Metal hydride fuel cell explained

Metal hydride fuel cells are a subclass of alkaline fuel cells that have been under research and development,[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] as well as scaled up successfully in operating systems.[6] [7] A notable feature is their ability to chemically bond and store hydrogen within the fuel cell itself.

Characteristics

Metal hydride fuel cells have demonstrated the following characteristics:[8] [9] [10]

Performance

Electrode active areas of metal hydride fuel cells have been scaled up from 60 cm2 to 250 cm2, enabling systems to be scaled up to 500 Watts.[11] The scaling up of electrode active areas also provided capabilities to develop higher power fuel cell stacks, each with 1500 Watts of power. Metal hydride fuel cells have achieved a current density of 250 mA/cm2.[12] To test durability, fuel cell stacks were successfully operated for more than 7000 hours.

Operating systems and applications

During the earlier phases of product development, there was a focus on single fuel cells and fuel cell stacks composed of multiple cells. The target applications included critical backup power for military and commercial applications.[13] The next phase was to design and build complete fuel cell systems that could be taken outside of the laboratory. Initial 50 Watt laboratory-based demonstration systems were integrated into 50 Watt portable systems with more robust packaging and interfacing. Additional developments in both the fuel cell stack and system integration enabled a 1.0 kW system, complete with an inverter and onboard hydrogen storage using metal hydride storage canisters, to be operated and demonstrated in public.[14] Further developments in metal hydride fuel cell systems were pursued for the field power needs of soldiers, resulting in a prototype system meeting deployment requirements.[15] In tandem with product development, there was also a focus on developing capabilities for manufacturing and testing.[16] Metal hydride fuel cell systems have been integrated into microgrid systems at military bases for testing and evaluation.[17] Despite challenges,[18] the military maintains an active interest in fuel cells for a broad range of applications, including unmanned aerial vehicles, autonomous underwater vehicle, light-duty trucks, buses, and wearable technology systems.[19] [20] [21] [22] Development of metal hydride fuel cell systems is continuing for military applications, with onboard hydrogen generation and fuel cells up to 5.0 kW.[23] [24]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Chartouni. D.. Kuriyama. N.. Kiyobayashi. T.. Chen. J.. 2002-09-01. Metal hydride fuel cell with intrinsic capacity. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. en. 27. 9. 945–952. 10.1016/S0360-3199(01)00186-0. 0360-3199.
  2. Wang . Chunsheng . Appleby . A. John . Cocke . David L. . Alkaline Fuel Cell with Intrinsic Energy Storage . Journal of the Electrochemical Society . 2004 . 151 . 2 . A260 . 10.1149/1.1640627 . 2004JElS..151A.260W . free .
  3. Wang . X.H. . Chen . Y. . Pan . H.G. . Xu . R.G. . Li . S.Q. . L.X. . Chen . Chen . C.P. . Wang . Q.D. . Electrochemical properties of Ml(NiCoMnCu)5 used as an alkaline fuel cell anode . Journal of Alloys and Compounds . 20 December 1999 . 293-295 . 833–837 . 10.1016/S0925-8388(99)00367-9 .
  4. Tanaka . H. . Kaneki . N. . Hara . H. . Shimada . K. . Takeuchi . T. . La—Ni system porous anode in an alkaline fuel cell . The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering . April 1986 . 64 . 2 . 267–271 . 10.1002/cjce.5450640216 .
  5. Lee . S. . Kim . J. . Lee . H. . Lee . P. . Lee . J. . The Characterization of an Alkaline Fuel Cell That Uses Hydrogen Storage Alloys . Journal of the Electrochemical Society . 29 March 2002 . 149 . 5 . A603 . 10.1149/1.1467365 . 2002JElS..149A.603L . free .
  6. Fok. Kevin. English. Nathan. Privette. Robert. Wang. Hong. Wong. Diana. Lowe. Timothy. Madden. Paul. October 2008. Powering Up Metal Hydride Fuel Cells for Military Applications. Fuel Cell Seminar & Exposition 2008. 22 March 2020.
  7. Lototskyy. Mykhaylo. Tolj. Ivan. Pickering. Lydia. Sita. Cordellia. Barbir. Frano. Yartys. Volodymyr. February 2017. The use of metal hydrides in fuel cell applications. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International. 27. 1. 3–20. 10.1016/j.pnsc.2017.01.008. free. 10566/2624. free.
  8. Ovshinsky. Stanford. Fok. Kevin. Venkatesan. Srinivasan. Corrigan. Dennis. May 2–4, 2005. Metal Hydride Fuel Cells For UPS And Emergency Power Applications. BATTCON 2005 International Battery Conference and Trade Show.
  9. Book: Schwartz. Brian. The Science and Technology of an American Genius: Stanford R Ovshinsky. Fritzsche. Hellmut. 28 February 2009. World Scientific Pub Co Inc. 978-9812818393.
  10. Book: Encyclopedia of electrochemical power sources. 2009. Academic Press. Garche, Jürgen., Dyer, Chris K.. 9780444527455. Amsterdam. 656362152.
  11. Book: Fok. Kevin. INTELEC 06 - Twenty-Eighth International Telecommunications Energy Conference . Metal Hydride Fuel Cells, A New and Practical Approach for Backup and Emergency Power Applications . 4 December 2006. 1–6. 10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251656. 1-4244-0430-4. 43062441.
  12. Fok. Kevin. May 2007. Recent Advances in Metal Hydride Fuel Cell Technology for UPS/Emergency Power Applications. Battcon Stationary Battery Conference. 22 March 2020.
  13. Book: Materials for fuel cells. 2008. CRC Press. Gasik, Michael, 1962-, Institute of Materials, Minerals, and Mining.. 978-1-84569-483-8. Boca Raton. 424570885.
  14. Book: Godula-Jopek. Agata. Hydrogen Storage Technologies: New Materials, Transport and Infrastructure. Jehle. Walter. Wellnitz. Jorg. November 2012. Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. 9783527649921. 10.1002/9783527649921.
  15. Lowe. T. D.. 2008. Mobile Fuel Cell Configurations for the U.S. Military. Ohio Fuel Cell Symposium 2008.
  16. Web site: Energy Technologies, Inc.. December 17, 2009. Energy Technologies Awarded Third Ohio Third Frontier Fuel Cell Grant for Advanced Research, Development & Commercialization. 2020-06-14. Energy Technologies, Inc..
  17. Madden. P. D.. March 23, 2016. Modular, Scalable, Micro Grid Incorporating Traditional and Renewable Energy Systems. Microgrid Global Summit 2016.
  18. Web site: Fuel Cells Fail to Make Inroads With the Military. www.nationaldefensemagazine.org. en. 2020-03-24.
  19. Web site: 4 Ways Fuel Cells Power Up the U.S. Military. Energy.gov. en. 2020-03-24.
  20. Web site: Chevrolet Silverado ZH2 is a Fuel Cell-Powered Heavy-Duty Military Truck. 2018-11-07. Automobile. en. 2020-03-25.
  21. Web site: Hydrogen fuel cell technology could bring stealth to Army vehicles. Judson. Jen. 2017-08-08. Defense News. en-US. 2020-03-25.
  22. Web site: Air Force demonstrating hydrogen as alternate fuel source. U.S. Air Force. 15 February 2018 . en-US. 2020-03-25.
  23. Web site: Energy Technologies Inc. - Onsite Hydrogen. 2020-06-03. www.onsitehydrogen.com.
  24. Web site: Ultimate Fuel Cells. Ultimate Fuel Cells. Energy Technologies Inc.. 22 March 2020.

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