Aizoaceae Explained

The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1800 species.[1] Several genera are commonly known as 'ice plants' or 'carpet weeds'. The Aizoaceae are also referred to as vygies in South Africa and New Zealand. Some of the unusual Southern African genera—such as Conophytum, Lithops, Titanopsis and Pleiospilos (among others)—resemble gemstones, rocks or pebbles, and are sometimes referred to as 'living stones' or 'mesembs' (short for mesembryanthemums).

Description

The family Aizoaceae is widely recognised by taxonomists. It once went by the botanical name "Ficoidaceae", now disallowed. The APG II system of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system of 1998) also recognizes the family, and assigns it to the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots. The APG II system also classes the former families Mesembryanthemaceae Fenzl, Sesuviaceae Horan. and Tetragoniaceae Link under the family Aizoaceae.

The common Afrikaans name "vygie" meaning "small fig" refers to the fruiting capsule, which resembles the true fig.[2] Glistening epidermal bladder cells give the family its common name "ice plants".[3]

Most species (96%, 1782 species in 132 genera) in this family are endemic to arid or semiarid parts of Southern Africa in the Succulent Karoo.[4] Much of the Aizoaceae's diversity is found in the Greater Cape Floristic Region, which is the most plant-diverse temperate region in the world.[5] A few species are found in Australia and the Central Pacific area.[6]

Most fig-marigolds are herbaceous, rarely somewhat woody, with sympodial growth and stems either erect or prostrate. Leaves are simple, opposite or alternate, and more or less succulent with entire (or rarely toothed) margins. Flowers are perfect in most species (but unisexual in some), actinomorphic, and appear singularly or in few-flowered cymes developing from the leaf axils. Sepals are typically five (3–8) and more or less connate (fused) below. True petals are absent. However, some species have numerous linear petals derived from staminodes.[7] The seed capsules have one to numerous seeds per cell and are often hygrochastic, dispersing seeds by "jet action" when wet.

Evolution

The radiation of the Aizoaceae, specifically the subfamily Ruschioideae, was one of the most recent among the angiosperms, occurring 1.13–6.49 Mya. It is also one of the fastest radiations ever described in the angiosperms, with a diversification rate of about 4.4 species per million years.[8] This diversification was roughly contemporaneous with major radiations in two other succulent lineages, Cactaceae and Agave.[9]

The family includes many species that use crassulacean acid metabolism as pathway for carbon fixation. Some species in the subfamily Sesuvioideae instead use carbon fixation, which might have evolved multiple times in the group.[10]

Taxonomy

Because of the hyperdiversity of the Aizoaceae and the young age of the clade, many generic and species boundaries are uncertain.

Subfamily Acrosanthoideae

Genera:[11]

Subfamily Aizooideae

Genera:[12]

Subfamily Mesembryanthemoideae

Genera:[13]

  • Aptenia N.E.Br, synonym of Mesembryanthemum
  • Aridaria N.E.Br
  • Aspazoma N.E.Br, synonym of Mesembryanthemum
  • Brownanthus Schwantes, synonym of Mesembryanthemum
  • Dactylopsis N.E.Br, synonym of Mesembryanthemum
  • Mesembryanthemum L.
  • Phyllobolus N.E.Br, synonym of Mesembryanthemum
  • Prenia N.E.Br, synonym of Mesembryanthemum
  • Psilocaulon N.E.Br, synonym of Mesembryanthemum
  • Synaptophyllum N.E.Br, synonym of Mesembryanthemum

Subfamily Ruschioideae

Genera:

Notes and References

  1. Book: Hartmann, HEK. Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants. Springer. 2001. Berlin, Germany.
  2. Web site: The Living Stone Page. The Succulent Plant Page. 23 June 2017.
  3. Web site: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. www.mobot.org. 2017-12-20.
  4. Chesselet, P. . Smith, G.F. . Burgoyne, P.M. . Klak, C. . Hammer, S.A. . Hartmann, H.E.K. . Kurzweil, H. . van Jaarsveld, E.J. . van Wyk, B.-E. . Leistner, O.A. . 3. Seed Plants of Southern Africa . Strelitzia . 2000. 10. 360–410.
  5. Born. J.. Linder. H. P.. Desmet. P.. 2007. The Greater Cape Floristic Region. 4125143. Journal of Biogeography. 34. 1. 147–162. 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01595.x.
  6. Web site: Browsing: Aizoaceae . World of Succulents . 23 June 2017.
  7. Web site: Watson, L. . Dallwitz, M.J. . 1992 . The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval . 20 June 2017 . 9 July 2017.
  8. Valente. Luis M.. Britton. Adam W.. Powell. Martyn P.. Papadopulos. Alexander S. T.. Burgoyne. Priscilla M.. Savolainen. Vincent. 2014-01-01. Correlates of hyperdiversity in southern African ice plants (Aizoaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 174. 1. 110–129. 10.1111/boj.12117. 25821244. 0024-4074. 4373134.
  9. Arakaki. Mónica. Christin. Pascal-Antoine. Nyffeler. Reto. Lendel. Anita. Eggli. Urs. Ogburn. R. Matthew. Spriggs. Elizabeth. Moore. Michael J.. Edwards. Erika J.. 2011. Contemporaneous and recent radiations of the world's major succulent plant lineages. 25830059. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108. 20. 8379–8384. 10.1073/pnas.1100628108. 21536881. 3100969. 2011PNAS..108.8379A. free.
  10. Bohley . Katharina . Joos . Olga . Hartmann . Heidrun . Sage . Rowan . Liede-Schumann . Sigrid . Kadereit . Gudrun . Phylogeny of Sesuvioideae (Aizoaceae) – Biogeography, leaf anatomy and the evolution of photosynthesis . Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics . 17 . 2 . 2015 . 116–130 . 1433-8319 . 10.1016/j.ppees.2014.12.003.
  11. Web site: GRIN Genera of Aizoaceae subfam. 'Acrosanthoideae . Germplasm Resources Information Network . 2022-11-10 .
  12. Web site: GRIN Genera of Aizoaceae subfam. Aizooideae . https://archive.today/20120719010400/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2448 . dead . 2012-07-19 . Germplasm Resources Information Network . 2011-03-04 .
  13. Web site: GRIN Genera of Aizoaceae subfam. Mesembryanthemoideae . https://archive.today/20120718080426/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2451 . dead . 2012-07-18 . Germplasm Resources Information Network . 2011-03-04 .
  14. Web site: GRIN Genera of Aizoaceae tribe Apatesieae . Germplasm Resources Information Network . 2011-03-04 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052721/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2452 . 2015-09-24 .
  15. Web site: GRIN Genera of Aizoaceae tribe Dorotheantheae . https://archive.today/20120724033836/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2453 . dead . 2012-07-24 . Germplasm Resources Information Network . 2011-03-04 .
  16. Web site: GRIN Genera of Aizoaceae tribe Ruschiae . https://archive.today/20120720223417/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2454 . dead . 2012-07-20 . Germplasm Resources Information Network . 2011-03-04 .
  17. Web site: Mesembryanthemaceae - Ruschioideae - Ruschia Group Marlothistella . biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org . 22 October 2021 . 22 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211022235209/http://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/wp-content/themes/bst/keys/e-Key-20160604/Genera/G_Marlothistella.html . dead .
  18. Web site: GRIN Genera of Aizoaceae subfam. Sesuvioideae . https://archive.today/20120718193929/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2449 . dead . 2012-07-18 . Germplasm Resources Information Network . 2011-03-04 .
  19. Book: Facciola. S. . Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants . Kampong Publications . 1990 . 0-9628087-0-9.
  20. Book: Low. T. . Wild Food Plants of Australia . Angus and Robertson . 1989. 0-207-14383-8.
  21. Web site: Invasive Plants of California's Wildland . California Invasive Plant Council . 23 June 2017.
  22. Web site: Fire Safe Landscaping . Cal Fire . 23 June 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170702113714/http://readyforwildfire.org/Fire-Safe-Landscaping/ . 2 July 2017 . dead .
  23. Web site: Baldwin . Debra Lee . Firewise Landscaping with Succulents - How succulents saved a Rancho Santa Fe home from wildfire . 23 June 2017.

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