Tetraopes tetrophthalmus explained

The red milkweed beetle (Tetraopes tetrophthalmus) is a beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

Explanation of names

The binomial genus and species names are both derived from the Ancient Greek for "four eyes." As in many longhorn beetles, the antennae are situated very near the eye–in the red milkweed beetle, this adaptation has been carried to an extreme: the antennal base actually bisects the eye (See Fig. 1).

Host plants

The milkweed beetle, a herbivore, is given this name because it is host-specific to common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca).^[1] It has been reported on horsetail milkweed (Asclepias verticillata) in a disturbed site in Illinois.^{[1] [2]}

Toxicity

Adults feed on the foliage and flowers of the plant, and the larvae feed on the roots.^{[3] [4]} Therefore, much like the monarch butterfly, it is thought that the beetles derive some protection from predators by incorporating toxins from the plant into their bodies, thereby becoming distasteful.^[5]

Behavior

These beetles feed by opening veins in the milkweed plant, decreasing the beetles' exposure to latex-like sap.^[6]

When startled, the beetles make a shrill noise, while they make a 'purring' noise when interacting with another beetle.^[6] The red and black coloring are aposematic, advertising the beetles' inedibility.Red milkweed beetles lay egg-clutches in mid-summer inside the stem base of the milkweed plant.^[7]

Notes and References

1. Price. Peter W.. Willson. Mary F.. Abundance of Herbivores on Six Milkweed Species in Illinois. The American Midland Naturalist. 101. 1. 76–86. 1979. 10.2307/2424903. 2424903.
2. Some consequences for a parasitic herbivore, the milkweed longhorn beetle, Tetraopes tetrophthalmus, of a host-plant shift from Asdepias syriaca to A. verticillata. Price. Peter W.. Willson. Mary F.. Oecologia. 25. 4. 1976. 331–340. 4215330. 10.1007/BF00345606. 1976Oecol..25..331P .
3. Erwin . Alexis C. . Züst . Tobias . Ali . Jared G.. Agrawal. Anurag A. . Above-ground herbivory by red milkweed beetles facilitates above- and below-ground conspecific insects and reduces fruit production in common milkweed . Journal of Ecology . 2014 . 102 . 4 . 10.1111/1365-2745.12248 . 1038–1047. free. 24541559 .
4. Web site: Christophersen. Megan. Interactions. Tetraopes tetraphthalmus: The Milkweed Dweller. University of Wisconsin La Crosse. 13 November 2022. April 2014.
5. Web site: Felt. Alison. Habitat. Tetraopes tetraphthalmus: The Milkweed Dweller. University of Wisconsin La Crosse. 13 November 2022. April 2014.
6. Web site: Tetraopes tetraphthalmus: The Milkweed Dweller . Form and Function. University of Wisconsin La Crosse . 13 November 2022. April 2014. Felt. Alison.
7. Web site: Christophersen. Megan. Reproduction. 13 November 2022. April 2014. University of Wisconsin La Crosse. Tetraopes tetraphthalmus: The Milkweed Dweller.