,166,000138,489101,94336,54613.610.03.6 01.89
196710,203,000148,886109,53039,35614.610.73.9 0.12.01
196810,244,000154,419115,35439,06515.111.23.8 0.12.06
196910,284,000154,318116,65937,65915.011.33.7 02.03
197010,322,000151,819120,19731,62214.711.63.1 -0.21.98
197110,352,000150,640123,00927,63114.511.92.7 -0.21.93
197210,378,000153,265118,99134,27414.711.43.3 -0.21.92
197310,410,000156,224123,36632,85815.011.83.1 01.93
197410,442,000186,288125,81660,47217.812.05.8 -0.12.27
197510,501,000194,240131,10263,13818.412.46.0 -0.12.34
197610,563,000185,405132,24053,16517.512.55.0 -0.12.23
197710,615,000177,574132,03145,54316.712.44.3 -0.12.15
197810,660,000168,160140,12128,03915.713.12.6 -0.12.06
197910,687,000160,364136,82923,53515.012.82.2 -0.12.00
198010,709,000148,673145,3553,31813.913.60.3 -0.71.91
198110,705,000142,890144,757-1,86713.313.5-0.2 -0.71.87
198210,695,000133,559144,318-10,75912.513.5-1.0 -1.21.79
198310,671,000127,258148,643-21,38511.913.9-2.0-0.91.74
198410,640,000125,359146,709-21,35011.813.8-2.0 -1.91.75
198510,599,000130,200147,614-17,41412.213.9-1.6 -2.11.85
198610,560,000128,204147,089-18,88512.113.8-1.8 -3.01.84
198710,509,000125,840142,601-16,76111.913.4-1.6 -2.71.82
198810,464,000124,296140,042-15,74611.713.2-1.5 -2.61.81
198910,421,000123,304144,695-21,39111.813.8-2.0 -2.41.80
199010,375,000125,679145,660-19,98112.114.0-1.9 1.71.87
199110,373,400127,207144,813-17,60612.314.0-1.7 1.81.88
199210,374,000121,724148,781-27,05711.714.3-2.6 1.71.78
199310,365,000117,033150,244-33,21111.314.5-3.2 1.81.69
199410,350,000115,598146,889-31,29111.214.2-3.0 1.71.64
199510,337,000112,054145,431-33,37710.814.1-3.2 1.71.57
199610,321,000105,272143,130-37,85810.213.9-3.7 1.81.46
199710,301,000100,350139,434-39,0849.813.5-3.8 1.81.38
199810,280,00097,301140,870-43,5699.513.7-4.2 1.61.32
199910,253,00094,645143,210-48,5659.214.0-4.7 1.71.28
200010,222,00097,597135,601-38,0049.613.3-3.7 1.51.32
200110,200,00097,047132,183-35,1369.513.0-3.4 0.91.31
200210,175,00096,804132,833-36,0299.513.1-3.5 0.31.30
200310,142,00094,647135,823-41,1769.313.4-4.1 1.61.27
200410,117,00095,137132,492-37,3559.413.1-3.7 1.81.27
200510,098,00097,496135,732-38,2369.713.5-3.8 1.71.30
200610,077,00099,871131,603-31,7329.913.1-3.2 2.11.34
200710,066,00097,613132,938-35,3259.713.2-3.5 1.41.31
200810,045,00099,149130,027-30,8789.913.0-3.1 1.71.35
200910,031,00096,442130,414-33,9729.613.0-3.4 1.71.32
201010,014,00090,335130,456-40,1219.013.0-4.0 1.21.25
20119,986,00088,049128,795-40,7468.812.9-4.1 -1.31.23
20129,932,00090,269129,440-39,1719.113.0-3.9 1.61.34
20139,909,00088,689126,778-38,0899.012.8-3.9 0.71.34
20149,877,00091,510126,308-34,7989.312.8-3.5 1.41.41
20159,856,00091,690131,697-40,0079.313.4-4.1 1.51.44
20169,830,00093,063127,053-33,9909.512.9-3.5 0.21.49
20179,798,00091,577131,674-40,0979.413.5-4.1 2.11.49
20189,778,00089,807131,045-41,2389.213.4-4.2 3.71.49
20199,773,00089,193129,603-40,4109.113.3-4.1 3.81.49
20209,770,00092,338141,002-48,6649.514.5-5.0 1.01.56
20219,731,00093,039155,621-62,5829.616.0-6.4 2.11.59
20229,689,00088,491136,446-47,9559.114.1-5.0-4.51.52
20239,599,00085,225128,176-42,9518.913.3-4.4-1.81.51
20249,585,000

Current vital statistics

[74] [75]

+PeriodLive birthsDeathsNatural increase
January–June 202341,95764,914−22,957
January–June 202437,89862,190−24,292
Difference −4,059 (−9.7%) −2,724 (−4.2%) −1,335

Structure of the population

Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total4 663 7945 066 978 9 730 772100
0–4241 553228 350469 9034.83
5–9235 461 222 548458 0094.71
10–14250 542238 779489 3215.03
15–19250 935236 815487 7505.01
20–24269 584252 965522 549 5.37
25–29321 164300 576621 7406.39
30–34321 542300 563622 1056.39
35–39322 953310 447633 4006.51
40–44404 753394 017798 7708.21
45–49396 980 389 352786 3328.08
50–54340 428344 513684 9417.04
55–59271 871294 030565 9015.82
60–64279 106334 279613 3856.30
65-69283 306374 078657 3846.76
70-74203 869299 041502 9105.17
75-79137 540234 575372 1153.82
80-8477 655166 734244 3892.51
85-8937 55994 389131 9481.36
90-9412 93838 09351 0310.52
95-993 09610 43013 5260.14
100-1047251 9582 6830.03
105-1092014146150.01
110+333265<0.01
Age group MaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–14727 556689 6771 417 23314.56
15–643 179 3163 157 5576 336 87365.12
65+756 9221 219 7441 976 66620.31

Vital statistics by county

There are large variations in the birth rates as of 2016: Zala County has the lowest birth rate with 7.5 births per thousand inhabitants, while Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County has the highest birth rate with 11.2 births per thousand inhabitants.

The death rates also differ greatly from as low as 11.3 deaths per thousand inhabitants in Pest County to as high as 15.7 deaths per thousand inhabitants in Békés County.

Vital statistics as of 2016 [76]
CountyBirth rate (‰)Death rate (‰)Natural increase
Baranya8.013.6-5.6
Bács-Kiskun9.313.6-4.3
Békés8.215.7-7.5
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén11.014.2-3.2
Budapest9.212.0-2.9
Csongrád8.412.9-4.5
Fejér9.412.5-3.1
Győr-Moson-Sopron8.911.4-2.4
Hajdú-Bihar10.311.6-1.3
Heves9.414.5-5.1
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok9.914.8-4.8
Komárom-Esztergom9.713.4-3.7
Nógrád9.115.1-6.0
Pest9.811.3-1.5
Somogy8.814.3-5.5
Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg11.212.2-0.9
Tolna9.013.7-4.7
Vas8.313.5-5.2
Veszprém8.713.5-4.8
Zala7.914.0-6.1

Ethnic groups and language

CountyHungarianBulgarianRomaniGreekCroatPolishGermanArmenianRomanianRusynSerbianSlovakSlovenianUkrainian
All 93.5% 0.1% 3.2% 0.0% 0.3% 0.1% 1.9% 0.0 0.4% 0.0% 0.1% 0.4% 0.0% 0.1%
95.5% 0.1% 1.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 1.7% 0.1% 0.5% 0.0% 0.1% 0.2% 0.0% 0.1%
93.7% 0.0% 2.2% 0.0% 0.7% 0.0% 2.4% 0.0% 0.3% 0.0% 0.2% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0%
86.3% 0.1% 4.6% 0.0% 1.9% 0.1% 6.7% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
91.9% 0.0% 2.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.9% 0.0% 1.7% 0.0% 0.1% 2.5% 0.0% 0.0%
90.0% 0.0% 8.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.6% 0.0% 0.1% 0.2% 0.0% 0.3% 0.0% 0.1%
96.8% 0.0% 1.2% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.6% 0.0% 0.5% 0.0% 0.5% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0%
96.0% 0.0% 1.5% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 1.7% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.1%
95.0% 0.1% 0.8% 0.0% 0.7% 0.0% 2.7% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0%
95.4% 0.1% 3.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 0.0% 0.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%
92.6% 0.0% 6.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.5% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.1%
94.2% 0.0% 4.9% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
93.2% 0.1% 1.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 3.6% 0.0% 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% 1.2% 0.0% 0.1%
90.0% 0.0% 7.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.7% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 1.4% 0.0% 0.0%
94.2% 0.1% 1.7% 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 2.5% 0.0% 0.5% 0.0% 0.1% 0.6% 0.0% 0.1%
92.1% 0.0% 5.3% 0.0% 0.5% 0.0% 1.7% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
90.8% 0.0% 8.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.5% 0.0% 0.2% 0.1% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.3%
90.3% 0.0% 3.9% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 5.2% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0%
94.5% 0.0% 1.0% 0.0% 1.2% 0.0% 2.1% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.7% 0.0%
94.8% 0.0% 1.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 3.2% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.1%
94.1% 0.0% 2.6% 0.0% 1.3% 0.0% 1.6% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
[77]

History

Hungary before the Treaty of Trianon (4 June 1920)

Hungary lost 64% of its total population in consequence of the Treaty of Trianon, decreasing from 20.9 million to 7.6 million,[78] and 31% (3.3 out of 10.7 million) of its ethnic Hungarians, Hungary lost five of its ten most populous cities.[79]

According to the census of 1910, the largest ethnic group in the Kingdom of Hungary were Hungarians, who were 54.5% of the population of Kingdom of Hungary, excluding Croatia-Slavonia.Although the territories of the former Kingdom of Hungary that were assigned by the treaty to neighbouring states in total had a majority of non-Hungarian population, they also included areas of Hungarian majority and significant Hungarian minorities, numbering 3,318,000 in total.

The number of Hungarians in the different areas based on census data of 1910. The present day location of each area is given in parentheses.

Non-Hungarian population in the Kingdom of Hungary, based on 1910 census data

Romanians, Slovaks, Ruthenians, Serbs, Croats and Germans, who represented the majority of the populations of the above-mentioned territories:

Post-Trianon Hungary

Population in the territory of present-day Hungary according to ethnic group 1495–1930[82]
Ethnic
group		estimation 149517151785census 1880census 1900census 1910census 1920census 1930
Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%
Hungarians990,00095.6%1,176,00079.1%2,103,00079.0%4,402,36482.4%5,890,99985.9%6,730,29988.4%7,155,97389.6%8,000,33592.1%
Germans17,0001.6%136,6009.2%291,90011.0%606,36311.3%604,7518.8%553,1797.3%550,0626.9%477,1535.5%
Slovaksn.dn.d.37,7002.5%130,4004.9%199,7883.7%192,2272.8%165,3172.2%141,8771.8%104,7861.2%
Croats1,2000.1%58,9004.0%71,7002.7%59,2511.1%68,1611.0%62,0180.8%58,9310.7%47,3370.5%
Others23,8002.4%70,8004.8%66,2142.4%75,5981.5%98,2771.5%101,3011.3%80,0261.0%55,5030.6%
Total1,032,0001,480,0002,663,2145,343,3646,854,4157,612,1147,986,8758,685,109
According to the 1920 census 10.4% of the population spoke one of the minority languages as mother language:

The number of bilingual people was much higher, for example 1,398,729 people spoke German (17%), 399,176 people spoke Slovak (5%), 179,928 people spoke Croatian (2.2%) and 88,828 people spoke Romanian (1.1%). Hungarian was spoken by 96% of the total population and was the mother language of 89%. The percentage and the absolute number of all non-Hungarian nationalities decreased in the next decades, although the total population of the country increased.

Note: 300.000 Hungarian refugees fled to Hungary from the territory of successor states (Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia) after the WW I.[83]

From 1938 to 1945

Hungary expanded its borders with territories from Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia following the First Vienna Award (1938) and Second Vienna Award (1940). The remainder of Carpathian Ruthenia and parts of Yugoslavia were occupied and annexed in 1939 and 1941, respectively.Regarding Northern Transylvania, the Romanian census from 1930 counted 38% Hungarians and 49% Romanians,[84] while the Hungarian census from 1941 counted 53.5% Hungarians and 39.1% Romanians.[85] The territory of Bácska had 789,705 inhabitants, and 45,4% or 47,2% declared themselves to be Hungarian native speakers or ethnic Hungarians.The percentage of Hungarian speakers was 84% in southern Czechoslovakia and 25% in the Sub-Carpathian Rus.[82]

Population of Hungary in 1941[86]
Ethnic
group		census 1941
Number%
Hungarians11,881,45580.9%
Romanians1,051,0267.2%
Ruthenians547,7703.7%
Germans533,0453.6%
Serbs213,5851.5%
Slovaks175,5501.2%
Jewish[87] 139,0410.9%
Roma76,2090.5%
Croats12,3460.1%
Slovenes9,4000.1%
Others29,2100.2%
Total14,679,573
After WW II: 1949–1990

After World War II, about 200,000 Germans were deported to Germany according to the decree of the Potsdam Conference. Under the forced exchange of population between Czechoslovakia and Hungary, approximately 73,000 Slovaks left Hungary. After these population movements Hungary became an ethnically almost homogeneous country except the rapidly growing number of Romani people in the second half of the 20th century.

Population of Hungary 1949–1990
Ethnic
group		census 1949census 1960census 1970census 1980census 1990
Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%
Hungarians9,076,04198.6%9,786,03898.2%10,166,23798.5%10,638,97499.3%10,142,07297.8%
Roma21,3870.2%25,6330.3%34,9570.3%6,4040.1%142,6831.4%
Germans22,4550.2%50,7650.5%35,5940.4%11,3100.1%30,8240.3%
Slovaks25,9880.3%30,6300.3%21,1760.2%9,1010.1%10,4590.1%
Croats20,4230.2%33,0140.3%17,6090.2%13,8950.1%13,5700.1%
Romanians14,7130.2%15,7870.2%12,6240.1%8,8740.1%10,7400.1%
Serbs5,1580.1%4,5830.1%12,2350.1%2,8050.0%2,9050.0%
Slovenes4,4730.1%-4,2050.0%1,7310.0%1,9300.0%
Others14,1610.1%14,5340.1%17,4620.2%16,3690.2%19,6400.2%
Total9,204,7999,961,04410,322,09910,709,46310,374,823

For historical reasons, significant Hungarian minority populations can be found in the surrounding countries, notably in Ukraine (in Transcarpathia), Slovakia, Romania (in Transylvania), and Serbia (in Vojvodina). Austria (in Burgenland), Croatia, and Slovenia (Prekmurje) are also host to a number of ethnic Hungarians.

2001–2022

[88] [89]

Population of Hungary 2001–2022
Ethnic
group		census 2001census 2011census 2022
Number%Number%Number%
Hungarians9,416,04592.3%8,504,49285.6%8,438,12987.9%
Roma189,9842.0%315,5833.2%209,9092.2%
Germans62,1050.6%185,6961.9%142,5511.5%
Romanians7,9950.1%35,6410.4%27,5540.3%
Slovaks17,6930.2%35,2080.4%29,8810.3%
Croats15,5970.2%26,7740.3%21,8240.2%
Serbs3,8160.0%10,0380.1%11,6220.1%
Slovenes3,0250.0%2,8200.0%3,9650.0%
Others57,0590.6%73,3990.9%55,6100.6%
Not stated570,5375.6%1,398,73114.1%1,086,23911.3%
Total10,198,3159,937,6289,603,634

Historical ethnic groups of Hungary

When the Hungarians invaded the Carpathian Basin, it was inhabited by Slavic and Avar peoples. Written sources from the 9th century also suggest that some groups of Onogurs and Bulgars occupied the valley of the river Mureș at the time of the Magyars’ invasion. There is a dispute as to whether Romanian population existed in Transylvania during that time.

The Roma minority

See main article: Romani people in Hungary. The first Romani groups arrived in Hungary in the fifteenth century from Turkey.[93] Nowadays, the real number of Roma in Hungary is a disputed question.

In the 2001 census only 190 046 (2%) called themselves Roma, but experts and Roma organisations estimate that there are between 450,000 and 1,000,000 Roma living in Hungary.[94] [95] [96] [97] [98] Since then, the size of the Roma population has increased rapidly. Today every fifth or sixth newborn child belongs to the Roma minority.[99] Based on current demographic trends, a 2006 estimate by Central European Management Intelligence claims that the proportion of the Roma population will double by 2050, putting the percentage of its Roma community at around 14-15% of the country's population.[99]

There are problems related to the Roma minority in Hungary, and the very subject is a heated and disputed topic.

Objective problems:

Kabars

Three Kabar tribes joined to the Hungarians and participated in the Hungarian conquest of Hungary.[47] They settled mostly in Bihar county.

Böszörménys

The Muslim Böszörménys migrated to the Carpathian Basin in the course of the 10th-12th centuries and they were composed of various ethnic groups. Most of them must have arrived from Volga Bulgaria and Khwarezm.

Pechenegs

Communities of Pechenegs (Besenyő in Hungarian) lived in the Kingdom of Hungary from the 11-12th centuries. They were most numerous in the county of Tolna.

Oghuz Turks (Ouzes)

Smaller groups of Oghuz Turk settlers ('Úzok' or 'Fekete Kunok/Black Cumans' in Hungarian) came to the Carphatian Basin from the middle of the 11th century.[102] They were settled mostly in Barcaság. The city of Ózd got its name after them.

Jassics

The Jassic (Jász in Hungarian) people were a nomadic tribe which settled -with the Cumans- in the Kingdom of Hungary during the 13th century. Their name is almost certainly related to that of the Iazyges. Béla IV, king of Hungary granted them asylum and they became a privileged community with the right of self-government. During the centuries they were fully assimilated to the Hungarian population, their language disappeared, but they preserved their Jassic identity and their regional autonomy until 1876. Over a dozen settlements in Central Hungary (e.g. Jászberény, Jászárokszállás, Jászfényszaru) still bear their name.[103]

Cumans

During the Russian campaign, the Mongols drove some 200,000 Cumans, a nomadic tribe who had opposed them, west of the Carpathian Mountains. There, the Cumans appealed to King Béla IV of Hungary for protection.[104] In the Kingdom of Hungary, Cumans created two regions named Cumania (Kunság in Hungarian): Greater Cumania (Nagykunság) and Little Cumania (Kiskunság), both located the Great Hungarian Plain. Here, the Cumans maintained their autonomy, language and some ethnic customs well into the modern era. According to Pálóczi's estimation originally 70–80,000 Cumans settled in Hungary.[11]

Romanians

See also: Origin of the Romanians. The oldest extant documents from Transylvania make reference to Vlachs too. Regardless of the subject of Romanian presence/non-presence in Transylvania prior to the Hungarian conquest, the first chronicles to write of Vlachs in the intra-Carpathian regions is the Gesta Hungarorum,[105] [106] while the first written Hungarian sources about Romanian settlements derive from the 13th century, record was written about Olahteluk village in Bihar County from 1283.[107] The 'land of Romanians', Terram Blacorum (1222, 1280)[108] [109] [110] [111] showed up in Fogaras and this area was mentioned under different name (Olachi) in 1285. The first appearance of a probably Romanian name 'Ola' in Hungary derives from a charter (1258).

They were a significant population in Transylvania, Banat, Maramureș and Partium (Crișana). There are different estimations in connection with number of Romanians in Kingdom of Hungary. According to a research based on place-names made by István Kniezsa, 511 villages of Transylvania and Banat appear in documents at the end of the 13th century, however only 3 of them bore Romanian names, and around 1400 AD, Transylvania and Banat consisted of 1757 villages, though only 76 (4.3%) of them had names of Romanian origin.[112] The number of Romanians started to increase significantly from the Early modern period,[112] and by 1700 the Romanian ethnic group consisted of 40 percent of the Transylvanian population and their number raised even more in the 18th century.[112] Although, in 1574, Pierre Lescalopier, relating his voyage from Venice to Constantinople, claimed that most of the inhabitants of Transylvania were Romanians[113] and according to other estimates, the Romanian inhabitants who were primarily peasants, consisted of more than 60 percent of the population in 1600.[114] Jean W. Sedlar estimates that Vlachs (Romanians) constituted about two-thirds of Transylvania's population in 1241 on the eve of the Mongol invasion,[115] however according to Károly Kocsis and Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi the Hungarian ethnic group in Transylvania was in decent majority before Battle of Mohács and only lost its relative majority by the 17th century.[116] Nevertheless, Grigore Ureche in Letopisețul Țării Moldovei (1642 - 1647) noticed that in Transylvania Romanians were more numerous than Hungarians.[117] Official censuses with information on Hungary's ethnic composition have been conducted since the 19th century.[118] [119] [120]

In 1881, Romanian-majority settlements projected to the present-day territory of Hungary were: Bedő, Csengerújfalu, Kétegyháza, Körösszakál, Magyarcsanád, Méhkerék, Mezőpeterd, Pusztaottlaka and Vekerd.[121] Important communities lived in the villages of Battonya, Elek, Körösszegapáti, Létavértes, Nyíradony, Pocsaj, Sarkadkeresztúr, Zsáka and in the town of Gyula.[121]

Slovaks

The Slovak people lived mainly in Upper Hungary, northern parts of the Kingdom of Hungary. Due to post-Ottoman resettlements, the regions of Vojvodina, Banat and Békés county received bigger Slovak communities in the 18th century, which revitalized many deserted villages and towns, such as Békéscsaba, where Slovaks became the biggest ethnic group, or Nyíregyháza, where they comprised more than a third of the population in 1881.[121] After WWII a major population exchange with Czechoslovakia was carried out: 71,787 or 73,200 Slovaks from Hungary[122] [123] [124] were transferred to Slovakia  - the exact number depends on source consulted  - were resettled in South Slovakia in exchange for, according to different estimations, 45,000[125] [126] or 120,000[127] [128] Hungarians.

Serbs

See also: Great Migrations of the Serbs. From the 14th century, escaping from the Ottoman threat, a large number of Serbs migrated to the Hungarian Kingdom. After the Battle of Mohács, most of the territory of Hungary got into Ottoman rule. In that time, especially in the 17th century, many Serb, and other Southern Slavic immigrants settled in Hungary. Most of the Ottoman soldiers in the territory of present-day Hungary were South Slavs (the Janissary). After the Turkish withdrawal, Kingdom of Hungary came under Habsburg rule, a new wave of Serb refugees migrated to the area around 1690, as a consequence of the Habsburg-Ottoman war. In the first half of the 18th century, Serbs and South Slavs were ethnic majority in several cities in Hungary.

Germans

Three waves of German migration can be distinguished in Hungary before the 20th century. The first two waves settled in Upper Hungary and in Southern Transylvania (Transylvanian Saxons), with the first being in the 11th century and the second in the 13th century.

The third, largest wave of German-speaking immigrants into Hungary occurred after the withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire from Hungarian territory, after the Treaty of Karlowitz. Between 1711 and 1780, German-speaking settlers immigrated to the regions of Southern Hungary, mostly region of Bánát, Bács-Bodrog, Baranya and Tolna counties (as well as into present-day Romania and Yugoslavia), which had been depopulated by the Ottoman wars. At the end of the 18th century, the Kingdom of Hungary contained over one million German-speaking residents (collectively known as Danube Swabians).[129] In 2011, 131,951 people declared to be German in Hungary (1,6%).[130]

Rusyns

Rusyns had lived mostly in Carpathian Ruthenia, Northeast Hungary, however significant Rusyn population appeared in Vojvodina from the 18th century.

Croats

Croatia was in personal union with Hungary from 1102. Croat communities were spread mostly in the western and southern part of the country and along the Danube, including Budapest.

Poles

The Poles lived at the northern borders of Kingdom of Hungary from the arrival of the Hungarians.

Slovenes

The Slovenes (Vendek in Hungarian) lived in the western part of the Carpathian basin before the Hungarian conquest. In the 11th and 12th century, the current linguistic and ethnic border between the Hungarian and Slovene people was established. Nowadays, they live in Vendvidék (Slovenska krajina in Slovenians) between the Mura and the Rába rivers. In 2001, there were around 5,000 Slovenes in Hungary.

Jews

The first historical document about Jews of Hungary is the letter written about 960 to King Joseph of the Khazars by Hasdai ibn Shaprut, the Jewish statesman of Córdoba, in which he says Jews living in "the country of Hungarin". There are Jewish inscriptions on tombs and monuments in Pannonia (Roman Hungary) dated to the second or third century CE.[131]

Armenians

See also: Armenians in Hungary. The first Armenians came to Hungary from the Balkans in the 10 - 11th century.

Greeks

Greeks migrated to Kingdom of Hungary from the 15th and 16th centuries. Mass migrations did not occur until the 17th century,[132] the largest waves being in 1718 and 1760–1770;[133] they were primarily connected to the economic conditions of the period. It is estimated that 10,000 Greeks emigrated to Hungary in the second half of the 18th century. A number of Greeks Communists escaped to Hungaryafter the Greek Civil War, notably in the 'Greek' village of Beloiannisz.

Bulgarians

See also: Bulgarians in Hungary. The town of Szentendre and the surrounding villages were inhabited by Bulgarians since the Middle Ages. However, present day Bulgarians are largely descended from gardeners who migrated to Hungary from the 18th century.

Religion

Religious affiliation in Hungary (2022)[134] ! Denominations !! Population !! % of total
Catholicism 2,886,619 30
Roman Catholics 2,643,855 28.3
Greek Catholics 165,135 1.7
Protestantism 1,120,485 11.6
Calvinists 943,982 9.8
Lutherans 176,503 1.8
Orthodox Christianity 15,578 0.2
Judaism 7,635 0.1
Other religions 171,174 1.8
Total religions 4,201,491 43.7
No religion 1,549,610 16.2
Did not wish to answer 3,852,533 40.1
total 9,603,634 100.00

See main article: History of Christianity in Hungary.

See also: Religion in Hungary.

The majority of Hungarians became Christian in the 11th century. Hungary remained predominantly Catholic until the 16th century, when the Reformation led to the first Lutherans, and later Calvinists, which were embraced by nearly the entire Hungarian population at the time.

In the second half of the 16th century, Jesuits led a successful campaign of counterreformation among the Hungarians, although Protestantism survived as the faith of a significant minority, especially in the far east and northeast of the country. Orthodox Christianity in Hungary has been the religion mainly of some national minorities in the country, notably Romanians, Rusyns, Ukrainians, and Serbs.

Faith Church, one of Europe's largest Pentecostal churches, is also located in Hungary. Hungary has historically been home to a significant Jewish community.According to 2011 census data, Christianity is the largest religion in Hungary, with around 5.2 million adherents (52.9%),[135] while the largest denomination in Hungary is the Catholic Church (38.9% — Latin Church 37.1%; Hungarian Greek Catholic Church 1.8%).[136] There is a significant Calvinist minority (11.6% of the population) and smaller Lutheran (2.2%), Orthodox (0.1%) and Jewish (0.1%) minorities. However, these census figures are representative of religious affiliation rather than attendance; around 12% of Hungarians attend religious services more than least once a week and around 50% more than once a year, while 30% of Hungarians do not believe in God at all.[137] The census showed a large drop of religious adherents who wish to answer, from 74.6% to 54.7% in ten years' time, replacing them by people either who do not wish to answer or people who are not following a religion.

Immigration

Hungary migration data, 2001-present

Year Foreign Immigrants Foreign Emigrants Net Migration (Foreigners) Hungarian Returning Citizens Hungarian Emigrants Net Migration (Hungarians) Total Net Migration
2001 20,308 1,944 18,364 - - -
2002 17,972 2,388 15,584 - - -
2003 19,365 2,553 16,812 - - -
2004 22,164 3,466 18,698 - - -
2005 25,582 3,320 22,262 - - -
2006 23,569 3,956 19,613 - - -
2007 22,607 4,133 18,474 - - -
2008 35,547 4,241 31,306 - - -
2009 25,582 5,600 19,982 - - -
2010 23,884 6,047 17,837 1,575 7,318 -5,743 12,094
2011 22,514 2,687 19,827 2,443 12,413 -9,970 9,857
2012 20,340 9,916 10,424 4,194 12,964 -8,770 1,654
2013 21,250 13,111 8,139 9,354 21,580 -12,226 -4,087
2014 26,004 10,828 15,176 11,356 31,385 -20,029 -4,853
2015 25,787 10,373 15,414 14,810 32,852 -18,042 -2,628
2016 23,803 10,464 13,339 16,215 29,425 -13,210 129
2017 36,453 12,872 23,581 20,906 26,957 -6,051 17,530
2018 49,312 24,370 24,942 23,401 23,808 -407 24,535
2019 55,297 27,895 27,402 23,172 21,900 1,272 28,674
2020 43,785 48,042 -4,257 23,104 19,322 3,782 -475
2021 49,069 46,269 2,800 22,583 21,730 853 3,653
2022 55,514 29,583 25,931 24,147 28,825 -4,678 21,253
2023

Foreign citizenship population

Number of foreign citizens residing in Hungary on January 1:
(countries with at least 2,000 persons)[138]

! Country !! 2017 !! 2018 !! 2019 !! 2020 !! 2021 !! 2022!2023

Ukraine
Germany
China
Romania
Slovakia
Vietnam
Russia
Austria
Italy
Serbia
Turkey
United Kingdom
Netherlands
United States
France
Mongolia
Poland
Syria
Total 151,132 161,809 180,773 199,957 194,491 202,525226,267
Continent! scope="col"
2017
population		% of total2018
population		% of total2019
population		% of total2020
population		% of total2021
population		% of total2022
population		% of total2023
population		% of total
99,194 65.63 104,254 64.43 117,552 65.03 131,291 65.66 124,422 63.97 131,431 64.90 144,102 63.60
39,937 26.42 44,692 27.62 49,056 27.14 53,099 26.56 54,730 28.14 55,000 27.16 64,945 28.7
5,397 3.57 5,891 3.64 6,850 3.79 7,631 3.82 6,933 3.56 7,454 3.68 7,591 3.35
5,985 3.96 6,334 3.91 6,660 3.68 7,278 3.64 7,748 3.98 8,028 3.96 7,741 3.00
Other and unknown 619 0.41 638 0.39 655 0.36 658 0.33 658 0.34 612 0.30 588 0.26

Largest cities

See main article: List of cities and towns of Hungary.

NamePopulation (1949)Population (1990)Population (2011)Population (2022)AgglomerationStatus
Budapest1,590,3162,016,6811,729,0401,682,4263,310,786 (2022)Capital city
Debrecen115,399212,235211,320199,520281,432 (2022)Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Szeged104,867169,930168,048158,022197,245 (2022)Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Miskolc109,841196,442167,754145,735231,034 (2022)Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Pécs89,470170,039156,049139,647181,342 (2022)Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Győr69,583129,331129,527128,050275,574 (2022)Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Nyíregyháza56,334114,152119,746116,439175,211 (2022)County seat, urban county
Kecskemét61,730102,516111,411108,334180,023 (2022)County seat, urban county
Székesfehérvár42,260108,958100,57094,906-Regional centre, county seat, urban county

See also

Sources

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: STADAT – 1.1. Population, vital events (1941–). www.ksh.hu.
  2. Book: A Country Study: Hungary . Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. 2009-03-06.
  3. Web site: Eurasian Studies Yearbook. May 10, 2006. Eurolingua. Google Books.
  4. Web site: Eurasian Studies Yearbook. 6 April 2018. Eurolingua. Google Books.
  5. Edgar C. Polomé, Essays on Germanic religion, Institute for the Study of Man, 1989, p. 150 https://books.google.com/books?id=THs7AQAAIAAJ&amp;q=400-500000
  6. Book: The Kingfisher History Encyclopedia. ((Editors of Kingfisher)). 2004. Kingfisher. 9780753457849. registration. 120. 2015-05-18.
  7. Web site: The Encyclopedia Americana. Alexander Hopkins. McDonnald. 6 April 2018. Americana Corporation. Google Books.
  8. Hungary. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 11, 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/276730/Hungary
  9. Marcell Sebők, The man of many devices, who wandered full many ways--: festschrift in honour of János M. Bak, Central European University Press, 1999, p. 658
  10. Péter Rabb, Natural conditions in the Carpathian Basin of the Middle Ages, 2007, p. 58
  11. Nóra Berend, At the gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims, and "pagans" in medieval Hungary, c. 1000-c. 1300, Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. 63-72
  12. Historical World Atlas. With the commendation of the Royal Geographical Society. Carthographia, Budapest, Hungary, 2005. CM
  13. Peter Purton, A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200-1500, Boydell & Brewer, 2009, p. 15
  14. Tore Nyberg, Lars Bisgaard, Medieval spirituality in Scandinavia and Europe: a collection of essays in honour of Tore Nyberg, Odense University Press, 2001, p. 170
  15. Josiah Cox Russell, Late ancient and medieval population, American Philosophical Society, 1958, p. 100
  16. György Enyedi, Hungary: an economic geography, Westview Press, 1976, p. 23
  17. Miklós Molnár, A concise history of Hungary, Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 42
  18. Elena Mannová, Blanka Brezováková, A concise history of Slovakia, Historický ústav SAV, 2000, p. 88
  19. Joseph Slabey Rouček, Contemporary Europe: a study of national, international, economic, and cultural trends. A symposium, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1947, p. 424
  20. M. L. Bush, Servitude in modern times, Wiley-Blackwell, 2000, p. 143
  21. Éva Molnár, Hungary: essential facts, figures & pictures, MTI Media Data Bank, 1995
  22. Joseph Held, Hunyadi: legend and reality, East European Monographs, 1985, p. 59
  23. George Richard Potter, The New Cambridge modern history: The Renaissance, 1493–1520, CUP Archive, 1971, p. 405 https://books.google.com/books?id=1BY9AAAAIAAJ&amp;dq=Hungarians+1720+percent+population&amp;pg=PA405
  24. The New review, Volume 6, World Federation of Ukrainian Former Political Prisoners and Victims of the Soviet Regime, A. Pidhainy., 1966, p. 25 https://books.google.com/books?id=wPgXAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=+80-85%25
  25. Leslie Konnyu, Hungarians in the United States: an immigration study, American Hungarian Review, 1967, p. 4
  26. László Kósa, István Soós, A companion to Hungarian studies, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1999, p. 16 https://books.google.com/books?id=0rhnAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=+Hungarians++about+eighty+percent+
  27. Teppo Korhonen, Helena Ruotsala, Eeva Uusitalo, Making and breaking of borders: ethnological interpretations, presentations, representations, Finnish Literature Society, 2003, p.39 https://books.google.com/books?id=RiISAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=80+made+up+of+
  28. Lauren S. Bahr, Bernard Johnston (M.A.), Collier's encyclopedia: with bibliography and index, Volume 12, P.F. Collier, 1993, p. 381-383
  29. Carlile Aylmer Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 1790–1918, Macmillan, 1969, p. 79 https://books.google.com/books?id=latnAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=1500+seventy-five
  30. Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters, Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, Infobase Publishing, 2009, p. 258 https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&amp;dq=population+Magyars++80+percent&amp;pg=PA258
  31. Domokos G. Kosáry, A history of Hungary, The Benjamin Franklin bibliophile society, 1941, p. 79 https://books.google.com/books?id=AHsjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=77+per+cent
  32. István György Tóth, Gábor Ágoston, Millenniumi magyar történet: Magyarország története a honfoglalástól napjainkig, Osiris, 2001, p. 321
  33. Rhoads Murphey, Ottoman warfare, 1500-1700, Rutgers University Press, 1999, p. 174
  34. Klára Papp – János Barta Jr., Minorities research 6., Kisebbségkutatás (Minorities Studies and Reviews)
  35. Michael Hochedlinger, Austria's wars of emergence: war, state and society in the Habsburg monarchy, 1683-1797, Pearson Education, 2003, p. 21
  36. Lonnie Johnson, Central Europe: enemies, neighbors, friends, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 100
  37. The Ottomans and the Balkans: a discussion of historiography By Fikret Adanır, Suraiya Faroqhi p.333 https://books.google.com/books?id=4gNQtt2s1wMC&amp;dq=hungarian+population+1700&amp;pg=PA333
  38. Eric H. Boehm, Historical abstracts: Modern history abstracts, 1450-1914, Volume 49, Issues 1-2, American Bibliographical Center of ABC-Clio, 1998, p. 331
  39. Imre Wellmann, A magyar mezőgazdaság a XVIII. században, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1979, p. 13
  40. Zoltán Halász, Hungary: a guide with a difference, Corvina Press, 1978, pp. 20-22
  41. Rudolf Andorka, Determinants of fertility in advanced societies, Taylor & Francis, 1978, p. 93
  42. Raphael Patai, The Jews of Hungary: history, culture, psychology, Wayne State University Press, 1996, p. 201
  43. Stephen Denis Kertesz, Diplomacy in a whirlpool: Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia, Greenwood Press, 1974, p. 191
  44. David I. Kertzer, Aging in the past: demography, society, and old age, University of California Press, 1995, p. 130
  45. M. L. Bush, Rich noble, poor noble, Manchester University Press ND, 1988, p. 19 https://books.google.com/books?id=TIG7AAAAIAAJ&amp;dq=magyars+population++1720&amp;pg=PA19
  46. IIván T. Berend History Derailed: Central and Eastern Europe in the Long Nineteenth Century
  47. Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák, Tibor Frank, A History of Hungary, Indiana University Press, 1994 pp. 11-143.https://books.google.com/books?id=SKwmGQCT0MAC&amp;q=three+kabar&amp;pg=PA1
  48. Web site: The Encyclopedia Americana. 6 April 1968. Americana Corporation. Google Books.
  49. Jonathan Dewald, Europe 1450 to 1789: encyclopedia of the early modern world, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 230 https://books.google.com/books?id=8oQYAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=comprised+less+than+40+percent+of+the+
  50. József Kovacsics, Population history of Hungary mirrored by the conference-series (896-1870) (Magyarország népességtörténete a konferenciasorozat tükrésben (896-1870)), In: Demographia, 1996 - VOLUME 39, NUMBER 2-3, p. 145-165
  51. Arthur J. Sabin, Red Scare in Court: New York Versus the International Workers Order, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999, p. 4 https://books.google.com/books?id=J-WMEmarmEEC&amp;dq=Hungarians+1780+percent+population&amp;pg=PA4
  52. Thomas Spira, German-Hungarian relations and the Swabian problem: from Károlyi to Gömbös, 1919-1936, East European quarterly, 1977, p. 2
  53. Book: Geopolitics of the Central European Region: The View from Prague and Bratislava. Krej?í, O.. Styan, M.C.. vied, Ú.. 2005. VEDA, Publishing House of the Slovak Academy of Sciences. 9788022408523. 284. 2015-05-18.
  54. Robert Bideleux, Ian Jeffries, History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change, Taylor & Francis, 2007, page 259,
  55. Paul Lendvai, The Hungarians: a thousand years of victory in defeat, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, p.286 https://books.google.com/books?id=UtIr97n3tP0C&amp;q=per+cent&amp;pg=PA352
  56. A Concise History of Hungary, by Miklós Molnár page 179
  57. Andrew C. Janos. The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary, 1825-1945
  58. Richard C. Frucht, Eastern Europe: an introduction to the people, lands, and culture / edited by Richard Frucht, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, 2005, p. 356 https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&amp;dq=population+Hungary+without+Croatia&amp;pg=PA356
  59. Carl Cavanagh Hodge, Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914: A-K, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. 306 https://books.google.com/books?id=NtEZ7Zq7s-gC&amp;dq=population+Magyars++percent+middle+age&amp;pg=PA306
  60. http://mek.niif.hu/02100/02185/html/179.html Magyarország a XX. században / Születési mozgalom és termékenység
  61. http://www.lib.uni-corvinus.hu/phd/gabos_andras.pdf Budapesti Közgazdaságtudományi és Államigazgatási Egyetem
  62. Web site: STADAT  - 1.1. Population, vital statistics (1949 -) . 2015-05-18 . portal.ksh.hu.
  63. Web site: 22.1.1.6. Live births, total fertility rate . 14 January 2024 . www.ksh.hu.
  64. Web site: Területi adatok (Territorial data) – 2011 Census . Hungarian Central Statistical Office.
  65. Web site: World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations . 2018-08-26 . esa.un.org.
  66. Web site: STADAT – 1.1. Population, vital statistics (1900–) . 2022-08-09 . www.ksh.hu.
  67. B.R. Mitchell. European historical statistics, 1750–1975.
  68. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dybsets/1948%20DYB.pdf United nations. Demographic Yearbook 1948
  69. Web site: Vital statistics, Hungarian Central Statistical Office. ksh.hu. 2015-05-18.
  70. Web site: 22.1.2.7. Vital events by county and region. www.ksh.hu.
  71. Web site: 22.1.1.1. Main indicators of population and vital events. www.ksh.hu.
  72. Web site: Hungarian Central Statistical Office. www.ksh.hu.
  73. https://www.ksh.hu/stadat_files/nep/en/nep0002.html hungarian central statistical office, 22.1.1.2. The number of population and average age by sex, visited Oktober 7 2023
  74. Web site: First Releases – Vital events . ksh.hu.
  75. Web site: 22.2.1.1. Main indicator of vital events (monthly data). www.ksh.hu.
  76. Web site: STADAT – 6.1.5. Main rates in vital statistics (2001–). www.ksh.hu.
  77. Web site: Népszámlálás 2011 - Területi adatok. www.terezvaros.hu.
  78. Web site: Open-Site:Hungary . 2011-01-01 . 2022-01-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220103140810/http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary . dead .
  79. Web site: Treaty of Trianon WORLD WAR I [1920] ]. Britannica . 18 January 2020.
  80. Web site: Census in Slovakia in 1919 and 1921. Pavol Tišliar .
  81. Web site: Hungarians in Transylvania between 1870 and 1995. Árpád Varga.
  82. A népesség változó etnikai arculata Magyarország mai területén (map+data+essay) (Kocsis Károly, Bottlik Zsolt, Hungarian Academy of Sciences - Földrajztudományi Kutatóintézet, Budapest, 2009,)
  83. Book: Philip D. Morgan. Fascism in Europe, 1919-1945 (Routledge history, politics). Oxford. Psychology Press. 2003. 41. 9780415169431.
  84. Book: Charles Upson Clark. Racial Aspects of Romania's Case. 1941. Caxton Press.
  85. Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 116-153 https://books.google.com/books?id=-zZ_NVM9mNEC&amp;q=1941+census+data&amp;pg=PA120
  86. Joseph Rothschil. East Central Europe Between the Two World Wars
  87. Except in the year 1941, Jewish people were not recognized as a minority, but only as a religion — assuredly, many Jews considered themselves as belonging to one of the recognized minorities.
  88. Web site: Hungarian census 2001 - Population by ethnic minorities and main age groups, 1941, 1980–2001 . nepszamlalas2001.hu. 2015-05-18.
  89. Web site: Hungarian census 2011 - final data and methodology . ksh.hu. 2015-05-18.
  90. Book: Vukovich, Gabriella. Mikrocenzus 2016 - 12. Nemzetiségi adatok. 2016 microcensus - 12. Ethnic data. hu. Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Budapest. 2018. 9 January 2019. 978-963-235-542-9.
  91. http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/terstat/2018/01/ts580101.pdf A roma népesség területi megoszlásának változása Magyarországon az elmúlt évtizedekben Changes in the Spatial Distribution of the Roma Population in Hungary During the Last Decades
  92. http://hvg.hu/itthon/20180222_Ennyi_roma_el_Magyarorszagon Ennyi roma él Magyarországon
  93. Huping Ling, Emerging voices: experiences of underrepresented Asian Americans, Rutgers University Press, 2008, p. 111 https://books.google.com/books?id=EJfrLhHyjM8C&amp;dq=Roma+people+16th+hungary&amp;pg=PA111
  94. http://www.demos.hu/Audit Stratégiai Audit 2005 - DEMOS Magyarország
  95. Web site: The New York Times - Breaking News, US News, World News and Videos. www.nytimes.com.
  96. Web site: Hungary would put the number of Roma in the country at 800,000–1,000,000, or up to 10% of the total population of Hungary. European Rights Roma Center . errc.org. 2015-05-18.
  97. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/06/arts/design/06roma.html The New York City Times
  98. http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0213/p07s02-woeu.html The Christian science monitor
  99. Web site: Index - Gazdaság - Romák a szegénység csapdájában | "Ma minden ötödik-hatodik születendő gyermek cigány." . 9 May 2006 . index.hu. 2015-05-18.
  100. Web site: Az érettségit megszerzők aránya azonban 0,5%-ról csupán 1,5%-ra nőtt, felsőfokú végzettséget pedig elenyésző számban szereztek.", "A felsőoktatásban tanulók aránya az 1993-as kutatás adatai szerint mindössze 0,22 ezrelék." . mek.oszk.hu.
  101. Web site: Index - Romák a szegénység csapdájában . 9 May 2006 . mek.oszk.hu. 2015-05-18.
  102. Alfried Wieczorek, Hans-Martin Hinz, Europe's centre around AD 1000, Volume 1, Theiss, 2000, p.135 https://books.google.com/books?id=B5XpAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=oghuz
  103. Web site: National and historical symbols of Hungary. nemzetijelkepek.hu. 2015-05-18. 2008-07-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20080729054659/http://www.nemzetijelkepek.hu/onkormanyzat-jaszbereny_en.shtml. dead.
  104. http://www.historynet.com/mongol-invasions-battle-of-liegnitz.htm Mongol Invasions: Battle of Liegnitz
  105. Book: Kristó, Gyula . 2003 . Early Transylvania (895-1324) . Lucidus Kiadó . 978-963-9465-12-1.
  106. Book: Spinei, Victor . 2009 . The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century . Koninklijke Brill NV . 978-90-04-17536-5.
  107. György Fejér, Codex diplomaticus Hungariae ecclesiasticus ac civilis, Volume 7, typis typogr. Regiae Vniversitatis Vngaricae, 1831 https://books.google.com/books?id=1HnUAAAAMAAJ&amp;dq=olahteluk&amp;pg=RA1-PA100
  108. Tamás Kis, Magyar nyelvjárások, Volumes 18-21, Nyelvtudományi Intézet, Kossuth Lajos Tudományegyetem (University of Kossuth Lajos). Magyar Nyelvtudományi Tanszék, 1972, p. 83 https://books.google.com/books?id=wGUg0F2FzvgC&amp;q=olah&amp;pg=PA82
  109. Dennis P. Hupchick, Conflict and chaos in Eastern Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, 1995 p. 58 https://books.google.com/books?id=ycNApODqgRUC&amp;dq=first+appearance+romanians+transylvania&amp;pg=PA58
  110. István Vásáry, Cumans and Tatars: Oriental military in the pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 28 https://books.google.com/books?id=8C6P3PYaPmQC&amp;dq=terram+blacorum+1222&amp;pg=PA28
  111. Heinz Stoob, Die Mittelalterliche Städtebildung im südöstlichen Europa, Böhlau, 1977, p. 204 https://books.google.com/books?id=wRAiAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=1222+terram+blacorum
  112. Louis L. Lote (editor), ONE LAND — TWO NATIONS TRANSYLVANIA AND THE THEORY OF DACO-ROMAN-RUMANIAN CONTINUITY, COMMITTEE OF TRANSYLVANIA INC. (This is a special issue of the CARPATHIAN OBSERVER Volume 8, Number 1. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number; 80-81573), 1980, p. 10
  113. "Tout ce pays la Wallachie et Moldavie et la plus part de la Transivanie a esté peuplé des colonie romaines du temps de Traian l'empereur...Ceux du pays se disent vrais successeurs des Romains et nomment leur parler romanechte, c'est-à-dire romain ... " cited from "Voyage fait par moy, Pierre Lescalopier l'an 1574 de Venise a Constantinople", fol 48 in Paul Cernovodeanu, Studii si materiale de istorie medievala, IV, 1960, p. 444
  114. Book: Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe. White, G.W.. 2000. Rowman & Littlefield. 9780847698097. 129. 2015-05-18.
  115. Sedlar, Jean W.: East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500; University of Washington Press, 1994;, page 8
  116. Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 102 (Table 19) https://books.google.com/books?id=-zZ_NVM9mNEC&amp;q=%281495-1910%29&amp;pg=PA133
  117. "În ţara Ardealului nu lăcuiescu numai unguri, ce şi saşi peste samă de mulţi şi români peste tot locul, de mai multu-i ţara lăţită de români decât de unguri." cited from Grigore Ureche, Letopisețul Țării Moldovei, pp. 133–134
  118. A. J. P. Taylor, The Habsburg Monarchy 1809–1918, 1948.
  119. Web site: Erdély etnikai és felekezeti statisztikája . Varga.adatbank.transindex.ro . 2017-07-10.
  120. Erdély rövid története, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1989, 371. o. - The short history of Transylvania, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1989 Budapest p. 371.
  121. Web site: hu. Hungarian 1881 census.
  122. Web site: České mesiace - mesiace po česky ❤️ Roy.sk. https://web.archive.org/web/20080301110413/http://www.gramma.sk/en/hunginslov/history.php. dead. Roy sk | outdoorový. obchod ⛰️. March 1, 2008. roy.sk.
  123. Bobák, Ján (1996). Maďarská otázka v Česko–Slovensku, 1944–1948 [Hungarian Question in Czechoslovakia] (in Slovak). Matica slovenská. ISBN 978-80-7090-354-4.
  124. Zvara, Juraj (1969). Maďarská menšina na Slovensku po roku 1945 [Hungarian minority in Slovakia after 1945] (in Slovak). Bratislava: Epocha, t. Pravda.
  125. Kaplan, Karel (1987). The short march: the Communist takeover in Czechoslovakia, 1945–1948. C.Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-0-905838-96-0.
  126. Šutaj, Štefan (2005). Nútené presídlenie Maďarov zo Slovenska do Čiech [Deportation of population of Hungarian nationality out of Slovakia to Bohemia after the World War II] (in Slovak). Prešov: Universum. ISBN 978-80-89046-29-4.
  127. Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 23 https://books.google.com/books?id=-zZ_NVM9mNEC&amp;q=120%2C500
  128. Pertti Ahonen, People on the move: forced population movements in Europe in the Second World War and its aftermath, Berg Publishers, 2008, p. 83
  129. Web site: History of German Settlements in Southern Hungary . Sue Clarkson . Feefhs.org . 2009-09-20 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/19970204103909/http://www.feefhs.org/banat/bhistory.html . 1997-02-04 .
  130. http://www.nepszamlalas2001.hu/eng/volumes/18/tables/load1_30_1.html "18. Demographic data" – Hungarian Central Statistical Office
  131. Book: Patai. Raphael. The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology. 1996. Wayne State University Press. 21. 2015.
  132. Web site: Oi ellinikes paroikies tis Kentrikis Evropis . 2007-02-18 . Greek Migration to Europe (15th-19th c.) . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070502074726/http://www2.fhw.gr/projects/migration/15-19/gr/v2/central_europe.html . 2007-05-02 .
  133. Web site: Oi ellinikes paroikies stin Ungaria . 2007-02-18 . Greek Migration to Europe (15th-19th c.) . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070502074707/http://www2.fhw.gr/projects/migration/15-19/gr/v2/mayar.html . 2007-05-02 .
  134. Web site: Demographic data – Hungarian Central Statistical Office . Nepszamlalas.hu/KSH . 2013-07-18.
  135. Web site: 2011 Hungary Census Report . ksh.hu. 2015-05-18.
  136. Web site: Population by religions, 2001 census (English) . nepszamlalas.hu . 2015-05-18 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110511123209/http://www.nepszamlalas.hu/eng/volumes/18/tables/load1_26.html . 2011-05-11 .
  137. Web site: World Values Survey . worldvaluessurvey.org. 2015-05-18.
  138. "Foreign citizens residing in Hungary" Hungarian Statistical Bureau

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Demographics of Hungary".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.